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This essay offers an interpretation of the canonical history of strolling as a non-economic practice, that is, as a practice free of purpose and means. I consider strolling as a state of mind that discloses abundance in a similar way as rationality discloses scarcity. I inquire into the multiple facets of this state of mind by re-reading three phases in its literary and cultural history: the early modern artist-stroller of the nineteenth-century panoramic literature that finds its peak in Charles Baudelaire; the high modern consumer-stroller as described in the inter-war period, notably in the work of Walter Benjamin; and the late modern subversive stroller that is re-discovered in the mid-twentieth century by the Situationist Guy Debord among others. This interpretation both sheds light on the social preconditions of economic rationality as an organizing principle of a market society, as well as the potential to step out of this principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conceptualizes the market as a concept to ask 'how is neoliberalism able to go on?' A question that was raised in the aftermath of the 2008 Great Financial Crisis and the persistence of market-based policies. It argues that one of the reasons is to be found in the performance of failure. Recent contributions have started to point to the cultural and ideological preconditions of failures. The following discussion seeks to contribute to this debate by identifying three distinct notions of failure: as empirical fact, as communication and as institutional fact. These three notions give rise to technological, reflexive and critical debates respectively. This article argues that market-based problematizations of failure translate communicative and institutional failures into empirical ones with the consequence that reflective and critical debates morph into technocratic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary section presents a dialogical discussion on Appau's (2021) 'Toward a divine economic system', an article in which he explores religious exchanges in the context of a Pentecostal Church in Ghana and proposes 'the divine economy' as an alternative economic system to interrogate and extend scholarship on the relationship between the market and religion. In a thought-provoking conversation, four commentators (including Appau) engage in a critical discussion aimed at generating new ideas on theorizing the complex relationship between the market, consumption, and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key aim of this article is to reassess the societal consequences of the adoption of neo-liberal policies, post-1970, in the light of the writings of Adam Smith. We make two main points: First, the neo-liberal paradigm (NLP) and its characteristics are not the creation of Adam Smith as asserted by leading economists and, indeed, the contrary is very much the case. Second, given this, what does Adam Smith's work tell us about how we can fix modern-day capitalism broken by the NLP and bring it back in line with Smith's work? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the rise of environmental accounting in global governance via a case study of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. We draw on recent literature that highlights the boundary between 'economy' and 'non-economy' as an important site of politics, and which establishes the key role of accounting practices in constructing that boundary. We show how the conceptual framework underpinning emergent global environmental accounting standards attempts to distinguish economy from non-economy in a way consistent with mainstream macroeconomic thought. However, and in contrast to existing critical accounts, we demonstrate that attempts to draw a clear boundary between the 'economic' and 'non-economic' aspects of the environment sometimes end up de-stabilizing that very distinction, establishing heterogenous notions of economic value that are increasingly inconsistent with standard national accounting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking at the market through the prism of John Komlos, you shake the foundations of the beliefs of the capitalist system. The reality that you find by studying capitalism according to these indicators is a disappointing one in terms of creating people's well-being. However, we must not forget that only the competition between companies operating in this market, starting with the industrial revolution, continuing with the information revolution has brought humanity to this point of evolution. Scientific and technical discoveries, new technologies that have led to the improvement of life and the increase of life expectancy have been facilitated by the capitalist system which presupposes competition and the free market as two essential conditions. That's why I can't be as critical of this system as Mr. John Komlos is. In my opinion, the market is clear that one cannot self-govern and also one cannot always self-correct. These two essential functions cannot belong to the markets but to an arbitrator, to a third party who will implement them having as main objective the efficient functioning of the markets in order to create the welfare of the majority of people. This contradicts one of the basic principles of economics, which says that there must be no direct link between economics and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss a definition of violence to unearth the generally unrecognised violence perpetrated by the logic of the market as is was constructed through a history of modern thought and capitalist organisation of life as the central system of modernity. Enslavement of humanity to the purpose of capitalist economy and its key institution, the market, which is to optimise economic value, is arguably the consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English Abstract: Around a third of Tanzanians light their homes with solar electricity. Foreign companies are building on the popularity and availability of solar to 'leapfrog' the classic state led mains electricity grid infrastructure by attempting to create new off-grid infrastructural pathways. Central to such ambitions is the fostering of individual ownership of these off-grid infrastructures that builds on the idea of self-reliant energy long known to Tanzanians. Yet, such individual ownership, enacted through the hire-purchase device, is precarious, leading to an infrastructure that not only grows but contracts. As it does so, off -grid infrastructures illuminate the dependencies and tensions, including temporal ones, of other techno-social grids. These grids include both emerging digital financial infrastructures and other forms