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This study compared the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of four calcium silicate‐based cements (CSCs), TheraCal PT (TPT), TheraCal LC (TLC), Biodentine (BD), and Dia‐Root Bio MTA (DR), with a short fiber‐reinforced composite resin (SFRC). Forty cylindrical acrylic blocks were used, each with a center hole (diameter 5 mm, depth 2 mm). CSCs were placed in the holes (n = 10/group), and the blocks were incubated for 48 h. G‐Premio BOND, a self‐etching adhesive, was applied to the CSCs surfaces using a micro‐applicator for 10 s and then air‐dried for 5 s, followed by light curing for 20 s. SFRC materials placed in cylindrical polyethylene capsules (diameter 2 mm, height 2 mm) were polymerized for 20 s and placed over the CSCs. The samples were then incubated at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 h, and their μSBSs were tested using an "Instron Universal Testing Machine." Data were statistically analyzed using chi‐square and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Statistically significant differences were observed between the tested CSCs. The μSBS of TPT (45.17 ± 4.56 MPa) was significantly higher (p <.05) than that of the other materials: BD, TLC, and DR had μSBSs of 29.18 ± 2.86 MPa (p <.05), 23.86 ± 2.84 MPa (p >.05), and 18.08 ± 2.69 MPa (p <.05), respectively. Considering the importance of bond strength for CSC sealing with restorative material, using SFRC over CSC was promising for improving the μSBS, adhesion, and sealing of the material. Research Highlights: Adhesion is critical to the success of vital pulp restorations.To achieve strong adhesion, the bioceramic material and the resin composite to which it is bonded are very important.In our study, short fiber‐reinforced composite resin, which is gaining popularity, was used and found to be a promising material for improved adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various dressing materials have been evaluated for pulpotomy of primary teeth. However, an ideal pulp dressing material has not been identified yet. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of TheraCal compared to Formocresol in pulpotomy of primary teeth. Materials and methods: This research was conducted in the form of a secondary study, with a systematic search of texts until 2023 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and, finally the search results were reported in the PRISMA chart. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on the NIH checklist. The extracted information was entered into Stata17 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s chi-square test and I2 statistics. Egger’s tests were used to detect publication bias. Results: After removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 4 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The odds’ ratio of success rate between Formocresol and TheraCal pulpotomy for absence of the pain, abscess, Mobility, internal root resorption and bone radiolucency was obtained 1.12 (95 % CI: 0.32, 3.85, P = 0.86), 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.14, P = 0.33), 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.21, 3.21, P = 0.78), 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.3, 2.67, P = 0.84), and 1.96 (95 % CI: 0.68, 5.62, P = 0.21) respectively. Conclusion: The study results revealed that there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between pulpotomy with TheraCal and Formocresol.

Various dressing materials have been evaluated for pulpotomy of primary teeth. However, an ideal pulp dressing material has not been identified yet. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of TheraCal compared to Formocresol in pulpotomy of primary teeth. This research was conducted in the form of a secondary study, with a systematic search of texts until 2023 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and, finally the search results were reported in the PRISMA chart. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on the NIH checklist. The extracted information was entered into Stata17 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's chi-square test and I2 statistics. Egger's tests were used to detect publication bias. After removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 4 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The odds' ratio of success rate between Formocresol and TheraCal pulpotomy for absence of the pain, abscess, Mobility, internal root resorption and bone radiolucency was obtained 1.12 (95 % CI: 0.32, 3.85, P = 0.86), 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.14, P = 0.33), 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.21, 3.21, P = 0.78), 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.3, 2.67, P = 0.84), and 1.96 (95 % CI: 0.68, 5.62, P = 0.21) respectively. The study results revealed that there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between pulpotomy with TheraCal and Formocresol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess and compare the internal adaptation of various pulp-capping materials, namely TheraCal, Biodentine, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), on the dentin of permanent teeth through the utilization of micro-computed tomography (MCT) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Thirty permanent molars were divided into three groups using a random process: group A (TheraCal), group B (Biodentine), and group C (MTA, which served as the control