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The Pinisi is a traditional Indonesian ship recognized as a maritime cultural masterpiece and remains widely utilized, particularly in liveaboard tourism. The increasing demand for sustainable and innovative energy solutions in the tourism and maritime industries highlights the relevance of adopting solar cells as an alternative energy source for lighting on these ships. Solar cells, primarily made from silicon, efficiently convert solar radiation into electrical energy. This study evaluates the feasibility of using solar cells to power lighting systems on Pinisi ships operating in the Selayar Islands. Solar radiation data from NASA Surface Meteorology was utilized to estimate the optimal power output of solar modules. The analysis indicates that 10 solar cell modules can generate an energy output of 19.480 kWh, sufficient to meet the ship's lighting requirements. Configurations were optimized for different decks, ensuring efficient energy distribution while maintaining sustainability. The findings demonstrate that implementing solar cells on Pinisi ships not only fulfills their energy needs but also supports the maritime tourism industry by providing an eco-friendly and innovative energy solution. This approach contributes to the preservation of maritime heritage while addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Keywords: Pinisi ship, solar cells, energy conversion, maritime tourism innovation

This study examines the impact of the Picture and Picture learning model on student engagement and academic performance in Social Studies among Grade IV students at SD Inpres Paccinongan, Gowa Regency. Low student engagement in the learning process and suboptimal academic performance are key issues faced in primary education. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a Nonequivalent Control Group methodology. The study population consisted of Grade IV students from two classes, with a total sample of 48 students selected using random sampling techniques. Data were collected through observations and tests, then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results indicated that the Picture and Picture learning model had a significant positive effect on student engagement and academic performance. The significance values for student activity (p = 0.040) and learning outcomes (p = 0.016) were both below the standard alpha level of 0.05, indicating the effectiveness of this model in enhancing student engagement and their academic results. These findings provide evidence that the application of a visual-based learning model, such as Picture and Picture, can be an effective solution to address low student engagement and learning outcomes in Social Studies education at the primary school level. The adoption of this learning paradigm is recommended to be expanded in Social Studies education at primary schools to improve the overall quality of education and academic performance of students.

The low learning outcomes of students are the main problem studied in this article This study employs a quasi-experimental design with a Nonequivalent Control Group model to assess the impact of implementing the Challenge Based Learning (CBL) model supported by Card Match Circle media on Pancasila Education learning outcomes. The study population consists of fifth-grade students at SD Inpres Karuwisi 2 Makassar, divided into two groups: the experimental group (class VA) and the control group (class VC), each comprising 24 students. Data collection was carried out through tests, questionnaires, and observation sheets at the beginning and end of the research period. The analysis results indicate that the implementation of the CBL model with Card Match Circle media significantly improved students' learning outcomes compared to conventional teaching methods, with the experimental group's average posttest score (80.37) being higher than the control group's (72.41). Statistical analysis confirms that this model is effective in enhancing material comprehension, as well as students' collaboration and communication skills. These findings align with previous studies showing that the CBL approach with interactive media can create a more engaging and relevant learning experience, motivating students to be more actively involved in their education.

The research problem is the existence of symbolic violence against private school students through stereotypes. The purpose of the study was to analyze negative stereotypes against private school students as a means of symbolic violence. This research was conducted using the mixed method concurrent embedded method in 10 private schools and 6 public schools. Qualitative research informants as many as 43 people were determined using purposive sampling while 301 quantitative research respondents were determined using random sampling. Data was collected using a Likert and Gutman scale questionnaire, direct observation sheets, structured interview sheets and documents. The qualitative data that has been collected is analyzed through the stages of data reduction, displaying the data and then drawing conclusions, while the quantitative data is analyzed through the stages of verification, tabulation and data percentage. The results show that symbolic violence occurs because of negative stereotypes against private school students and stereotypes against actors or private schools carried out by public school actors who have accumulated capital, power in the world of education.

