22 results on '"Sommerfeld, Katrin"'
Search Results
2. The Civic Engagement and Social Integration of Refugees in Germany
- Author
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Barreto César, Berbée Paul, Gallegos Torres Katia, Lange Martin, and Sommerfeld Katrin
- Subjects
civic engagement ,social integration ,refugees ,volunteering ,nonprofit density ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 - Abstract
Civil society has played an important role in meeting the challenges of refugee migration in recent years. This commentary documents the importance of civic engagement for the integration of refugees by linking individual survey data on refugees to a regional measure of civic engagement in Germany. Using the density of newly established civic associations at the county level as a measure of civic engagement, we exploit regional differences in civic engagement in order to estimate its association with refugee integration outcomes. We find that in regions with particularly high levels of civic engagement, refugees have significantly more frequent contact to Germans, higher life satisfaction, and better German language skills. This correlation is robust to regional contextual factors such as the local population structure, economic strength, and the state of the labor market. In terms of language acquisition, women and refugees with a low level of education benefit the most from high civic engagement. Moreover, refugees with university degrees find significantly better-paying jobs in areas with higher civic engagement. However, no direct correlation could be established between civic engagement and the likelihood that refugees are employed. Nonetheless, the results suggest that support from civil society translates into improved access to government benefits. Our findings highlight that local civic engagement is an important complement to public assistance services and policy makers should give a high priority to partnering with the civil society to improve refugees’ integration outcomes.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Fuel for inequality: Distributional effects of environmental reforms on private transport
- Author
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Tovar Reaños, Miguel A. and Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Tailoring migration policies to address labour shortages
- Author
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Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
Fachkräfte ,ddc:330 ,EU-Staaten ,Migrationspolitik - Abstract
Labour markets in the European Union are increasingly facing labour shortages. This ZEW Policy Brief argues that immigration from third countries should be increased to alleviate bottlenecks in the supply of workers to the economy. On the one hand, immigration policies should target high-skilled individuals and those trained in shortage occupations and allow them to search for a job from within the EU. On the other hand, low-skilled employees also appear to contribute to mitigating labour shortages. This is because labour shortages are also present in some low-skill occupations, and because additional immigrant workers could "free up" native workers to work in shortage occupations or push natives into better jobs. Therefore, this ZEW policy brief recommends enabling the immigration of such individuals when they have a job offer available. Broader policy measures should be put into place to facilitate the recognition of foreign qualifications.
- Published
- 2023
5. Causal effects on employment after first birth — A dynamic treatment approach
- Author
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Fitzenberger, Bernd, Sommerfeld, Katrin, and Steffes, Susanne
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The labor demand effects of refugee immigration: Evidence from a natural experiment
- Author
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Berbée, Paul, Brücker, Herbert, Garloff, Alfred, and Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
Labor demand ,330 Wirtschaft ,J23 ,employment ,ddc:330 ,R10 ,refugees ,H50 ,J60 ,immigration ,natural experiment - Abstract
We study the labor demand effect of immigration on local labor markets by exploiting the fact that refugees in Germany are banned from working in the first few months after arrival. This natural experiment allows isolating a pure immigration-induced labor demand effect. For empirical identification we rely on the local presence of vacant military bases and on allocation quotas from a dispersal policy. The results are in line with our predictions from a theoretical framework with non-homothetic demand, where an increasing share in the consumption of necessities is associated with rising demand of labor-intensive goods: As the number of recently arrived refugees and thus the demand for locally produced goods increases, local employment increases particularly in non-tradable sectors in the short run. At the same time, unemployment drops while individual wages do not change significantly which can be traced back to widespread labor market rigidities in Germany. The isolation of labor demand effects complements the literature that isolates labor supply shocks from immigration, so as to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how immigration affects labor markets.
