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The securing of wildlife corridors was the subject of an unfinished amendment to the Salzburg State Spatial Development Programme of the State (Land) of Salzburg (LEP 2003) already over 10 years ago. This contribution goes back to the various initiatives that were taken - more or less successfully - to include in the state spatial development and regional programmes those corridors that are intended to ensure the permeability of the spaces for wildlife.

In Germany, the legal and planning framework for the establishment of a biotope network has been in place since 2002 through inclusion in the Federal Nature Conservation Act. Nevertheless, there is a gap between theory and practice at all levels of planning. This article describes the framework conditions for the implementation of a state-wide biotope network at the municipal level and the steps from planning to implementation. It highlights challenges and successes and shows the opportunities for further municipal commitment to a state-wide biotope network.

Since the early 2000s, the city of Paris has launched several greening initiatives with the scope of, among many, strengthening its green infrastructure (henceforth, GI). With the support of the municipality, citizens actively participate in this transformation, for instance by reactivating and managing former wasteland sites, making the streets blossom, covering walls and roofs with plants and creating new micro-ecosystems. But what is their impact? Citizens engaged in selected participatory initiatives along the local GI have been questioned and interviewed to find out more about their projects. Citizens - either alone, in small groups, organised in local associations, start-ups or companies - act for different reasons and do not always know the concept of GI. Questionnaire respondents value their project first of all because it improves their living environment, but also because it facilitates reconnecting with nature and promotes biodiversity. However, their actions are not coordinated as to effectively reinforce GI. In other words, people’s projects spread everywhere and not particularly where they are most needed. Through the revision of local planning and policy documents, as well as interviews with key actors, this work also highlights contradictions between definition, strategies, maps and meanings of the GI in Paris. Some recommendations are provided to expand the ecological and public GI of today into a veritable multifunctional GI through multidisciplinary and participatory approaches. Sedan början av 2000-talet har staden Paris startat flera grönskande initiativ med syfte attbland annat återinföra naturen i staden och stärka dess gröna infrastruktur (GI). Med kommunens stöd deltar medborgarna aktivt i denna omvandling, till exempel genom att återaktivera och gemensamt sköta tidigare ödemarker, få gatorna att blomma, täcka väggar och tak med växter och skapa nya mikroekosystem. Men vad är deras inverkan? Medborgare som deltar i utvalda deltagande initiativ längs den lokala GI har utfrågats och intervjuats för att ta reda på mer om sina projekt. Medborgare - antingen ensamma, i små grupper, organiserade i lokala föreningar, nystartade företag eller företag - agerar av olika skäl och känner inte alltid till begreppet grön infrastruktur. De som svarar på frågeformuläret värderar först sitt projekt eftersom det förbättrar deras livsmiljö, men också för att det underlättar återanslutning med naturen och främjar biologisk mångfald. Men deras handlingar samordnas inte för att effektivt stärka GI, eller delar av det. Med andra ord, människor som grönar projekt sprids överallt och inte särskilt där de behövs mest. Genom översynen av lokala planerings- och policydokument, samt intervjuer med nyckelaktörer, belyser detta arbete också motsägelser mellan GI-definition, strategier, kartor och betydelser. Vissa rekommendationer tillhandahålls för att utöka dagens ekologiska och offentliga GI till en verifierbar multifunktionell GI genom multidisciplinära och deltagande strategier. Depuis le début des années 2000, la ville de Paris a lancé plusieurs initiatives de végétalisation pour réintroduire la nature dans la ville et renforcer ses trames vertes et bleues (TVB). Avec le soutien de la municipalité, les citoyens participent activement à cette transformation, par exemple en réactivant et en gérant d’anciennes friches, en faisant fleurir les rues, en recouvrant les murs et les toits de végétaux et en créant de nouveaux microécosystèmes. Mais quel est leur impact ? Les citoyens engagés dans des initiatives participatives sélectionnées le long de la TVB locale ont été interrogés et interviewés pour en savoir plus sur leurs projets. Les citoyens - seuls, en petits groupes, organisés en associations locales, start-up ou entreprises - agissent pour des raisons différentes et ne connaissent pas toujours le concept de TVB. Les répondants au questionnaire valorisent d’abord leur projet parce qu’il améliore leur cadre de vie, mais aussi parce qu’il facilite la reconnexion avec la nature et favorise la biodiversité. Cependant, leurs actions ne sont pas coordonnées pour renforcer efficacement les TVB. En d’autres termes, les projets de végétalisation des citoyens se répandent partout et pas particulièrement là où ils sont les plus nécessaires. À travers l’analyse des documents de planification locaux, ainsi que des entretiens avec des acteurs clés, ce travail met également en évidence les contradictions entre la définition, les stratégies, les cartes et les significations des TVB. Quelques recommandations sont formulées pour faire de la TVB écologique et publique d’aujourd’hui une véritable TVB multifonctionnelle à travers des approches multidisciplinaires et participatives.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM; International audience; There has been a dramatic decline in biodiversity over the last decades mainly due to urban sprawl and the development of intensive agriculture. In France, this issue is being addressed through the blue and green belt measures, which are part of the Grenelle Act. The objective of these measures is to preserve or re-create paths to allow animal or plant species to move from one habitat to another. This affects agriculture since many semi-natural features are located on farmland and are managed by farmers. This article presents the results of research where the aim was (i) to analyse farmers' practices and their social representations with respect to these semi-natural features and (ii) to highlight how and why these semi-natural features are integrated (or not) into farm system functioning. The study was part of the 'PASSAGES' research project, funded by the French Ministry of Ecology, which was itself part of the 'DIVA III' programme on public action, agriculture and biodiversity. The aim of the study was to determine the role of green belt features on farms and help public authorities implement green belt provisions at the farm level. The study was based on in-depth interviews with farmers in the French Alps. Farmers' practices and attitudes regarding semi-natural features were found to depend not only on their role in the farming system but also on a wide range of reasons unrelated to the farming system (linked to heritage, aesthetics or sensitivity to the environment, for example). Four farmers' profiles were identified based on their perception of 'nature' and the level of integration of these semi-natural features into their farming systems. The results suggest that the implementation of green belt provisions in agricultural areas should not only be based on technical and economic criteria, but should also take into account both the different types of natural or semi-natural features to be preserved and the different types of farmers' profiles.