The trend of consumption of hydrocarbon fuels in Indonesia, which is increasing every year, is not accompanied by the amount of production, which is decreasing. Alternative fuels to reduce dependence on hydrocarbon fuels. One form of alternative fuel is biodiesel, which is made from corn (maize) oil. Corn oil itself, if processed, can be an option for clean and environmentally friendly energy option and that is the main objective of this research is to determine the performance of biodiesel corn oil on diesel engines. The method used in this study is an experimental method where corn oil biodiesel is tested directly on a testing machine. The data from the test results will be used to find the torque and thermal efficiency values so that the engine performance values for each fuel variation can be identified. The results of the study obtained the engine performance value, namely the highest torque was on diesel oil fuel 4.57 N.m. The highest thermal efficiency value achieved at the B30 fuel sample at a temperature of 60 °C with the thermal efficiency of 17.4 percent. With these results, it can be concluded that engine performance with corn oil fuel can be used as an alternative fuel to replace hydrocarbon fuel.

This article reports on the results of an in-depth analysis of the intentional daily behavior performed by mothers in facilitating the cognitive development of a child aged under five years old. This study employed a descriptive design. It involved 147 mothers (72 working mothers and 75 non-working mothers) who were selected using the purposive sampling technique (non-probability sampling). Research data were gathered using a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained two major components that evaluated a mother’s presence as the designer of the home environment (two indicators) and cognitive stimulation provided by a mother at home (six indicators). The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics making use of the Microsoft Excel 16.10 version application. The results suggest that employment status does not influence a mother’s presence as the designer of the home environment. In other words, both working and non-working mothers have provided the best home environment for their child's cognitive development. However, regarding the fulfillment of the child's cognitive development needs, non-working mothers are able to supply more adequate stimulation than working mothers.

This study aims to improve social studies learning outcomes by applying a process skills approach to fifth grade students at SD Negeri 30 Sumpang Bita. This study uses classroom action research (Classroom Action Research) consisting of 2 cycles. Each cycle has four stages, which consist of: planning, action, observation and reflection. Observation sheets and learning outcomes tests are used as research instruments. Observations, learning outcomes tests and documentation used in data collection techniques. Quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques were used in data analysis. The results showed that the first cycle got an average score of 64.7, the second cycle scored higher student learning outcomes, namely the average value reached 86.7. Only 7 students (41%) achieved completeness in cycle I. In contrast to cycle II, there were 16 (96%) students who achieved completeness. This means that classical learning mastery is achieved in cycle II, because the number of students is more than 80%. Thus it was concluded that the application of the process skills approach to social science subjects could improve student learning outcomes.

Many ship accidents at sea cause oil spills that can pollute the sea especially ships carrying crude oil that experiences a collision, for example SPOB ship. SPOB is a ship that transports crude palm oil in Indonesia. Basically, the ship is collided with a jetty due to ocean waves hitting the hull as consequently the ship hull experienced a deformation. This research will be carried out on SPOB ships that experienced a collision with a jetty using two variations of the model, namely the jetty with fenders and without fenders with variation of speed. This study aims to determine the stress and deformation that occurs in the hull when experiencing a collision with a jetty. The method used in this study is a nonlinear method using Ansys. The results reveal that increasing speed of the ship is in line with stress and deformation values.

This study describes the members’ motivation and learning process in WhatsApp Group-based English School (WG-ES) as a unique platform to organize self-productivity during COVID-19. This study used the qualitative method. Fifty-one members participated. The instruments used were Google forms, observations, and documents. The data were analyzed using adopted six approaches by Cresswell. The results indicated that the participants joined WG-ES based on their desires and awareness. Their motivations for joining WG-ES were divided into English-based and non-English-based motivations. Most participants were motivated to improve their English skills, specifically communication skills. The other motivations were the expectation to expand networking, get experience, and find an opportunity to study abroad. In WG-ES, the learning programs were divided into two main activities, daily chitchat and focused learning. WG-ES had rules, study schedules, and flexible curriculums. Therefore, the participants seemed more comfortable studying English through WG-ES. Abstrak: Penelitian ini menggambarkan motivasi dan proses belajar anggota di Sekolah Bahasa Inggris berbasis Grup WhatsApp sebagai platform yang produktif selama COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Lima puluh satu anggota berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Google-form, observasi, dan dokumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan enam pendekatan yang diadopsi oleh Cresswell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peserta mengikuti Grup WhatsApp berdasarkan keinginan dan kesadaran mereka. Motivasi untuk bergabung Grup WhatsApp terbagi menjadi motivasi berbasis bahasa Inggris dan non-bahasa Inggris. Sebagian besar peserta termotivasi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa Inggris, khususnya keterampilan komunikasi. Motivasi lainnya adalah harapan untuk memperluas jaringan, mendapatkan pengalaman, dan menemukan kesempatan untuk belajar di luar negeri. Dalam Grup WhatsApp ini, program pembelajaran dibagi menjadi dua kegiatan utama, yaitu obrolan harian dan pembelajaran terfokus. Sekolah Bahasa Inggris berbasis Grup WhatsApp ini memiliki aturan, jadwal belajar, dan kurikulum yang fleksibel. Oleh karena itu, para peserta lebih nyaman belajar bahasa Inggris melalui Sekolah Bahasa Inggris berbasis Grup WhatsApp.