group). On the buccal surface of each tooth, a class V cavity of a standardized cylindrical shape was prepared. Subsequently, the respective pulp-capping material was applied to the cavity based on the assigned group, followed by restoration with composite resin. Based on the MCT results, it was observed that group A had a considerably larger gap volume in comparison to groups B and C (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in gap volume between groups B and C. Regarding the OCT findings, group A displayed a substantially higher level of light reflection than groups B and C (p < 0.001). Group C exhibited a significantly lower level of light reflection in comparison to group B (p < 0.001). Biodentine and MTA revealed similar outcomes in terms of how well they adhered to the dentinal surface in permanent teeth. Both materials exhibited superior performance in comparison to TheraCal. The utilization of OCT in clinical practice could be advantageous as it enables dentists to monitor and evaluate restorations during post-treatment follow-up. It is imperative to intensify efforts aimed at making OCT equipment more accessible and applicable, overcoming its current limitations, and allowing for its widespread utilization in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EL TheraCal is a new base and lining material filled with light-curing resin-modified calcium silicate, thus achieving control of hardening time, designed as direct and indirect pulp capping, with approximately 45% by weight of mineral material, 10% of radiopaque component, 5% hydrophilic thickening substance and approximately 45% resin. The release of these components, especially that of tricalcium silicate, stimulates the formation of a secondary dentin bridge, hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, when released, they are in the concentration range for the possible stimulating activity of the dental pulp and odontoblasts. They are used in resin, amalgam and cement restorations, as well as being a sensitizer. It addresses certain advantages such as allowing a seal and a strong adherence, apart from the fact that its use considerably reduces pulpal death. Pulp capping attempts to maintain the vitality of the pulp, which can be based mainly on applying medication directly to the exposed pulp, calling this procedure direct pulp capping, or choosing to apply a sealer or choosing to apply used under restorative materials, cements. or other residual base materials being called indirect pulp capping. Comparative studies have been conducted between SCMR and other materials used in pulp capping, where it has been determined that TheraCal has the ability to release more calcium ions. Another characteristic attributed to TheraCal is that it forms an alkaline pH of 10-11, but returns to neutral pH within a short period of 3 days. This type of indirect pulp capping has a specific clinical behavior for the procedure of acute and strong caries wounds, mainly in adolescent patients, with symptoms that correspond to a pulp with a potentially reversible state, without visibly exposing the pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) are endodontic materials widely used in vital pulp-capping approaches. Concerning the clinical application, the reduced set time and pre-mixed formulations are relevant characteristics during the operative management of pulpal exposure, aiming to optimise the work time and improve cross-infection/asepsis control. Additionally, clinical success seems to be greatly dependent on the biological performance of the materials that directly contact the living pulp. As such, this work approaches an integrative biological characterisation (i.e., antibacterial, irritation, and cytocompatibility assays) of three fast-setting CSCs—BiodentineTM, TotalFill® BC RRM™ Fast Putty, and Theracal LC®. These cements, after setting for 24 h, presented the expected topography and elemental composition (assessed by scanning electron microscopy, coupled with EDS analysis), in accordance with the information of the manufacturer. The set cements displayed a significant and similar antibiofilm activity against S. mutans, in a direct contact assay. Twenty-four-hour eluates were not irritant in the standardised CAM assay, but elicited distinct dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity profiles on fibroblastic cells—i.e., Biodentine was devoid of toxicity, TotalFill presented a slight dose-dependent initial toxicity that was easily overcome, and Theracal LC was deleterious at high concentrations. When compared to long-setting ProRoot MTA cement, which highlighted the pursued integrative approach, Biodentine presented a similar profile, but TotalFill and Theracal LC displayed a poorer performance regarding antibiofilm activity/cytocompatibility features, and Theracal LC suggested eventual safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indirect pulp capping therapy has gained increased popularity in paediatric dentistry since it is less invasive, and is of low cost. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the diffusion of calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyl (OH–) ions through coronal dentin into pulp after indirect pulp capping in vitro using TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Calcimol LC. Materials and methods: Total of 60 human caries-free maxillary first premolars were selected for the study. Samples were divided into 4 groups with 15 in each group: Group 1 TheraCal LC; Group 2 ProRoot MTA; Group 3 Calcimol LC; Group 4 Control Group. Indirect pulpcapping on the coronal RDT (remaining dentine thickness) system was performed using pulp-capping materials, such as TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Calcimol LC, on the respective samples. The control group was completely filled with composite. Ca2+ ions (ppm) and OH– ions (pH) were analysed in deionized water using a multimeter connected to a calcium probe (calcium ion electrode) and pH metre connected to a temperature-compensated pH probe after 3 h, 24 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 60 days. Results: Calcium release was significantly higher (P