Background The role of linear transportation infrastructures (roads, railways, oil and gas pipelines, power lines, rivers and canals) in fragmenting natural habitats has been demonstrated. Yet, the potential of habitat or corridor of their verges (road and railway embankments, strips of grass under power lines or above buried pipelines, or waterway banks) for biodiversity remains controversial. In a context of decreasing natural habitats, the potential of anthropogenic areas for contributing to wildlife conservation should be considered. Moreover, how linear transportation infrastructure verges should be managed in order to favor biodiversity is a crucial question. The present work describes the protocol of the first systematic synthesis of evidence of the potential of linear transportation infrastructure verges as habitat and/or corridor for biodiversity. Outcomes of the study will be useful for helping managers to improve their practices or for prioritizing actions of ecological restoration.[br/] Methods The subject population will include both flora and fauna of the temperate climate, either species or communities. Exposures to linear transportation infrastructure verges, interventions of verge management (mowing, pruning, etc.) and environmental disturbances (pollution, wildfires, etc.) will be included. Both temporal and spatial comparators will be considered. Relevant outcomes will include dispersal, species richness and abundance. The scientific literature on the topic of the review may turn out to be very heterogeneous. Various management types, biodiversity outcomes and study designs might be conceived. If any combination of these is covered by a sufficient number of studies, we will perform a meta-analysis. At the least, we will produce a systematic map and a narrative synthesis.

International audience; The green and blue infrastructure in France is based on the conservation and restoration of ecological continuity of habitats in relation to species’ biological requirements. Recent development in landscape ecology based on graph theory and species movement modelling using least-cost paths offer promising applications in terms of landscape management and biodiversity conservation. First, we present the model of potential connectivity based on graph theory and explain why it overcomes previous approaches. Then, we illustrate with an example of connectivity analysis in the region PACA for the Red Squirrel, a forest generalist species. The models identify the landscape areas that are connected or isolated from the rest of habitat network and prioritize the importance of patches and corridors for the maintaining of global network connectivity; they also analyse how connectivity varies according to species dispersal distance. They highlight the key habitat patches and corridors that must be protected to maintain habitat network connectivity for the species. These examples clearly show that these original methods can form valuable decision support tools for the implementation of green infrastructures at different spatial scales, and also help to locate further finerscale studies.