This research aims to analyze the model of strengthening intelligent character for students in facing changes in society in the industrial revolution era. The method used is mixed methods concurrent embedded, qualitative method informants using purposive sampling are ten people, while quantitative research respondents use simple random sampling totalling 100 respondents. The data collection technique used is the distribution of closed model questionnaires, direct observation, guided interviews and documentation. The findings obtained are that the moral integrative model strengthens the intelligent character of students, namely active students, logical thinking, dynamic, analytical, aspirational, creative, anticipatory, open-minded, progressive thinking and looking for solutions. The next recommendation is to develop a moral integrative model on more specific intelligent characters.

The Ferry Ro-Ro 5000GT has three levels of car deck that are connected by internal ramps. Two issues that have to be paid attention during the operation of the internal ramp there are the strength capacity and the design fatigue life of the internal ramp structure. The purpose of the research is to determine the strength and fatigue life of the internal ramp construction. The method used the Finite Element Method using a static load by load case of point load at top girder and between girders. Results of the research detected the maximum stress value is in the load case of the point load (three sedan car) at between of the girder is 52.143 MPa with the fatigue life is 44.47 years with the load cycle is 7300000 cycle while the minimum stress value detected at the load case of the point load (two sedan cars) at top girder is 34.199 MPa with the fatigue life is 195.92 years with the load cycle is 50000000 cycle. For the safety factor, ramp construction 6.08 ~ 10.38. The safety factor value above is still in safe condition because the value is SF > 1.

Ship stability that is not according to the IMO standard will make the ship capsize when operating. The purpose of this research is to determine the cause of the overturn in terms of the stability criteria of the ship. The method used is software of simulation. Stability analysis is carried out with the load case that occurs in the field when an accident occurs and the ideal loadcase according to PM 104 2017 standards about’s the transportation of operation. The results showed is cargo of goods placed on the roof top (loadcase 1) based on the criteria of Intact Stability; area of the stability arm curve at heeling 0° ~ 30° = 0.9417 m.deg, area 0° ~ 40° = 1,0200 m.deg, 30° ~ 40° = 0.0783 m.deg, GZ value at heeling 30° = 0.029 m, angle of occurrence of maximum GZ = 21.8°, and the initial GMt value = 0.135 m, the results stated that all did not meet the Intact Stability code A.749 criteria, while in it was obtained cargo of goods placed in the hull (loadcase 2) based on Intact Stability; area of the stability arm curve at heeling 0° ~ 30° = 4.5338 m.deg, area 0° ~ 40° = 7.1643 m.deg, area 30° ~ 40° = 2.6305 m.deg, GZ value at heeling 30° = 0.265 m, angle of occurrence of maximum GZ = 34.5°, and the initial GMt value = 0.621 m, the results stated that all met the Intact Stability code A.749 criteria

The purpose of this study was to find an integrative model of social care character in social science subjects in elementary schools using integrative moral knowledge, moral feelings, moral sinverbals, moral action, moral habitus and moral culture. The reality that happens is that students experience moral degradation so that they need the integration of character education in the learning process. The formulation of the research problem is how to model the integration of national character education in social science learning. The research method used qualitative methods with 10 informants consisting of the principal, teachers, students, parents. The data technique used interview, observation and documentation instruments, then the data were analyzed through data reduction, data display and verification. The paradigm used in the research is the moral education paradigm. The results of the research model of the integration of social caring character education consist of six moral levels, namely moral knowledge, moral feelings, moral synergy, moral action, moral habits and moral culture which are integrated with the values of social caring character in the learning process of social science.