The objective of this study was to assess and compare the internal adaptation of various pulp-capping materials, namely TheraCal, Biodentine, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), on the dentin of permanent teeth through the utilization of micro-computed tomography (MCT) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Thirty permanent molars were divided into three groups using a random process: group A (TheraCal), group B (Biodentine), and group C (MTA, which served as the control group). On the buccal surface of each tooth, a class V cavity of a standardized cylindrical shape was prepared. Subsequently, the respective pulp-capping material was applied to the cavity based on the assigned group, followed by restoration with composite resin. Based on the MCT results, it was observed that group A had a considerably larger gap volume in comparison to groups B and C (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in gap volume between groups B and C. Regarding the OCT findings, group A displayed a substantially higher level of light reflection than groups B and C (p < 0.001). Group C exhibited a significantly lower level of light reflection in comparison to group B (p < 0.001). Biodentine and MTA revealed similar outcomes in terms of how well they adhered to the dentinal surface in permanent teeth. Both materials exhibited superior performance in comparison to TheraCal. The utilization of OCT in clinical practice could be advantageous as it enables dentists to monitor and evaluate restorations during post-treatment follow-up. It is imperative to intensify efforts aimed at making OCT equipment more accessible and applicable, overcoming its current limitations, and allowing for its widespread utilization in clinical practice.

Objective: The use of calcium silicate-based cements has greatly increased in the past decade. This study compared coronal discolouration caused by white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), TheraCal (TC), calcium enriched mixture (CEM), and Biodentine (BD) on bovine enamel-dentin block. Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, enamel-dentin blocks (7x7x3.5 mm) were cut out of 60 extracted sound bovine central incisors. A cavity (2.5 mm diameter and 1 mm depth) was created at the center of each block with 1 mm distance from the labial surface. The blocks were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=12) of MTA, CEM, BD, and TC and two groups of positive (blood) and negative (empty) controls. After filling cavities with experimental materials, the surfaces of the materials were covered with composite resin. The colour parameters were measured using a spectrophotometer, before (T0) and 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2), and 6 months (T3) after the application of the materials. The data was analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: At 1 week and 1 month, a significant difference in ΔE was noted in the control groups compared to the experimental groups (P<0.001). The difference among the four cements was not significant (P=0.06) at 1 week but it was significant at 1 month. TC showed greater ΔE whereas BD showed lower ΔE in the six-month period (P<0.001). Colour change was significant over time in the MTA and TC groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: TheraCal caused greater discolouration in the bovine tooth blocks after 6 months, which may make it inappropriate for application in the aesthetic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Biocompatibility of dental biomaterials plays a critical role in regeneration of dental stem cells. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of novel biomaterials of TheraCal-LC (TheraCal; Bisco), Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM; BioniqueDent), and Biodentine (Septodont) on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Moreover, the recruitment of dental pulp stem cells is a prerequisite for regeneration of damaged dentin. Therefore, in this study the effects of mentioned biomaterials on migration of hDPSCs and the secretion of some chemoattractive molecules by these cells were examined. Materials and Methods: The cell viability of hDPSCs was assessed using MTT assay. Transwell migration assay was used to determine cell migration ability. The cytokine secretion was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The biomaterials of MTA, CEM, and Biodentine at different dilutions had no cytotoxic effects on hDPSCs at different time points; however, non-diluted extract of TheraCal showed toxic effects after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Meanwhile, the highest cell migration was observed in the presence of CEM and Biodentine (PConclusion: The biological compatibility associated with CEM and Biodentine indicates promising applications in the field of vital pulp therapy.

