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A high field magnet is a key element of cryogenic electron beam ion sources (EBISs), which are known for generating highly charged ions through the magnetic compression of an electron beam. Herein, we report the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a 7 T niobium-titanium superconducting magnet capable of persistent-mode operation. The magnet was designed using finite element analysis by considering its magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties. The designed magnet was then fabricated, assembled, and evaluated for various design parameters in a recondensing-type liquid helium cryostat. After several quench trainings, the magnet reached a target magnetic field of 7 T with an operating current of 200 A, a magnetic field uniformity of 0.24%, and an electron beam focusing length of 1.3 m inside the bore. The magnet was successfully operated in the persistent-mode for 9.5 days (228 hours) and achieved a field-decay rate of 0.42 ppm $\cdot \text{h}^{-1}$ . The magnet evaluation results confirm that our superconducting magnet system can be applied to an EBIS to carry out stable and effective electron beam compression.

Understanding the DC breakdown characteristics of polymeric insulators is essential for stable operation of high-capacity DC electrical equipment. To predict the breakdown characteristics of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), we propose a numerical methodology with a new critical index in which the internal current varying with temperature, thickness, and injection barrier height. To evaluate this current-based index, we applied the fully coupled bipolar charge transport (BCT) and molecular chain displacement (MCD) models to analyze the influence of each variable on breakdown phenomena. The results of this analysis revealed that the amount of space charge accumulation within the insulator has a maximum value at approximately 50 °C, which corresponds to the known morphological transition temperature of LDPE. The breakdown strength calculated using this numerical model was found to decrease with increasing temperature and thickness. Although injection barrier height at the electrode was found to be negatively correlated with breakdown strength, its effect was not as significant as that of the other variables. The breakdown strength values obtained using this numerical method were found to be in close agreement with values reported in the literature. Based on these results, we newly suggest the physical quantity to predict the breakdown strength, the current relaxation speed, which is the slope of the Boltzmann sigmoid function, as a positively correlated index. Finally, we determined that the breakdown phenomena are initiated when the amount of impact accumulated in the insulator changes discontinuously and analyzed the contribution of factors affecting the breakdown using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Sobol sensitivity index.

Predicting the electrical breakdown of polymers is critical for certifying the endurance and lifetime of high voltage power equipment. Since various factors contribute nonlinearly to the breakdown phenomena of polymer insulators, it is difficult to assess the impact of each factor independently. In this study, we numerically analyzed the breakdown phenomenon because of the ramp rate of the DC voltage applied to a polymer insulator, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), using the finite element method (FEM). To predict the breakdown initiation, we analyzed the relaxation time of the conduction current through the insulator as a significant indicator. The bipolar charge transport (BCT) model was used to analyze the charge behavior within the LDPE, and the breakdown voltage was predicted by incorporating the molecular displacement model. This analysis was conducted for a wide range of ramp rates from 10 to 1500 V/s. The current density was calculated using two different methods, namely the energy and average methods, and the results were compared with each other. The results of the numerical model were further verified by comparing with those from experiments reported in the literature.

A cryogen recondensing cooling system was designed for a 7 T superconducting solenoid magnet in an electron beam ion source (EBIS) system. In an EBIS system, it is difficult to access the apparatus due to strong X-ray emission when in full operation. The proposed cooling system was adapted for liquid-helium recondensation. An EBIS is a typical ion source that is feasible for highly charged ion production. Thus, the EBIS system can meet various requirements of end applications, and the development of such a system is strongly required. Estimations of the thermal and structural stability levels are very important during the design of a cryostat; therefore, these values were calculated by means of a numerical analysis. In the thermal analysis, the heat loads were calculated according to the temperature gradient after calculating the temperature distribution. The cooling margins were estimated at the first and second stages of the cryocooler, respectively, with respect to the calculated heat load. It was also estimated that the thermal stress due to the temperature gradient. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed cryostat design was thermally and structurally stable and suitable for application to a superconducting magnet for an EBIS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]