- Published
- 2022
7. Searching for Species in Haloarchaea
- Author
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Papke, R. Thane, Zhaxybayeva, Olga, Feil, Edward J., Sommerfeld, Katrin, Muise, Denise, and Doolittle, W. Ford
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Rising wage inequality, the decline of collective bargaining, and the gender wage gap
- Author
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Antonczyk, Dirk, Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The gut microbiota of toll-like receptor 2-deficient mice exhibits lineage-specific modifications
- Author
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Albert, Eric J., Sommerfeld, Katrin, Gophna, Sharon, Marshall, Jean S., and Gophna, Uri
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Drivers of energy efficiency in German manufacturing: A firm-level stochastic frontier analysis
- Author
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Lutz, Benjamin Johannes, Massier, Philipp, Sommerfeld, Katrin, and Löschel, Andreas
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Q41 ,Manufacturing ,Stochastic Demand Frontier ,Stochastic Frontier Analysis ,Energy Efficiency ,330 Wirtschaft ,ddc:330 ,D24 ,L60 ,Climate Policy ,D22 - Abstract
Increasing energy efficiency is one of the main goals in current German energy and climate policies. We study the determinants of energy efficiency in the German manufacturing sector based on official firm-level production census data. By means of a stochastic frontier analysis, we estimate the cost-minimizing energy demand function at the two-digit industry level using firm-level heterogeneity. Apart from the identification of the determinants of the energy demand function, we also analyze potential drivers of energy efficiency. Our results suggest that there is still potential to increase energy efficiency in most industries of the German manufacturing sector. Furthermore, we find that in most industries exporting and innovating firms as well as those investing in environmental protection measures are more energy efficient than their counterparts. In contrast, firms which are regulated by the European Union Emissions Trading System are mostly less energy efficient than non-regulated firms.
- Published
- 2017
11. KfW/ZEW CO2 Barometer 2016 - Carbon Edition. How the EU ETS can contribute to meeting the ambitious targets of the Paris Agreement
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Osberghaus, Daniel, Heindl, Peter, Sommerfeld, Katrin, and Höfling, Holger
- Subjects
ddc:330 - Abstract
The KfW/ZEW CO2 Barometer - developed as part of a cooperation project of KfW Bankengruppe and the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) - has been analysing the situation of the German companies regulated under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on an annual basis since 2009. The study’s objective is to closely monitor firm behaviour in carbon markets in order to provide detailed information for policy-makers, businesses, and the research community. For that purpose, all German firms regulated under the EU ETS are invited to participate in the survey every year. On average, approximately 130 companies of 800 have responded to the questionnaire per year. The results are reported in an annual publication, the KfW/ZEW CO2 Barometer - Carbon Edition. Important findings of this year's survey: - While the Paris Agreement has the potential to be a major breakthrough in global climate negotiations, a majority of German companies participating in the EU ETS do not expect that it will be effective in reducing global emissions, not even in the long run. - In the current trading period the EU ETS has generated only weak incentives for firms to implement carbon abatement measures. - The trading scheme should be further strengthened to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of climate action in Europe. Im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts mit der KfW Bankengruppe führt das Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) seit 2009 jährlich eine Befragung unter allen durch das Europäische Emissionshandelssystem (EU-EHS) regulierten Unternehmen in Deutschland durch. Die Erhebung liefert Daten zur Analyse der Auswirkungen des EU-EHS auf die regulierten Unternehmen in Deutschland. Dazu werden jährlich rund 800 Unternehmen kontaktiert, von denen im Durchschnitt ungefähr 130 Unternehmen Auskunft über ihre aktuelle Situation und zukünftige Strategien geben. Die Ergebnisse werden jedes Jahr in einem breit angelegten Marktreport, dem KfW/ZEW-CO2-Barometer - Carbon Edition, veröffentlicht. Das Wichtigste in Kürze: - Obwohl das Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen ein wichtiger Durchbruch in den globalen Klimaverhandlungen sein kann, erwartet die Mehrheit der befragten deutschen Unternehmen keine Reduzierung der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen - auch nicht in der langen Frist. - In der derzeitigen Handelsperiode hat das EU-Emissionshandelssystem nur geringe Anreize zur Emissionsreduzierung gesetzt. - Der Emissionshandel sollte weiter gestärkt werden, um die Wirksamkeit und Effizienz der europäischen Klimapolitik zu fördern.
- Published
- 2016
12. Why does emissions trading under the EU ETS not affect firms' competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature
- Author
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Joltreau, Eugénie and Sommerfeld, Katrin
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environmental policies ,Q52 ,ddc:330 ,Cap and Trade system ,employment effects ,firm-level competitiveness ,EU ETS ,Q58 ,D22 - Abstract
Environmental policies may have important consequences for firms' competitiveness or profitability. However, the empirical literature shows that hardly any statistically significant effects on firms can be detected for the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). On the basis of existing literature, we focus on potential explanations for why the empirical literature finds hardly any significant competitiveness effects on firms, least not during the first two phases of the scheme (2005-2012). We also reason why the third phase (2013-2020) could reveal similar results. We show that the main explanations for this finding are a large over-allocation of emissions ertificates leading to a price drop and the ability of firms to pass costs onto consumers in some sectors. Cost pass-through, in turn, partly generated windfall profits. In addition, the relatively low importance of energy costs indicated by their average share in the budgets of most manufacturing industries may limit the impact of the EU ETS. Finally, small but significant stimulating effects on innovation have been found so far. These different aspects may explain why the empirical literature does not find significant effects from the EU ETS on firms' competitiveness.