Indirect pulp capping therapy has gained increased popularity in paediatric dentistry since it is less invasive, and is of low cost. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the diffusion of calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyl (OH–) ions through coronal dentin into pulp after indirect pulp capping in vitro using TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Calcimol LC. Total of 60 human caries-free maxillary first premolars were selected for the study. Samples were divided into 4 groups with 15 in each group: Group 1 TheraCal LC; Group 2 ProRoot MTA; Group 3 Calcimol LC; Group 4 Control Group. Indirect pulpcapping on the coronal RDT (remaining dentine thickness) system was performed using pulp-capping materials, such as TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Calcimol LC, on the respective samples. The control group was completely filled with composite. Ca2+ ions (ppm) and OH– ions (pH) were analysed in deionized water using a multimeter connected to a calcium probe (calcium ion electrode) and pH metre connected to a temperature-compensated pH probe after 3 h, 24 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 60 days. Calcium release was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the TheraCal LC group than in the other groups. Slightly alkaline pH values were observed in all the groups except for the control. TheraCal is a new light-curable pulp capping material that initially releases high Ca2+ ions and creates an environmental pH close to physiological pH after 60 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic, apoptotic and genotoxic effects of MTA, TheraCal and Dermabond (2-octyl cyanoacrylate) on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Culture medium was exposed to the materials for 24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks. Cells were seeded in 96 well plates with 5x103 cells/100 µL media per well for MTT assay, 6 well plates with 2x105 cells/2 mL media per well for comet assay, 12-well plates with 2x105 cells/well for apoptosis assay and cells were exposed to the material eluates. The cell viability, genotoxicity and apoptotic status were evaluated by MTT, comet and apoptosis assays respectively at three different times (24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks). There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.05) between MTA and Dermabond at 24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks exposures. However, TheraCal significantly reduced the cell viability at 1-week exposure to 66.70% (p=0.05). TheraCal caused DNA damage at all exposures and there was a statistically significant difference (p=0.05). According to flow cytometry results, TheraCal at 24-hour and 1-week showed significantly higher cytotoxic effects compared to MTA and Dermabond. No significant differences were detected between MTA and Dermabond. As observed from the current study it can be concluded that MTA and Dermabond are biocompatible capping materials in vital endodontic treatments. Since TheraCal exhibited cytotoxic and genotoxic effects caution should be exercised when it is being used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) and direct pulp capping (DPC) are procedures regularly performed in dogs for the management of acute tooth fractures and as part of management for traumatic malocclusions. The purpose of this review is to apply an evidence-based medicine approach to systematically review and evaluate the scientific literature evaluating the efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to other commercially available materials used for VPT in the permanent teeth of dogs. The 9 studies meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed and each studies evidence was classified using a grading system modified from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. For the studies meeting inclusion criteria, MTA consistently performed as well or better than other commercially available products in terms of calcific barrier formation and biocompatibility. This review found a lack of consistency between the studies making a direct comparison of the results unreliable. Future studies would benefit from the implementation of a standard scoring system for histology, equivalent and longer study duration times and the correlation of histological and radiographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Biocompatibility of dental biomaterials plays a critical role in regeneration of dental stem cells. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of novel biomaterials of TheraCal- LC (TheraCal; Bisco), Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Angelus), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM; BioniqueDent), and Biodentine (Septodont) on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Moreover, the recruitment of dental pulp stem cells is a prerequisite for regeneration of damaged dentin. Therefore, in this study the effects of mentioned biomaterials on migration of hDPSCs and the secretion of some chemoattractive molecules by these cells were examined. Materials and Methods: The cell viability of hDPSCs was assessed using MTT assay. Transwell migration assay was used to determine cell migration ability. The cytokine secretion was evaluated using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results: The biomaterials of MTA, CEM, and Biodentine at different dilutions had no cytotoxic effects on hDPSCs at different time points; however, non-diluted extract of TheraCal showed toxic effects after 24, 48, and 72 hr. Meanwhile, the highest cell migration was observed in the presence of CEM and Biodentine (P<0.05). The secretion of MCP-1 and TGF-β1 were higher in hDPSCs treated with Biodentine compared to some other groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). Moreover, TheraCal decreased protein secretion of TNF-α (P<0.05), and IL-8 (P<0.01) in hDPSCs. Conclusion: The biological compatibility associated with CEM and Biodentine indicates promising applications in the field of vital pulp therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To clinically and radiographically evaluate the reparative dentin formation in indirect pulp treatment (IPT) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and light cured calcium silicate (TheraCal) in primary molars over a period of 6 months. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial on IPT on 43 primary molars in 21 patients between the age of 4–7 years, divided into two groups: 22 teeth in MTA group and 21 in TheraCal group. Measurement of the variation in dentin thickness was done on the digitalized radiograph at baseline, 3 months and 6 months using CorelDRAW X3 software. Results: Statistical analysis using an independent t-test for intragroup and intergroup comparison showed a significant increase in dentin thickness in both the MTA and TheraCal group (intragroup comparison [P < 0.05]). However, intergroup comparison between MTA and TheraCal showed no statistical difference in reparative dentin formation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Clinically and radiographically, both MTA and TheraCal are good IPT materials. The better handling characteristics and comparable reparative dentin-forming ability of TheraCal make this material an alternative to MTA in pediatric restorative procedures.