of kinship-based social organisation and property relations. French Abstract: Aujourd'hui, environ un tiers des Tanzaniens éclairent leur maison à l'électricité solaire. Des entreprises étrangères profitent de la popularité de l'énergie solaire pour « sauter » au-delà du réseau, une infrastructure classique gérée par l'État, et construire de nouvelles infrastructures électriques hors réseau. Ces entreprises visent à encourager la propriété individuelle de ces infrastructures hors réseau, et s'appuient sur l'idée d'une énergie autonome connue depuis longtemps par les Tanzaniens. Cependant, cette propriété individuelle, mise en œuvre par le biais du système de location-vente, est précaire et conduit à une infrastructure hors réseau qui non seulement s'étend mais se contracte. Ce faisant, elle sape d'autres formes de relations de propriété, tout en liant les gens à des infrastructures financières en réseau souvent indésirables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Clinton Hill neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York, sits a nondescript eatery called The Market. The restaurant, like many small New York City restaurants, is unremarkable. Little evidence exists to capitalize on the reputation of its owner, famed performance artist Tehching Hsieh. This article examines Tehching Hsieh's The Market as a continuation of the artist's renowned oeuvre to consider how the restaurant might represent Hsieh's lifelong negotiation of the boundary between art and life. By examining the restaurant as a continuation of Hsieh's work, I consider how understandings of Hsieh's life and work are constructed upon binaries of immigrant idealism and art world genius, which exemplify the tension between artistry and livelihoods. In arguing that The Market represents a full collapse of art and life, I consider how the restaurant both refuses such binaries and continues the interrogations of labour, withdrawal, and repetition that are present in Hsieh's lifeworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Calls for educators to promote student voice and agency in classrooms often overlook the importance of the policy milieu in which teaching and learning is performed. In this article we interrogate the constitution of student, teacher and researcher subjectivities within student voice research. Working with Stephen Ball's neoliberal technologies of reform (technologies of the market and performativity (including technologies of the self); implemented through acculturation), we take up the notion that those of us working in education are complicit in the reforms we work to disrupt and conceptualise research as a technology of reform. We analyse performativity mechanisms at play in our student voice research that produced students, teachers and researchers as neoliberal policy subjects even whilst working toward the democratic intent of student voice. We contribute a heuristic with which scholars and educators can interrogate technologies of reform at work in their student voice work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the concept of history of the market and the concept of theft (perceived in the broad sense), earlier presented and related to each other in the P. Prodi's book Settimo non rubare. Furto e mercato nella storia dell'Occidente. The article recalls the sources and main points of reference of Prodi's ideas: the concept of the specificity of Western civilization as defined by M. Weber, H. Berman's concept of the „papal revolution", the notions furtum and restitutio in canon law. The perspectives for the continuation of Prodi's thoughts in the field of the history of ideas, the history of philosophy and the history of law are discussed. Prodi's comments on contemporary social changes in the light of the discussed ideas. are also referred to. The significance of different meanings of the term forum is underlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors explore why academics tend to oppose the market. To this intent the article uses normative political theory as an explanatory mechanism, starting with a conjecture originally suggested by Robert Nozick. Academics are over-represented amongst the best students of their cohort. School achievement engenders high expectations about future economic prospects. Yet markets are only contingently sensitive to school achievement. This misalignment between schools and markets is perceived by academics – and arguably by intellectuals in general – as morally unacceptable. To test this explanation, the article uses an online questionnaire with close to 1500 French academic respondents. The data resulting from this investigation lend support to Nozick's hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central question of the article is whether it is self-interest, which has become a technical term of economy, nothing but a renamed and justified quondam deadly sin of greed, or is it engender and announces a new and different understanding of man and the desirable organization of society. First part of the paper introduce the arguments that articulated the first thesis, and the second those that call it into question. Concluding part of the article points to the possibility of interpretations that adopts the criticism of self-interest as the successor of greed, but find a way to preserve its independence and operationality both within the economic theory and the suggested social practices.

In developed countries, the demand for organic food has seen a significant increase in the past decade. However, the organic food market in Serbia is still in its infancy and can be considered an emerging market. By gaining an understanding of consumer behavior on the Serbian market, it is possible to provide a greater consumption of organic food per capita through an appropriate marketing approach, as well as quicker development of the national market. This paper will outline some of the most significant findings obtained from a quantitative study of the population of Serbia in the role of buyers and potential buyers of organic food. How much knowledge respondents have about organic food was also studied and presented here, as was the socio-demographic profile of the consumers as an important determinant of organic food consumption. In addition, we also analyzed consumer behavior when buying organic food from the standpoint of basic instruments of the marketing mix: the product, the price, marketing communication (promotion) and marketing channels (place). The obtained results were explained in relation to the theoretical knowledge obtained from previous studies carried out on various national markets. Based on these findings, a solid foundation for the development of effective marketing strategies was obtained.

