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A forum is presented on the topic of the 1619 Project, a long-form journalism endeavor developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones and The New York Times Magazine that places Black experiences in the center of American history. Reflections are offered in response to the book "The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story," as well as the project's podcast, teaching resources, and social media.

"I've Been Here All the While: Black Freedom on Native Land" by Alaina E. Roberts is a historical analysis of settler colonialism, enslavement, and citizenship in eastern Oklahoma during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The author explores the role of enslavement in the resistance of Native tribes to federal assaults on their sovereignty, as well as the experiences of newly emancipated African Americans and the impact of white settlement on Black and Native communities. The book argues for the inclusion of land rights as a form of citizenship during the Reconstruction era and connects existing scholarship on race among Native tribes to the broader context of settlement and statehood. While the book is engaging and would be suitable for undergraduate and graduate courses, it could benefit from deeper engagement with the records of the Five Tribes' governments to include more Native voices. [Extracted from the article]

Federal Fathers and Mothers: A Social History of the United States Indian Service, 1869-1933 by Cathleen D. Cahill University of North Carolina Press, 2011 In Federal Fathers and Mothers, historian [...]

Several critics of Indian affairs proposed a solution to the 'Indian problem', the refusal or inability of Native people to assimilate into American society during the late nineteenth century. Reformers concluded that kinship systems prevented acculturation by undermining individualism and social order, and they turned to federal policy to fracture these extended indigenous families into male-dominant, nuclear families, modeled after middle-class.