Aim: This study was to compare the success of resin-modified Portland cement-based material (TheraCal) with MTA in direct pulp capping (DPC) of primary molars.Methods: Symmetrical bilateral primary molars (92) from 46 healthy subjects aged 5-7 years were included in this split-mouth randomised clinical trial. DPC for small non-contaminated pulp exposures using either TheraCal or MTA were randomly performed in symmetrical molars. Thereafter, teeth were restored with amalgam. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6 and 12 month follow-ups. Data were analysed using Chi square test at a significance level of 0.05.Results: At the final follow-up session 74 teeth were available. After 12 months, the overall success rates for MTA and TheraCal were 94.5 and 91.8%, respectively. The difference between outcomes of the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, radiographic and clinical findings revealed that TheraCal exhibited a comparable outcome to MTA in DPC of primary molars after 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Questions exist regarding the efficacy of resin-containing materials such as TheraCal directly applied on the pulp. This study sought to investigate the clinical efficacy of TheraCal as compared with Biodentine and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for partial pulpotomy. Methods In this clinical trial, partial pulpotomy was performed for 27 sound human maxillary and mandibular third molars scheduled for extraction. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 9) and underwent partial pulpotomy with TheraCal, Biodentine, and ProRoot MTA. The teeth were then restored with glass ionomer cement. Clinical and electric pulp tests were performed after 1 and 8 weeks. The teeth were radiographed and extracted at 8 weeks. Histologic sections were prepared and analyzed for pulp inflammation and dentinal bridge formation. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance. Results Clinical examination showed no sensitivity to heat, cold, or palpation in ProRoot MTA and Biodentine groups. Two patients in TheraCal group (20%) reported significant pain at 1 week. Periapical radiographs showed no periapical pathology, and electric pulp test revealed a normal pulp response with no hypersensitivity. Inflammation was absent with all materials at 8 weeks. Normal pulp organization was seen in 33.33% of the teeth in ProRoot MTA, 11.11% in TheraCal, and 66.67% in Biodentine group ( P = .06). Biodentine group showed complete dentinal bridge formation in all teeth, whereas this rate was 11% and 56% in TheraCal and ProRoot MTA groups, respectively ( P = .001). Conclusions Overall, Biodentine and MTA performed better than TheraCal when used as partial pulpotomy agent and presented the best clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the biological effects, including odontoblastic differentiation of a novel light-curable material (TheraCal), on human dental pulp cells ( hDPCs). Methodology The hDPCs were isolated from freshly extracted, caries-free third molars. Ten discs of TheraCal and MTA (8 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) were incubated in α-minimum essential medium (α- MEM) and the supernatant collected. Viability of hDPCs in response to TheraCal and MTA was measured using the WST-1 assay. RT- PCR and real-time PCR were used to detect the gene expression of dentine sialophosphoprotein ( DSPP) and dentine matrix protein-1 ( DMP-1). ALP staining and Alizarin red S staining were used to evaluate the expression of alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) and mineralization behaviour. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the statistically significant differences as a result of the variation in test materials ( P < 0.05). Results The effects of TheraCal and MTA on cell viability were similar except at the highest concentration. The mRNA level of DSPP increased significantly in the MTA group relative to the control at day 1 and 3 ( P < 0.05). Also, the mRNA level of DSPP increased significantly in the TheraCal group relative to the control at day 3 ( P < 0.05). The increased mRNA level of DMP-1 was 2.5-fold and 2.3-fold each in the MTA and TheraCal groups relative to the control ( P < 0.05). Cells exposed to MTA exhibited a 1.4-fold increase of ALP staining relative to control ( P < 0.05). In the mineralization assay, increased calcium nodule formation was twofold and 1.3-fold each in the MTA and TheraCal groups compared to the control ( P < 0.05). Conclusions TheraCal and MTA had the ability to induce odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization of hDPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: Cytotoxicity assays are one of the methods used to assess the biocompatibility of dental materials. The objective of this study was to determine if surface area/volume ratios