This essay explores and debates the status of organics as a marketplace icon. Organic products are somewhat unique in having a place in both mainstream and niche markets. The breadth of organic products and sales continue to rise, and certification processes have become more sophisticated, stringent and successful. Organics are loved and loathed by consumers, and loved and loathed (and often parodied) in popular culture. The market is both friend and enemy of organic products and organic consumers. What organics mean is complicated and confusing, and their benefits for both the natural environment and human health are contested. Scrutiny of organics allows us to explore how the relationship between regulations, the market and popular culture contribute to the development of an icon, firmly rooted in the marketplace, while also maintaining its status as ambivalent commodity. I conclude that organics are indeed marketplace icons - but decline to offer advice on whether or not I recommend becoming an organic consumer (despite my own avid purchase of all things organic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global capitalism poses an ethical challenge similar in nature to the challenge of political materialism that Plato addressed in his assessment of the impact of the Sophist tradition of thought on the youth of Athens, in their search for the Good life. For Plato, a Good life is incompatible with a materialist conception of human happiness (in ethics) and justice (in politics); it presupposes an understanding of the significance of physical as well as spiritual dimensions of human life, in a social-political context. This article argues that Plato's theory of economics offers an important point of departure for a critical engagement with the anti-humanist politics of global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s socialist market economy is predominated by strong state-owned sectors. In the real estate market, the government further controls land and regulates social services based on property ownership. But how do ordinary market actors perceive this configuration and strategise their economic practice accordingly? Based on 20 months of ethnographic fieldwork, this article explores buyers’ and estate agents’ imagination of and practice in the housing market with a focus on the folk concept of rigid demand. Rigid demand (gangxu) refers to the belief that people have to buy a home regardless of price. Presenting how people invoke a range of referents and contexts when talking about rigid demand, I show that common Chinese market actors understand and approach the housing market not as an end in itself but as a mechanism devised and maneuvered by big market players such as the government and developers. Furthermore, actors believe that the market has a social purpose and is susceptible to agentive interventions. Ultimately, I argue that the social representation of the socialist housing market constructs and contests the legitimacy of certain economic practices and influences market performance accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I propose a global history of modern Britain around an account of the rise, demise and reinvention of a liberal political economy that reified the market as the organising principle of government. It is a story that is inseparable from the growth and collapse of the British Empire, as well as the continuing, if precarious, global hegemony of the Anglosphere. The liberal political economy that germinated within the British Empire may have had a world system built around it, but events, processes and peoples far beyond the Anglosphere shaped the history of its rise, demise and reinvention. This history of Britain is then a global story, not because of that old imperial conceit that Britain made the world, but because the world made Britain. This article has been peer reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Max Weber and the Austrian School of Economics share many of the same intellectual influences as well as a similar commitment to a social science characterized by methodological individualism, methodological subjectivism, and value-freedom. Although many of the links between Weber and the Austrian school have been explored, one area of agreement between Weber and Mises that is yet to be explored is their shared understanding of the nature of the market. This chapter attempts to close this gap by examining the pictures of the market in Weber's Economy and Society and Mises' Human Action. We find that both portrayals share important features. These include similarities regarding (i) the nature of the market; (ii) the market's autonomous logic; (iii) the impersonality of the market; and (iv) the market in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ronald Dworkin's theory of equality of resources makes extensive use of markets. I show that all these markets rely on one specific neoclassical conception of the ideal market in full equilibrium, as analyzed by Debreu. This market must be understood as operating under circumstances of certainty, and this is incompatible with several components of Dworkin's account. In particular, it does not allow one to hold people responsible for their option luck, and it implies a high social safety net rather than insurance schemes for addressing brute luck. I conclude by outlining an interpretation of equality of resources that takes the ideal market seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was originally given as a lecture to the Wiener Kunstfreunde and posthumously published as ‘Über antike und moderne Kunstfreunde Vortrag gehalten in der Gesellschaft der Wiener Kunstfreunde,’ Kunstgeschichtliches Jahrbuch der K. K. Zentral-Kommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der kunst- und historischen Denkmale, Volume 1, 1907, Beiblatt für Denkmalpflege, column 1-14, reprinted in Alois Riegl, Gesammelte Aufsätze, Augsburg Vienna: Filser, 1929, 194-206. It defines ‘art lovers’ as collectors/consumers of old art and includes contemporary practicing artists as potential members of that group. The lecture examines the role of the art lover in history, extending from antiquity to the present day. A crux occurred at the end of the nineteenth century when the art of earlier periods is honoured as a temple constructed as an end in itself and not a model for further practice. The emergence Impressionism went hand in hand with the appearance of art lovers as admirers of earlier art on the basis of its age alone. This optical subjectivism is present in the art of the Roman imperial period as well as in modern art. This leads to the question of how optical subjectivism succeeds in arousing, indeed provoking, interest in ancient art. In its effect of conjuring a mood, the contemporary art lovers’ contemplation of earlier art coincides directly with the modern artistic goals of optical subjectivism.

