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32. Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: A double‐edged sword.

Author

Shukla, Kavita, Mishra, Vishnu, Singh, Jawahar, Varshney, Vishal, Verma, Rajnandini, and Srivastava, Sudhakar

Subjects
SUSTAINABLE agriculture, AGRICULTURAL technology, NANOTECHNOLOGY, DRUG delivery systems, NANOELECTROMECHANICAL systems, NANOSTRUCTURED materials, GROWTH regulators
Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing discipline that has the potential to transform the way we approach problems in a variety of fields, including agriculture. The use of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture has gained popularity in recent years. It has various applications in agriculture, such as the development of nanoscale materials and devices to boost agricultural productivity, enhance food quality and safety, improve the efficiency of water and nutrient usage, and reduce environmental pollution. Nanotechnology has proven to be very beneficial in this field, particularly in the development of nanoscale delivery systems for agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, and growth regulators. These nanoscale delivery technologies offer various benefits over conventional delivery systems, including better penetration and distribution, enhanced efficacy, and lower environmental impact. Encapsulating agrochemicals in nanoscale particles enables direct delivery to the targeted site in the plant, thereby reducing waste and minimizing off‐target effects. Plants are fundamental building blocks of all ecosystems and evaluating the interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and plants is a crucial aspect of risk assessment. This critical review therefore aims to provide an overview of the latest advances regarding the positive and negative effects of nanotechnology in agriculture. It also explores potential future research directions focused on ensuring the safe utilization of NPs in this field, which could lead to sustainable development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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46. Soil and Plant Enzymes Responses to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Submerged Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Ecosystem.

Author

Srivastav, Akansha, Shukla, Anurakti, Singhal, Rakesh Kumar, Srivastava, Sudhakar, Ganjewala, Deepak, and Shrivastava, Manoj

Subjects
PLANT enzymes, ZINC enzymes, ZINC oxide, PLANT-soil relationships, PLANT pigments, POTAMOGETON, RICE, SOIL testing
Abstract

In the present study, the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. PB1509) plant growth were assessed in hydroponics (5, 10, 25, 50 mg L-1) and soil microcosm (5, 10, 25 50 mg kg-1) experiments. In both hydroponics and soil experiments, Zinc (Zn) accumulation in plant parts (roots, shoots and grains) was found to increase with increasing doses of ZnO NPs. Grains accumulated 29 mg kg-1 Zn at 50 mg kg-1 ZnO NPs in the soil experiment. In the hydroponics experiment, growth and photosynthetic pigments were induced by ZnO NPs up to 10 mg L-1, while higher doses of 25 and 50 mg L-1 were toxic to plant growth. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, APX and GPX) were mostly increased or unaffected by all ZnO NPs doses. In soil experiments, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased at 5 mg kg-1 followed by a declining trend. However, a significant decrease occurred only at 50 mg kg-1. Urease activity in soil was significantly increased at all doses of ZnO NPs, while the activity of dehydrogenase did not show any significant change up to 25 mg kg-1. The length of plants and photosynthetic pigments did not show much toxicity except root length beyond 10 mg kg-1; however, the biomass of plants including grains was significantly lower than control beyond 5 mg kg-1 dose. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPX, APX and CAT) showed a significant increase at all doses of ZnO NPs. The DTPA extractable Zn concentration in the soil was significantly elevated with increasing exposure concentrations of ZnO NPs. Based on hydroponics and soil experiments, this study suggests a dose of up to 10 mg L-1 or 10 mg kg-1 would be an appropriate dose for augmenting the growth of rice plants and Zn accumulation, and this can be practically utilized for rice plants growing in submerged conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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50. Comparative evaluation of cadmium phytoremediation potential of five varieties of Helianthus annuus L.

Author

Mathur, Jyoti, Chauhan, Priti, and Srivastava, Sudhakar

Subjects
COMMON sunflower, PHYTOCHELATINS, POLLUTANTS, CADMIUM, PHYTOREMEDIATION, GLUTATHIONE reductase
Abstract

Helianthus annuus is a potential metal accumulator plant, which can find application in cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation and provide economic gains in terms of oil yield. This study is focused on Cd accumulation analysis, physiological and biochemical responses of five varieties of H. annuus (DRSF-108, DRSF-113, LSFH-171, Phule Bhaskar and KBSH-44). Plantlets of all varieties were treated with various Cd concentrations (10, 50, 100, 300 and 500 mg kg−1) for 20, 40 and 60 days. DRSF-108 showed the maximum total Cd accumulation (430.52 mg kg−1) in whole plant while minimum accumulation was observed in KBSH-44 (150.66 mg kg−1) at 500 mg kg−1 Cd after 60 days. The highest level of proline and polyphenol in DRSF-108 were 27.206 µmol g−1 fw and 6.86 mg g−1 fw, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) also showed increased activity in response to Cd treatment. SEM-EDX analysis of potential accumulator genotype, DRSF-108, showed the distribution of intracellular Cd into plant tissues. Therefore, it is concluded that among five varieties, DRSF-108 was the most potential Cd accumulator and had a higher capacity for Cd tolerance compared to other varieties. Our findings may allow us to extend variety DRSF-108 for sustainable farming and Cd remediation. Phytoremediation of environmental contaminants is a promising strategy, however, the success depends on the use of suitable plants. Helianthus annuus is a good phytoremediator plant and the use of most promising genotype is desirable. This work evaluated five genotypes of H. annuus for cadmium accumulation and identified the best variety, DRSF-108 that can be used for cadmium remediation. The work shall pave way for field application of sunflower plants in cadmium remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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