designated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for biological evaluation of medical devices affects cytotoxicity and calcium release in an endodontic pulp-capping materials. Material and Methods: Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFb) were treated with extractables derived from the calcium silicate pulp-capping material TheraCal LC at pellet surface area/culture medium volume ratios of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 cm2/mL. A colorimetric cytotoxicity assay (MTT) and phase-contrast microscopy was used to assess biocompatibility against the fibroblasts. The concentration of calcium leached into culture medium from TheraCal LC at pellet surface area/culture medium volume ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 cm2/mL after 24 hours was determined by colorimetric assay. Results: Both MTT assays and microscopy demonstrate that at a pellet surface area/culture medium volume ratio of 1.0 cm²/mL TheraCal LC extractable challenge to fibroblasts results in a significant decrease in cell viability (P < 0.001) compared to control. TheraCal LC calcium release into culture medium varied with the surface area/volume ratio, with concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 times the calcium concentration in culture medium. Conclusion: Pellet surface area/culture medium volume ratios impacted parameters of TheraCal LC used in in vitro studies to determine biocompatibility with oral tissues. The ISO guidelines should be followed for all in vitro cytotoxicity studies of dental materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To clinically and radiographically evaluate the reparative dentin formation in indirect pulp treatment (IPT) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and light cured calcium silicate (TheraCal) in primary molars over a period of 6 months. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial on IPT on 43 primary molars in 21 patients between the age of 4-7 years, divided into two groups: 22 teeth in MTA group and 21 in TheraCal group. Measurement of the variation in dentin thickness was done on the digitalized radiograph at baseline, 3 months and 6 months using CorelDRAW X3 software. Results: Statistical analysis using an independent t-test for intragroup and intergroup comparison showed a significant increase in dentin thickness in both the MTA and TheraCal group (intragroup comparison [P < 0.05]). However, intergroup comparison between MTA and TheraCal showed no statistical difference in reparative dentin formation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Clinically and radiographically, both MTA and TheraCal are good IPT materials. The better handling characteristics and comparable reparative dentin-forming ability of TheraCal make this material an alternative to MTA in pediatric restorative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the clinical performance of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement for direct or indirect pulp capping. The research question was as follows: in teeth with deep caries lesions, does the use of resin-modified calcium silicate-containing composites improve the radiological success and prevent irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis compared with other pulp-capping agents? The following databases were screened until September 2021: PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. Randomized clinical trials reporting the clinical evaluation of a resin-modified calcium silicate material as an agent for pulp therapy were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Rev Manager v5.4.1 software. The risk difference and 95% confidence interval of the dichotomous outcome (restoration failure or success) were calculated for comparison. Ten studies were considered for qualitative analysis and meta-analysis. Studies evaluating the performance of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement from 1 month to a maximum follow-up period of 36 months and comparing it with the performance of CaOH, mineral trioxide aggregate, or Biodentine were included. In the global analysis for direct pulp capping at 6-month follow-up, no statistical differences were observed between the experimental group using the light-cured calcium silicate-based cement and control group (P =.28). However, at 12-month follow-up, global analysis favored the control group (P <.001). For indirect pulp capping, at 6- and 24-month follow-ups, no statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups (P =.88; P =.21). Light-cured calcium silicate-based cement showed a limited clinical performance as a direct pulp capping agent, especially when evaluated in the long term. However, using it as an indirect pulp capping agent may be a reliable and easy-to-use option for restoring teeth with deep caries. This systematic review provides evidence that supports