Marketing’s role in contemporary culture can best be understood by placing it within the history of modernity. The market, and marketing as its institutionalized set of practices, has become a key institution of modern culture and its objective is its own enlargement. Globalization of this institution and its logic makes it more and more difficult for the culture of marketing to change. Such change requires a new imaginary that includes a convincing presentation of an alternative organization of life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on historical analysis based on two interpretive frameworks of modern law and literature. It informs that the first interpretation reveals that the law and literature provide same conceptual and ideological developments. It discusses the other interpretation, which states that law is associated with rule, reasons and hegemony while literature is associated with plurality, emotion and empathy.

This paper reflects on the ethical possibilities and limitations of cosmopolitanism as practice, with particular reference to the contemporary European project. It begins with an exploration of the relationship between what I term a ‘market’ and a ‘legal’ cosmopolitics in the European context. Inspired by Foucault's recently published work on liberal government, the paper argues that these cosmopolitics and the subjectivities that they seek to produce variously overlap, reinforce one another, and conflict in practices of contemporary post-national government: in short, they co-exist in an inherently ambiguous relationship. Animating this argument, the paper considers the politics of European citizenship; it highlights what is at stake, ethically and politically, in the recognition of an ambiguous cosmopolitics. It focuses in particular on the European Union (EU)'s 2004 Directive on the free movement of EU citizens and its relevance in the context of the high-profile deportations of Roma from France in summer 2010. The paper makes the case that the recognition and ongoing identification of an ambiguous cosmopolitics – and, essentially, an ambiguous European identity or ‘us’ – offers the prospect for ongoing resistance by and with those who find themselves designated as the ‘other’ of the European project in particular or of a cosmopolitics in general. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the limits of law to resolve or transform the contemporary dilemmas provoked by the provision of social care to adults in the UK. It juxtaposes the judgments in two cases, each of which interrogates the legal consequences of the mixed economy of care: the majority and minority opinions of the House of Lords in YL v Birmingham City Council (2007) and the Care Standards Tribunal decision in Alternative Futures v National Care Standards Commission (2002). We read the opinions/decisions as narratives that tell a variety of stories reconciling the different roles of law, the state, the family and the individual in the provision of care. Drawing upon David Scott’s concern with ‘the conceptual problem of political presents and with how reconstructed pasts and anticipated futures are thought out in relation to them’ (2004: 1), we seek to examine legal responses to the contractions and mutations of social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

How can we explain market actors’ desire to use the state as a model for their entrepreneurial efforts? This article examines the varied and uneven ways in which the state is mimicked and appropriated by China’s market actors in the health care sector. A massage franchiser, which doubles as a job-training center in Harbin, serves as an ethnographic instance. By invoking a scene where the persistent appeal to the state is bound up with volatile market activities, this article intends to disrupt the prevailing notions of the state-market binary. The murky encounter between “the state” and “the market” does more than merely reflect the persistent power of the so-called “authoritarian” state. By examining how the state-market complex is made and also severed by market participants who appeared at first to represent “the state,” this article underlines the precarious and patchy nature of state centrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If one wishes to give individuals what they deserve, one must find some way of appraising those characteristics that render them deserving. In modern democratic societies, it seems attractive to base this appraisal on an aggregation of the valuations individuals hold of the desert bases under consideration. Some have argued that the market can provide such an appraisal. However, I argue that the market does not provide a satisfactory democratic appraisal that is relevant for desert, as it allows for the existence of net consumer surplus. Nevertheless, I submit that a procedure that does not leave any net consumer surplus would succeed where the market fails. Taking the average valuation of the individuals in society for a given desert base would meet this requirement. Hence, I claim that such a procedure can provide the satisfactory democratic appraisal that the market cannot, and can be used to give individuals what they deserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Brij Mohan has an outstanding reputation as a scholar and advocate of global social justice, his distinctive contribution, spanning several fields, has been neglected by Western European social policy analysis (WESPA). This is surprising given that many of the themes that are expressed in his work are highly relevant to this tradition. This article teases out this relevance in two ways. First, it summarises what should arguably be regarded as the three foundational assumptions of WESPA, highlighting their congruence with some of the central themes of Mohan's work. Western European social policy scholars can expect to feel very comfortable with his normative standpoint, as well as his analysis of the dynamics of injustice. Second, we examine