- Published
- 2016
13. Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms' competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature.
- Author
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Joltreau, Eugénie and Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
- *
EMISSIONS trading , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *WINDFALL profits , *STEEL industry - Abstract
Environmental policies may have important consequences for firms' competitiveness or profitability. For the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) the empirical literature documents that significant emissions reductions have resulted from it. Surprisingly, however, the literature shows that there have been hardly any concurrent negative effects on firms' competitiveness during the first two phases of the scheme (2005-2012). We show that the main explanations for the absence of negative impacts on competitiveness are a large over-allocation of emissions allowances leading to a price drop and the ability of firms to pass costs onto consumers in some sectors. Cost pass-through combined with free allocation, in turn, partly generated windfall profits. In addition, the relatively low importance of energy costs indicated by their average share in the budgets of most manufacturing industries may have limited the impact of the EU ETS. Finally, small but significant stimulating effects on innovation have been found so far. Several factors suggest that over-allocation is likely to remain substantial in the upcoming periods of the scheme. Therefore, we expect to see no negative competitiveness effects from the EU ETS in Phases III and IV (2013-2030). Key policy insights Empirical literature on the EU ETS shows that there have been hardly any effects on firms' competitiveness or profitability. One main explanation is a large over-allocation of emissions allowances leading to a price drop. This reduced incentives for innovation. Moreover, firms were able to pass costs on to consumers in some sectors which partly generated windfall profits. Innovation effects have so far been small but positive. We expect to see no negative competitiveness effects on regulated firms in the near future suggesting that no further reliefs for regulated firms are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Higher and higher? Performance pay and wage inequality in Germany
- Author
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Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
performance pay ,sequential decomposition ,quantile regression ,J33 ,ddc:330 ,J31 ,wage structure ,C21 - Abstract
Performance pay is of growing importance to the wage structure as it applies to a rising share of employees. At the same time wage dispersion is growing continuously. This leads to the question of how the growing use of performance pay schemes is related to the increase in wage inequality? German SOEP data for the years 1984 to 2009 confirm the large increase in the application of performance pay schemes. This in turn led to an upward shift of the wage distribution by about one log point. However, it did not contribute to the growth in wage inequality. Even though wage inequality grew within the group of employees who receive performance pay, it grew even more so within the group who do not receive it. Still, the wage difference between both wage schemes remained flat over the distribution. The empirical analysis employs sequential decompositions in a quantile regression framework.
- Published
- 2012
15. Age effects on employment after first birth - A timing of events approach
- Author
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Sommerfeld, Katrin, Fitzenberger, Bernd, and Steffes, Susanne
- Subjects
Timing-of-events ,J22 ,Dynamic treatment effect ,ddc:330 ,J13 ,Maternity leave ,Female labor supply ,C14 ,Inverse Probability Weighting - Abstract
The effects of employment breaks on labor market outcomes are of great relevance in particular for females in relation with childbirth. In this paper we estimate the effect of the timing of women's first birth on later labor market outcomes, more precisely the effect on employment. In order to investigate the treatment effect of having the first childbirth now or waiting, we employ the dynamic treatment approach in the spirit of Sianesi (2004, 2008). We combine this approach with the inverse probability weighting (IPW) as in Busso et al. (2009) for better performance than matching with respect to bias and variance in finite samples with good overlap. Finally, we assess effect heterogeneity by estimating ex post outcome regressions as in Abadie, Imbens (2006). We implement this novel approach on a monthly basis by using the German SOEP data set from 1991 to 2008. Preliminary results show that there are very strong employment effects around childbirth which decline over time, but remain significantly negative for all age groups over the whole considered period of five years after childbirth. Further, the treatment effect patterns display substantial dynamics and heterogeneity for the different age groups. Considering educational heterogeneity shows that the employment drop is less pronounced for university graduates above the age of 30.
- Published
- 2010
16. Older Babies - More Active Mothers? How Maternal Labor Supply Changes as the Child Grows
- Author
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Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
parental leave ,J22 ,ddc:330 ,J13 ,Female labor supply ,D13 ,childbirth - Abstract
Female labor market activity is dependent on the presence and the age of a child, but how do the determinants develop in magnitude and significance with the child's age? Using German SOEP data from 1991 to 2006 for mothers with young children, the change in maternal labor supply when the child is one, two, and three years old is explicitly addressed. According to the tobit regression results for precise working hours, maternal labor supply becomes increasingly responsive to economic incentives - mainly to imputed wages - as the child grows.