the use of light-cured calcium silicate-based cement as an indirect pulp capping agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium ion-releasing ability of different calcium hydroxide-based pulp capping materials was comparatively evaluated in this study. Different brands of cements were taken from different manufacturers and categorized into three groups. Three different brands of Ca(OH) 2 cements (Dycal, TheraCal, and Cal LC) were taken prepared by mixing and curing the cements as per the manufacturer's instructions. Consequently, ion release was measured after 7, 14, and 21 days by argon-based induction coupled plasma mass spectroscopy test. Within the limitations of this study, light-cured Ca(OH) 2 cements released a higher amount of calcium ions compared with self-cured Ca(OH) 2 cements. Theracal was found to be the highest light-cured calcium ion releasing materials throughout the period of 21 days. In conclusion, further clinical studies are warranted to substantiate the findings of this study., Competing Interests: None

Abstract: Objectives: Investigation of the hydration and characterization of Theracal and Biodentine used for pulp capping. Methods: The setting mechanism and characterization of set Biodentine and Theracal after immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 28 days was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of polished specimens and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The bioactivity and surface microstructure of cements immersed in HBSS or water was also assessed by similar techniques together with leaching in solution investigated by ion chromatography (IC). Results: Biodentine hydration resulted in the formation of calcium hydroxide which was present in the material matrix and also on the material surface. Theracal was composed of large cement particles which showed some evidence of reaction rims on hydration. The material matrix included a barium zirconate phase as radiopacifier and also a glass phase composed of strontium, silicon and aluminum. This phase could not be detected in XRD analysis. Formation of a calcium phosphate phase was demonstrated on Theracal immersed in HBSS. Both materials leached calcium ions in solution. Conclusions: The presence of a resin matrix modifies the setting mechanism and calcium ion leaching of Theracal. The clinical implications of these findings need to be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper was to assess the differences in tissue response to implantation during 15, 30 and 45 days in the subcutaneous connective tissue of Wistar rats from three biomaterials: Angelus MTA®, Theracal LC®, and Angelus MTA® to which 25% bioglass G3 was added. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used, the materials were inserted into the rat's dorsal area in silicone tubes 5 mm long by 1.5 mm diameter. Histological reaction was assessed at 15, 30, and 45 days after implantation. They were then stained with hematoxylin eosin and evaluated by two observers. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Mann–Whitney's U test was used to determine the association between variables. Angelus MTA induced the formation of dystrophic calcifications twice as much as Theracal LC (p < 0.05). The addition of G3 did not affect the greater or lesser occurrence of calcifications (p > 0.05). Theracal LC and MTA plus G3 caused an inflammatory reaction, which was chronic at 15 days and decreased in intensity, almost disappearing after 45 days. Theracal LC, as well as Angelus MTA plus G3, were well tolerated when implanted in the subcutaneous connective tissue of rat. Histologically, no inconvenience was found for the use by direct contact of Theracal LC, and the mixture of MTA with 25% bioactive glass G3, in the tissue of Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Characteristics of dental pulp capping agents may influence its interaction with the pulpal cells and can impact the treatment outcome., Aims: This study aims to microscopically characterize various pulp capping agents following hydration., Settings and Design: Original research., Materials and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens of five calcium silicate-based materials, i.e., mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Biodentine, TheraCal LC, ApaCal ART, and Endocem MTA were prepared. After final set, the materials were immersed in 10 mL of deionized water for 14 days at 37°C. The set materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis along with pH analysis of the storage solution using pH meter., Results: On SEM analysis, all the materials showed crystalline deposition on the cement surface with Biodentine exhibiting the most dense and homogenous microstructure. Calcium-silicate-hydrate and calcium hydroxide (CH) were observed as dark-grey and light-grey matrix material, respectively. EDX analysis revealed a high concentration of calcium. The other major elements were oxygen and carbon. The surface calcium concentration in the tested specimens was as follows: Biodentine (42.59 wt.