in greater depth Mohan's contribution regarding two specific issues, diversity and freedom. Our analysis suggests that Mohan's substantial and varied corpus should be accorded the recognition within WESPA that it so richly deserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Merrifield is correct in his basic argument that so-called “market reforms” in el/sec schooling are far from being pure market, he is incorrect to suggest that purer market projects are needed together with simulations of pure market reforms. There are two fundamental problems in that thesis. First, it is not clear that school choice in education based on (impure market) co-pay is fundamentally desirable. Co-pay arrangements are best justified as a pragmatic means to get around delays caused by school districts and unions to avoid competition. Some of the best system choices are provided on a no (or fair) pay basis. Second, there are important ethical issues in moving from co-pay (at minimal cost to parents) to purer market systems. Universal school taxes (however bundled) are paid by individuals without children in a transfer to people with children. Reduction or elimination of that transfer would have major social effects with the greatest losers being low income families with numerous children - more specifically on the children in those families who would then receive limited or no schooling to help offset any cultural disadvantage. If the plan were local, such families would soon leave for another jurisdiction. School choice is not, and should not be, incompatible with equality of educational opportunity within a regime of balanced authority of society and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prominent economic sociologist Richard Swedberg has argued that economists have failed to develop a theory of the market that recognizes it as a “social phenomenon in its own right.” While this may be true of mainstream economics, the Austrian school’s theory of the market is much richer than the standard view. For Austrians, the market has always been a central concern. And Austrians have always argued that the market is a social structure where both exchange and competition occurs. Still, Austrians give little more than scant attention to the noneconomic sociality that occurs in markets. The market, however, is both a conversation and an arena where meaningful conversations can occur. This paper is an effort to focus attention on the market as a social space where social activity (beyond competition and exchange) takes place and where noneconomic relationships and economic relationships develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is one of the attempts to show how each East-Asian regional country’s memory of the war has been related to the post-war literatures and movies restricted by the structure of the Cold War. In particular, this paper takes up the issue of how the structure of Japanese culture after World War II was heavily influenced by the Cold War. When Japan was under the Occupational Forces, Japanese writers and film directors settling on the subject matter of the war were not free from the strain of the systematic censorship by GHQ. Translating into mechanisms of their works using the body or woman (comfort woman) by squarely facing the facts of the East-Asian history, this paper reconsiders the body of post-colonial Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central aim of education has to do with the promotion of the pupil’s and other people’s well–being. Recent work by John O’Neill locates the strongest justification of the market in an individualistic preference–satisfaction notion of well–being. His own preference for an objective theory of well–being allows us to make a clear separation of educational values from those of the market. Problems in O’Neill’s account suggest a third notion of well–being which better supports the separation mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on democratization have approached the question of time from the perspective of both representation and allocation. They invite political science, and the social sciences in general, to further address the temporal dimension and the issue of time in processes of political change. From this perspective, democratizations can be described as critical moments for the reconfiguration of time perceptions and temporal representations, moments in which the future is both uncertain and temporally limited. In this sense, from the East to the South, we are witnessing a sharp 'fall' into the democratic present and a refocusing of politics on concepts such as 'Democracy' and 'the Market'. What we call the 'fall into the present' refers to the presentist focus of politics and the extraordinary re-evaluation of the present in the modem era: the present becomes omnipresent and overrules both the past and the future as the referential horizon of politics. The changing nature of the perception of time is particularly acute in Latin America, where the future is being replaced by the present as the focal point of politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent resurgence of intellectual interest in industrialization has been stimulated by the emergence of a wealth of empirical evidence which constitutes a reinterpretation of the East Asian experience, and the rise in mainstream academia of the "new" theories of trade and growth. Both of these two bodies of writings point to the necessity of placing technological development at the center of industrialization. There is however considerable doubt among economists over this thematic shift away from the hitherto dominant emphasis on incentive. There are also conceptual ambiguities over the nature of technological development that need to be clarified. This paper aims to reaffirm the centrality of technological development, and to argue that the imperative of technological development normally outstrips the capacity of the regulation of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]