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The photovoltaic literature contains a wide range of methods for translating the I–V curves of a solar device to other conditions of irradiance and cell temperature, different from those under which the measurements were performed. Some of these translation methods are included as part of the International Standard IEC 60891. In this paper, these techniques are classified, reviewed, and implemented to perform a deep comparative analysis between them and to discuss their suitability for converting the I–V curves of photovoltaic modules under different scenarios of irradiance and temperature. From the analysis conducted, it can be seen that the interpolation method proposed in IEC 60891 achieves accurate results when it is applied to correct small and medium irradiance and temperature gaps. If no interpolation is possible and for large irradiance corrections, other procedures described in IEC 60891 can be applied. However, certain explicit methods based on the single-diode model or on the double-diode model can overcome the most well-known approaches proposed by the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) for a photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected charging station with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The main objective of this EMS is to manage the energy delivered to the electric vehicle (EV), considering the price and C O 2 emissions due to the grid's connection. Thus, we present a multi-objective two-stage optimization to reduce the impact of the charging station on the environment, as well as the costs. The first stage of the optimization provides an energy schedule, taking into account the PV forecast, the hourly grid's C O 2 emissions factor, the electricity price, and the initial state of charge of the BESS. The output from this first stage corresponds to the maximum power permitted to be delivered to the EV by the grid. Then, the second stage of the optimization is based on model predictive control that looks to manage the energy flow from the grid, the PV, and the BESS. The proposed EMS is validated using an actual PV/BESS charging station located at the University of Trieste, Italy. Then, this paper presents an analysis of the performance of the charging station under the new EMS considering three main aspects, economic, environmental, and energy, for one month of data. The results show that due to the proposed optimization, the new energy profile guarantees a reduction of 32% in emissions and 29% in energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current techniques used in energy management systems to optimize energy schedules into microgrids, accounting for uncertainties for various time frames (day-ahead and real-time operations). The current uncertainties affecting applications, including residential, commercial, virtual power plants, electric mobility, and multi-carrier microgrids, are the main subjects of this article. We outline the most recent modeling approaches to describe the uncertainties associated with various microgrid applications, such as prediction errors, load consumption, degradation, and state of health. The modeling approaches discussed in this article are probabilistic, possibilistic, information gap theory, and deterministic. Then, the paper presents and compares the current optimization techniques, considering the uncertainties in their problem formulations, such as stochastic, robust, fuzzy optimization, information gap theory, model predictive control, multiparametric programming, and machine learning techniques. The optimization techniques depend on the model used, the data available, the specific application, the real-time platform, and the optimization time. We hope to guide researchers to identify the best optimization technique for energy scheduling, considering the specific uncertainty and application. Finally, the most challenging issues to enhance microgrid operations, despite uncertainties by considering new trends, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of two amorphous silicon‐based photovoltaic (PV) modules, namely, of single junction amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and of micromorph tandem (a‐Si/ μ‐Si), after 11 years of exposure in the south of Spain is analyzed. Their I‐V curves were measured outdoors to study the changes of the electrical parameters in the course of three different periods: during the initial days of exposure, during the first year, and in the subsequent 10‐year period. The translation of the curves to an identical set of operating conditions, which enables a meaningful comparison, was done by the different correction procedures described in the standard IEC60891:2021, including the procedure 3, which does not require the knowledge of module parameters, whose values are typically not available. The annual power degradation rates over the entire 11‐year period are 1.12% for the a‐Si module, which is 3.02% for the first year, and 0.98% for the a‐Si/ μ‐Si, which is 2.29% for the initial year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital electronics has become a standard for controlling electrical systems. This is due to the constant improvement of the digital devices, whether in terms of density, performance, flexibility of use, or cost reduction. This article looks into system-on-chip (SoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for controlling complex electrical energy systems. These devices encompass multicore floating-point microprocessors embedded with standard peripherals and an FPGA fabric that allows the design of custom peripherals and specific hardware (HW) accelerators. Thus, SoC FPGA devices can be regarded as a good compromise between “super” microcontrollers (very fast in terms of computation but with a fixed microarchitecture) and pure FPGAs (ideal for specific concurrent microarchitectures but limited in terms of density). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of fourth-order dc-dc converters is discussed in this paper. The Principal Components Analysis is applied to find the set of passive components which allows to avoid double resonance in the control-to-output transfer function. The design of a synchronous SEPIC converter has been studied as an application of the proposed design methodology by using a database of real passive components. The performances of the SEPIC converter designed with the proposed methodology are verified through both time domain and frequency domain simulations and they are compared with those ones achieved by standard ripple-based design procedures. Index Terms--Fourth-order converters, power stage design, principal components analysis, SEPIC converter.