%) > MTA Angelus (38.51wt.%) > Endocem MTA (30.24wt.%) > TheraCal LC (27.51wt.%) > ApaCal ART (22.02wt.%). On XRD analysis, all the materials exhibited peaks for tricalcium silicate and CH, after 14 days of hydration., Conclusions: The higher surface calcium level in Biodentine and MTA Angelus may enhance reparative dentin formation. The surface calcium concentration of Endocem MTA and ApaCal ART was found to be lesser than that of MTA Angelus, but with the added advantage of fast-setting property. Hence, they are potential alternative materials for vital pulp therapy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhering flowable composite (Dyad Flow) and a bulk-fill flowable composite (Smart Dentin Replacement [SDR]) to several pulp-capping materials, including MTA Plus, Dycal, Biodentine, and TheraCal., Materials and Methods: Eighty acrylic blocks with 2-mm-deep central holes that were 4 mm in diameter were prepared and divided into 2 groups ( n = 40 each) according to the composite used (Dyad Flow or SDR). They were further divided into 4 sub-groups ( n = 10 each) according to the pulp-capping agent used. SBS was tested using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance. A p value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance., Results: A statistically significant difference ( p = 0.040) was found between Dyad Flow and SDR in terms of bond strength to MTA Plus, Dycal, Biodentine, and TheraCal., Conclusions: Among the 8 sub-groups, the combination of TheraCal and SDR exhibited the highest SBS., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2020. The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.)

This paper aims to investigate the composition, surface, and microstructural characteristics, and bioactivity of two commercially available pulp capping materials known as TheraCal LC and BIO MTA+. The materials were prepared as cylindrical samples and assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and complex thermal analysis for mineralogical characterization, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive of X-ray (EDX), Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for microstructural and surface characteristics. The in vitro bioactivity was highlighted by surface mineralization throughout SEM coupled with EDX and FT-IR analysis. XRD analysis performed on both materials showed calcium silicate phases and different radiopacifying compounds. AFM measurements indicated a smoother and more homogenous surface with a lower average roughness for TheraCal LC due to the resin matrix from its composition. FT-IR analysis displayed bands for several compounds in both materials. Both materials exhibited bioactive properties showing surface mineralization after being immersed in solution similar to the human physiological environment. However, the MTA cement showed a better mineralization due to the anhydrous and hydrated phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gandolfi MG, Siboni F, Prati C. Chemical-physical properties of TheraCal, a novel light-curable MTA-like material for pulp capping. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 571-579, 2012. Abstract Aim To evaluate the chemical-physical properties of TheraCal, a new light-curable pulp-capping material composed of resin and calcium silicate (Portland cement), compared with reference pulp-capping materials (ProRoot MTA and Dycal). Methodology Calcium (Ca) and hydroxyl (OH) ion release over 28 days, solubility and water uptake (weight percentage variation, Δ%) at 24 h, cure depth and radiopacity of TheraCal, ProRoot MTA and Dycal were evaluated. Statistical analysis ( P < 0.05) of release of ion was carried out by two-way repeated measures anova with Tukey, whilst one-way anova with Tukey test was used for the other tests. Results TheraCal released significantly more calcium than ProRoot MTA and Dycal throughout the test period. TheraCal was able to alkalinize the surrounding fluid initially to pH 10-11 (3 h-3 days) and subsequently to pH 8-8.5 (7-14 days). TheraCal had a cure depth of 1.7 mm. The solubility of TheraCal (Δ−1.58%) was low and significantly less than that of Dycal (Δ−4.58%) and ProRoot MTA (Δ−18.34%). The amount of water absorbed by TheraCal (Δ +10.42%) was significantly higher than Dycal (Δ +4.87%) and significantly lower than ProRoot MTA (Δ +13.96%). Conclusions TheraCal displayed higher calcium-releasing ability and lower solubility than either ProRoot MTA or Dycal. The capability of TheraCal to be cured to a depth of 1.7 mm may avoid the risk of untimely dissolution. These properties offer major advantages in direct pulp-capping treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]