- Published
- 2008
17. A Sequential Decomposition of the Drop in Collective Bargaining Coverage.
- Author
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Fitzenberger, Bernd and Sommerfeld, Katrin
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- 2016
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18. Complex array of endobionts in Petalomonas sphagnophila, a large heterotrophic euglenid protist from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands.
- Author
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Eunsoo Kim, Jong Soo Park, Simpson, Alastair G. B., Matsunaga, Shigeru, Watanabe, Masakatsu, Murakami, Akio, Sommerfeld, Katrin, Onodera, Naoko T., and Archibald, John M.
- Subjects
HETEROTROPHIC bacteria ,EUGLENOIDS ,PEATLANDS ,RIBOSOMAL DNA ,MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY ,IN situ hybridization ,RICKETTSIALES - Abstract
Petalomonas sphagnophila is a poorly studied plastid-lacking euglenid flagellate living in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Here we present a broad-ranging microscopic, molecular and microspectrophotometric analysis of uncultured P. sphagnophila collected from four field locations in Nova Scotia, Canada. Consistent with its morphological characteristics, 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) phylogenies indicate that P. sphagnophila is specifically related to Petalomonas cantuscygni, the only other Petalomonas species sequenced to date. One of the peculiar characteristics of P. sphagnophila is the presence of several green-pigmented particles ∼5 μm in diameter in its cytoplasm, which a previously published study suggested to be cyanobacterial endosymbionts. New data presented here, however, suggest that the green intracellular body may not be a cyanobacterium but rather an uncharacterized prokaryote yet to be identified by molecular sequencing. 16S rDNA library sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridizations show that P. sphagnophila also harbors several other endobionts, including bacteria that represent five novel genus-level groups (one firmicute and four different proteobacteria). 16S rDNA phylogenies suggest that three of these endobionts are related to obligate intracellular bacteria such as Rickettsiales and Coxiella, while the others are related to the Daphnia pathogen Spirobacillus cienkowskii or belong to the Thermoactinomycetaceae. TEM, 16S rDNA library sequencing and a battery of PCR experiments show that the presence of the five P. sphagnophila endobionts varies markedly among the four geographic collections and even among individuals collected from the same location but at different time points. Our study adds significantly to the growing evidence for complex and dynamic protist–bacterial associations in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Actinorhodopsin genes discovered in diverse freshwater habitats and among cultivated freshwater Actinobacteria.
- Author
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Sharma, Adrian K., Sommerfeld, Katrin, Bullerjahn, George S., Matteson, Audrey R., Wilhelm, Steven W., Jezbera, Jan, Brandt, Ulrike, Doolittle, W. Ford, and Hahn, Martin W.
- Subjects
- *
ACTINOBACTERIA , *RHODOPSIN , *AQUATIC habitats , *BACTERIAL genomes , *FRESHWATER ecology , *POLYMERASE chain reaction - Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are membrane proteins that utilize a retinal chromophore to harvest sunlight for energetic and photosensory functions. Recently, a group of novel rhodopsin sequences named ‘actinorhodopsins’ (ActRs) was hypothesized to exist among uncultured planktonic Actinobacteria. ActRs were discovered by mining metagenomic data obtained during the Venter Institute's Global Ocean Sampling expedition, from a hypersaline lagoon, two estuaries and a freshwater lake. On the basis of these findings, and many studies that show Actinobacteria are common inhabitants of lakes, we predicted that ActR genes would likely be present in other freshwater habitats and among the genomes of cultivated Actinobacteria. Using degenerate polymerase chain reaction primers, we discovered an ActR gene present in an actinobacterial isolate of the family Microbacteriaceae. Isolate MWH-Uga1 was cultivated prior to this study from a freshwater pond in Uganda and belongs to a group of Actinobacteria previously identified in freshwater ecosystems. ActR genes were also discovered present in numerous mixed cultures containing freshwater Actinobacteria and among environmental DNA samples obtained from three freshwater sources; a small woodland pond and the Laurentian Great Lakes Superior and Erie. An analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from metagenomic DNA samples harboring ActR genes suggests that organisms belonging to the acI lineage, an uncultured group of Actinobacteria commonly present in fresh waters, may utilize rhodopsins. The co-occurrence of an acI organism with a specific ActR variant in a mixed culture supports our hypothesis.The ISME Journal (2009) 3, 726–737; doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.13; published online 26 February 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Older Babies -- More Active Mothers? How Maternal Labor Supply Changes as the Child Grows.
