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Hypervelocity impacts can generate hydrothermal systems, which have been suggested as candidate environments for prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth. The Haughton impact structure (a 23 km diameter crater located on Devon Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada) displays evidence of water‐rock alteration indicative of a hydrothermal system generated from a cosmic impact. To model the formation of this crater and subsequent hydrothermal alteration, we have successfully developed a new two‐code methodology that utilizes a shock physics code and a hydrothermal code (HYDROTHERM). We can best reproduce the Haughton crater with a ∼700 m diameter projectile with an impact velocity of 14 km/s. With our approach, we were able to match all the major geological constraints observed at the Haughton impact structure. Our models show that the Haughton crater interior could have sustained temperatures ideal for thermophilic and hyperthermophilic life (50–120°C) for more than 50,000 years, indicating that these systems can sustain prebiotic chemistry and life for longer than previously estimated. Plain Language Summary: Impacts of cosmic objects moving at hypervelocity can create high‐temperature hydrothermal systems. These environments have been suggested as possible sites for the formation of prebiotic chemistry on early Earth. The Haughton impact structure on Devon Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada, has a well‐studied impact‐generated hydrothermal system and offers a unique analog to similar systems on early Earth or Mars. Here, we present a two‐code modeling technique to model the full evolution of the impact‐generated hydrothermal system at Haughton. We were able to match the major geological constraints observed at the Haughton structure. Our models suggest that the Haughton crater interior should have sustained temperatures ideal for early life (50–120°C) for >50,000 years, indicating that these systems can sustain life for longer than previously estimated. Key Points: The Haughton impact structure can be better modeled utilizing a smaller impactor (∼700 m in diameter) than previously estimatedWe successfully match a multitude of observed fluid alterations observed at Haughton with our novel two‐code methodologyOur models show that the Haughton crater interior sustained temperatures ideal for thermophilic and hyperthermophilic life for >50,000 years [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects and designers communicate their ideas within a range of representational methods. No single instance of these methods, either in the form of orthographic projections or perspectival representation, can address all questions regarding the design, but as a whole, they demonstrate a comprehensive range of information about the building or object they intend to represent. This explicates an inevitable degree of deficiency in representation, regardless of its type. In addition, perspective-based optical illusions manipulate our spatial perception by deliberately misrepresenting the reality. In this regard, they are not new concepts to architectural representation. As a consequence, Optically Illusive Architecture (OIA) is proposed, not as a solution to fill the gap between the representing and represented spaces, but as a design paradigm whose concept derives from and accounts for this gap. By OIA we aim to cast light to an undeniable role of viewpoints in designing architectural spaces. The idea is to establish a methodology in a way that the deficiency of current representational techniques—manifested as specific thread of optical illusions—flourishes into thoughtful results embodied as actual architectural spaces. Within our design paradigm, we define a framework to be able to effectively analyze its precedents, generate new space, and evaluate their efficiencies. Moreover, the framework raises a hierarchical set of questions to differentiate OIA from a visual gimmick. Furthermore, we study two OIA-driven environments, by conducting empirical studies using Virtual Reality (VR). These studies bear essential information, in terms of design performance, and the public's ability to engage and interact with an OIA space, prior to the actual fabrication of the structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the consumption of various infrastructure systems in Calgary, Alberta by residential, commercial, and industrial sectors is considered. Statistical models are developed to quantify the influences of built form factors, in addition to traditional factors of sociodemography. Analyses are performed by census community for electricity, transportation by mode of travel, and demolition permits by their size and frequency. The employment of a common methodology in a single geography allows for comparison across infrastructure systems and determination of common patterns. Assessing total consumption does not necessarily lead to a consistent interpretation. By differentiating electricity consumption by sector and transportation by mode, consistent analysis can be conducted that identifies the correct relationships. We find a trend toward increasing consumption of electricity use moving out from the center of the city, but also an increasing reliance on the private automobile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, conceptual modeling and numerical simulation of two-phase flow during CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers is presented. The work focuses on isothermal transport and deformation processes in the vicinity of the injection well including hydromechanical failure analysis. Governing differential equations are based on balance laws for mass and momentum completed by constitutive relations for the fluid and solid phases as well as their interactions. Constraint conditions for the partial saturations and the pressure fractions of CO2 and brine are defined. To characterize the stress state in the solid matrix the effective stress principle is applied. The coupled problem is solved using an in-house scientific finite element code, and verified with benchmarks. In terms of application-oriented aspects, we examine the mechanical integrity of a deep saline aquifer during the injection of supercritical CO2. The analysis is conducted with a numerical scheme of the capillary pressure and non-wetting phase pressure for the two-phase flow process. In this study, unidirectional hydromechanical coupling is considered. Caprock stability is monitored in time, referenced to the potential for hydraulic fracture and shear slip along an optimally oriented shear plane for a suite of injection pressures. For reasonable parameter values and the chosen aquifer geometry, significant mechanical failure (and potential breach of integrity) is expected in the shale caprock for all but low injection rates. This indicates that the analysis of the hydromechanical response is crucial for proper selection of injection sites, injection rates, and total storage capacity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes a type of project that images a city as it might exist given the integration of hemostatic procedures within pedestrian networks during emergencies requiring full-scale egress from an urban core. It articulates the steps taken to integrate a pre-existing C++ hemostasis model (C. Jacob, 2008) into Maya software in order to describe how the project operates on a computational level. By projecting these agent-based logics directly into/onto each pedestrian in the city (the smallest unit of the system), egress-oriented infrastructure can shift from being extensively predetermined in form (concrete barriers, metal railing, police barricades, etc.), to something more intensively defined, real-time, and locally on-demand. These procedures are situated within a larger schema based on the structural principles of Norbert Wiener's cybernetic feedback loops, that acknowledge and allow for hybrid (top-down + bottom-up) awareness and control within systems.The project attempts to ally itself with emerging forms of network design with similar structural typologies supported through the use of personal mobile devices (PMDs) in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]