Textbook discourse readability is primarily determined by three key factors: the text, the writer, and the reader. Textbook discourse readability from the reader aspect especially among students with poor reading ability is rarely studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate textbook discourse readability among junior high school students with poor reading ability based on gender, reading interest, and family socio-economic status. A quantitative survey was conducted on 257 respondents from Indonesia. The data were gathered using a questionnaire and a cloze test. The results showed that textbook discourse readability on all investigated variables was categorized into the frustration level. There was a significant difference in textbook discourse readability among students with poor reading ability based on gender, reading interest, and family socio-economic status. Female students, students with high reading interest, students with well-educated mothers, students with parents earning more than seven million rupiahs (equals to USD480/month) were reported to have a higher textbook discourse readability. These findings suggest the importance of considering students’ individual characteristics and family socio-economic background in writing a textbook and designing reading instructions in junior high schools.

This study provides examples of cases of children who are in conflict with the law for committing the crime of theft with violence which is carried out together whose case has been decided by the Medan High Court with its decision Number: 6/PID.SUS-ANAK/2017/PT.MDN. The formulation of the problem in the research is how to regulate the diversion of children as perpetrators of the crime of theft with violence? and how is the application of diversion in making decisions against children as perpetrators of violent theft in the Medan High Court Decision Number: 6/PID.SUSANAK/2017/PT.MDN?. The research method used by the author is a normative juridical method, which is a research that puts the law as a norm. The system of norms in question is about principles, rules of laws and regulations, court decisions, agreements and doctrines (teachings). Finally, based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the application of diversion in making decisions against children as perpetrators of violent theft refers to Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System and Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, especially those that regulate regarding the application of diversion to those who are in conflict with the law. In the Medan High Court Decision Number: 6/PID.SUSANAK/2017/PT.MDN, it turns out that the judge in his decision was guided by the law above so that the judge decided, even though the child (the defendant) was sentenced to prison for 10 (ten) months, does not need to be carried out by the Child, unless the Child has made peace in writing with the Child Victim or with the family of the Child Victim

The purpose of this research is to improve students' activity and to learn outcomes through the application of lecturing model of student transfer discussion on the basics of sociology program of Sociology Education of FKIP University Muhammadiyah Makassar. This research includes classroom action research. This classroom action research is conducted in two cycles, each cycle is held 4 times. The study was conducted with the number of students of 90 students from class A and B. The instruments of this study were test and observation sheet, and questionnaire. The data of the research are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The result indicates that: (i) Activity and student learning outcomes in cycle I are categorized high with average score 80.65 for class A and 78.70 for class B, but not yet reached the predetermined standard average of 85, the increase in cycle II is already in very high category for class A and class B. (ii) The learning completeness in cycle I of class A has reached completeness of learning result set ie 75, although class B has not reached the student's overall standard, a significant increase in cycle II for class A and class B based on learning outcomes, liveliness and student questionnaires

This research aims at finding out the teacher difficulties in teaching vocabulary at MTS Batusitanduk. The scope of the research was limited to focus on describing or exploring the difficulties faced by the teacher in teaching English vocabulary. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The subject of this research was 2 English teachers of MTS Batusitanduk. The research used interview to collect the data. Based on the result of data analysis the research concludes that teacher’s difficulties in teaching vocabulary are difficult in selecting vocabulary to be taught because there are many words in English and the students do not have same ability, difficult in implementing teaching technique or presenting new vocabularies because when presenting the new vocabulary. The students do not pay attention to the teacher’s explanation, noisy, and the students are passive in vocabulary learning. And the teachers are difficult to review or evaluating the students’ understanding about the words that have been taught because the students do not still understand about meaning of the vocabulary.