- Author
-
Sommerfeld, Katrin
- Subjects
WOMEN employees ,LABOR supply ,LABOR market ,WOMEN'S employment ,WORKING hours ,WAGES - Abstract
Female labor market activity is dependent on the presence and the age of a child, but how do the determinants develop in magnitude and significance with the child's age? Using German SOEP data from 1991 to 2006 for mothers with young children, the change in maternal labor supply when the child is one, two, and three years old is explicitly addressed. According to the tobit regression results for precise working hours, maternal labor supply becomes increasingly responsive to economic incentives - mainly to imputed wages - as the child grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Complex array of endobionts in Petalomonas sphagnophila, a large heterotrophic euglenid protist from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands.
- Author
-
Kim E, Park JS, Simpson AG, Matsunaga S, Watanabe M, Murakami A, Sommerfeld K, Onodera NT, and Archibald JM
- Subjects
- Bacteria growth & development, Cluster Analysis, Cytoplasm microbiology, Cytoplasm ultrastructure, DNA, Bacterial chemistry, DNA, Bacterial genetics, DNA, Protozoan chemistry, DNA, Protozoan genetics, DNA, Ribosomal chemistry, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Euglenida cytology, Euglenida genetics, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Molecular Sequence Data, Nova Scotia, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Bacteria classification, Bacteria isolation & purification, Euglenida microbiology, Euglenida physiology, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Symbiosis
- Abstract
Petalomonas sphagnophila is a poorly studied plastid-lacking euglenid flagellate living in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Here we present a broad-ranging microscopic, molecular and microspectrophotometric analysis of uncultured P. sphagnophila collected from four field locations in Nova Scotia, Canada. Consistent with its morphological characteristics, 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) phylogenies indicate that P. sphagnophila is specifically related to Petalomonas cantuscygni, the only other Petalomonas species sequenced to date. One of the peculiar characteristics of P. sphagnophila is the presence of several green-pigmented particles approximately 5 mum in diameter in its cytoplasm, which a previously published study suggested to be cyanobacterial endosymbionts. New data presented here, however, suggest that the green intracellular body may not be a cyanobacterium but rather an uncharacterized prokaryote yet to be identified by molecular sequencing. 16S rDNA library sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridizations show that P. sphagnophila also harbors several other endobionts, including bacteria that represent five novel genus-level groups (one firmicute and four different proteobacteria). 16S rDNA phylogenies suggest that three of these endobionts are related to obligate intracellular bacteria such as Rickettsiales and Coxiella, while the others are related to the Daphnia pathogen Spirobacillus cienkowskii or belong to the Thermoactinomycetaceae. TEM, 16S rDNA library sequencing and a battery of PCR experiments show that the presence of the five P. sphagnophila endobionts varies markedly among the four geographic collections and even among individuals collected from the same location but at different time points. Our study adds significantly to the growing evidence for complex and dynamic protist-bacterial associations in nature.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Differences between tissue-associated intestinal microfloras of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
- Author
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Gophna U, Sommerfeld K, Gophna S, Doolittle WF, and Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Archaea isolation & purification, Bacteroides isolation & purification, Clostridium isolation & purification, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proteobacteria isolation & purification, Bacteria isolation & purification, Colitis, Ulcerative microbiology, Crohn Disease microbiology, Intestines microbiology
- Abstract
A leading hypothesis for the role of bacteria in inflammatory bowel diseases is that an imbalance in normal gut flora is a prerequisite for inflammation. Testing this hypothesis requires comparisons between the microbiota compositions of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients and those of healthy individuals. In this study, we obtained biopsy samples from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and from healthy controls. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the tissue samples, amplified using universal bacterial 16S rRNA gene primers, and cloned into a plasmid vector. Insert-containing colonies were picked for high-throughput sequencing, and sequence data were analyzed, yielding species-level phylogenetic data. The clone libraries yielded 3,305 sequenced clones, representing 151 operational taxonomical units. There was no significant difference between floras from inflamed and healthy tissues from within the same individual. Proteobacteria were significantly (P = 0.0007) increased in Crohn's disease patients, as were Bacteroidetes (P < 0.0001), while Clostridia were decreased in that group (P < 0.0001) in comparison with the healthy and ulcerative colitis groups, which displayed no significant differences. Thus, the bacterial flora composition of Crohn's patients appears to be significantly altered from that of healthy controls, unlike that of ulcerative colitis patients. Imbalance in flora in Crohn's disease is probably not sufficient to cause inflammation, since microbiotas from inflamed and noninflamed tissues were of similar compositions within the same individual.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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