In this paper, the design of the one-cycle controller of a single-stage inverter for photovoltaic applications is carried out by means of a multiobjective strategy to optimize inverter performance at both high and low insolation levels. Design constraints that account for different weather conditions are adopted. The optimization algorithm also provides useful information concerning the system sensitivity with respect to each of the controller parameters. This allows the design of a maximum power point tracking perturb and observe controller that significantly improves inverter performance. Experimental measurements confirm the predictions of theoretical and simulation results. Index Terms--Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, one-cycle control (OCC), photovoltaic (PV) inverter.

One of the major drawbacks of photovoltaic (PV) systems is represented by the effect of module mismatching and of partial shading of the PV field. Distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) is a very promising technique that allows the increase of efficiency and reliability of such systems. Modeling and designing a PV system with DMPPT is remarkably more complex than implementing a standard MPPT technique. In this paper, a DMPPT system for PV arrays is proposed and analyzed. A dc and small-signal ac model is derived to analyze steady-state behavior, as well as dynamics and stability, of the whole system. Finally, simulation results are reported and discussed. Index Terms--Distributed generation, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Power processing systems will be a key factor of future photovoltaic (PV) applications. They will play a central role in transferring, to the load and/or to the grid, the electric power produced by the high-efficiency PV cells of the next generation. In order to come up the expectations related to the use of solar energy for producing electrical energy, such systems must ensure high efficiency, modularity, and, particularly, high reliability. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the open problems related to PV power processing systems and to focus the attention of researchers and industries on present and future challenges in this field. Index Terms--Inverters, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV) systems, power electronics, power processing, solar energy.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize the PV array output power by tracking continuously the maximum power point (MPP) which depends on panels temperature and on irradiance conditions. The issue of MPPT has been addressed in different ways in the literature but, especially for low-cost implementations, the perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking algorithm is the most commonly used method due to its ease of implementation. A drawback of P&O is that, at steady state, the operating point oscillates around the MPP giving rise to the waste of some amount of available energy; moreover, it is well known that the P&O algorithm can be confused during those time intervals characterized by rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. In this paper it is shown that, in order to limit the negative effects associated to the above drawbacks, the P&O MPPT parameters must be customized to the dynamic behavior of the specific converter adopted. A theoretical analysis allowing the optimal choice of such parameters is also carried out. Results of experimental measurements are in agreement with the predictions of theoretical analysis. Index Terms--Maximum power point (MPP), maximum power point tracking (MPPT), perturb and observe (P&O), photovoltaic (PV).

An evolutionary approach to worst case tolerance design is introduced here, with a focus on feedback compensation networks for dc-dc switching converters. Assumed that varying parameters values are uniformly distributed and uncorrelated, as provided by the worst case approach, the proposed algorithm, of general applicability, seeks for the set of nominal values and tolerances of the circuit parameters ensuring that the design constraints are met and that a user-defined circuit performance index assumes its optimal value. Design constraints are fixed in the frequency domain, in terms of acceptability ranges of loop gain crossover frequency and phase margin, to guarantee closed loop stability and the desired dynamic performance. Resistive and capacitive compensation network's parameters values are chosen within a suitable database of couples nominal value/tolerance available on the market, while the nominal values and tolerances of the parameters of the power stage are fixed. Referring to a buck dc-dc switching regulator, two widely used different compensation network topologies are compared in terms of reliability, robustness, and cast of components. Simulation results show the wide usefulness of the proposed method in supporting designer decisions.

This paper introduces an evolutionary approach to the variability analysis of nonlinear systems. The algorithm shows some advantages with respect to classical stochastic approaches and, in particular, with respect to Monte Carlo-based methods. First, it allows a significant reduction of the underestimation error that affects any nondeterministic approach; in other words, it guarantees a considerable saving of simulation time. Moreover, the technique ensures a higher reliability in pursuing the true range of variation of the system performance of interest. The method has been applied to a practical problem of great interest: the variability analysis of a stress control tube made of a composite material used for electric stress relief in cable accessories. The cable termination has been modeled by means of a lumped nonlinear circuit. The proposed technique also provides reliable results whenever large parameter variations need to be taken into account and/or nonlinear functions of varying parameters are considered. Simulation results prove it to be of great support for the designer in cable termination dimensioning and in composite material selection. Index Terms--Cable accessories, composite materials, variability analysis.

This paper presents an evolutionary approach to worst case tolerance design of magnetic devices. The algorithm improves on the classical nominal design, accounting for parameter variations and tolerances, so that the system performance does not exceed upper and lower specifications imposed in advance by the designer. The evolutionary algorithm adjusts central values and tolerances of parameters so that a user-defined objective function is optimized and the design constraints are met. The feasibility of the candidate sets of design parameters and tolerances is estimated by means of vertex analysis. The algorithm ensures that the optimized design set of parameters and tolerances is 100% feasible in a large number of practical eases. This paper gives an example of the design of a magnetic device and discusses the salient features and limitations of the approach. Index Terms--Genetic algorithms, tolerance analysis, tolerance design.

In this paper, a unified method for steady-state analysis of hard-switching and soft-switching dc-to-dc converters is presented. The power stage and the feedback control circuit forming the regulator are modeled separately and analyzed as two interconnected blocks. The intersection of the open loop dc steady-state characteristics of these cascaded blocks provides the initial condition for a guess candidate steady-state solution (CS). The CS is validated as true steady-state solution (TS) if the bias conditions of switching devices are fulfilled everywhere in the switching period, otherwise the CS is changed according to the conditions violated. The CS approaches the TS through an iterative process of validation. The basic tools adopted to ensure a reliable computation of the CS are interval analysis (IA), for the identification of the commutation instants (CI), and the compensation theorem (CT), for the analysis of commutations. Some examples of applications to hard-switching and soft-switching dc-dc regulators are presented. Index Terms--Steady-state analysis, switching regulators.

A new method for steady-state analysis of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) hard-switching dc-to-dc regulators is presented. The power stage and the feedback control circuit are analyzed as two interconnected blocks. The intersection of their open-loop dc steady-state characteristics with the ramp voltage provides a guess candidate steady-state solution (CS). An iterative process is used to validate it as true steady-state solution (TS) when the bias conditions of switching devices (SDs) are fulfilled everywhere in the switching period.

In this paper, the results of the analysis of the degradation of a set of single‐crystalline silicon modules after 21 years are presented. The comparison of the main electrical parameters and the series and of the shunt resistances measured in 1996 and 2017 is performed, so that the annual degradation rate is evaluated. In addition, a detailed analysis of the parameter uncertainties has been performed in order to determine its impact on the results. A visual inspection of the modules has also been carried out in order to show the correlation with the variation of the electrical performance. Finally, the temperature coefficients of the degraded modules have been estimated and compared with the nominal ones. The results shown in the paper reveal that the mean annual degradation rate in terms of power is close to 0.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the 22nd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nine papers in this special section focus on photovoltaic module and sub-module level power electronics. Grid connected photovoltaic energy systems have experienced an explosive growth over the last decade, with a cumulative installed capacity surpassing the 400 GW milestone as of 2017. Among PV system configurations, distributed module-level converter architectures can lead to a higher energy yield by mitigating partial shading, persistent shading (soiling, snow, bird droppings, and fallen leaves), mismatch, and aging, through a higher maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency. Also, distributed electronics might be the key for implementing diagnostic and prognostic actions at a module level. Among these configurations, microinverters (also known as ac-module inverter), which connect a single PV module to the grid, and PV power optimizers, which are dc–dc converters performing the MPPT function at a module level, have attracted the academic and industrial interest in the last decade. So much so, that both microinverters and dc–dc power optimizers are commercialized by tens of companies around the world, with a great variety of circuit topologies, which comprise combinations of one or more power stages, interleaved converters, resonant converters, topologies with and without isolation, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]