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Cisplatin is a particularly potent antineoplastic drug. However, its usefulness is restricted due to the induction of nephrotoxicity. More recent research has indicated that β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) protects against acute or chronic organ damage as an efficient healing agent. Nonetheless, the therapeutic mechanisms of β-HB in acute kidney damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs remain unclear. Our study developed a model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), which involved the administration of a ketogenic diet or β-HB. We analyzed blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels in serum, and used western blotting and immunohistochemical staining to assess ferroptosis and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (Camkk2)/AMPK pathway. The mitochondrial morphology and function were examined. Additionally, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments using selective Camkk2 inhibitor or activator to investigate the protective mechanism of β-HB on cisplatin-induced AKI. Exogenous or endogenous β-HB effectively alleviated cisplatin-induced abnormally elevated levels of BUN and Cr and renal tubular necrosis in vivo. Additionally, β-HB reduced ferroptosis biomarkers and increased the levels of anti-ferroptosis biomarkers in the kidney. β-HB also improved mitochondrial morphology and function. Moreover, β-HB significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced cell ferroptosis and damage in vitro. Furthermore, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining indicated that β-HB may prevent kidney injury by regulating the Camkk2-AMPK pathway. The use of the Camkk2 inhibitor or activator verified the involvement of Camkk2 in the renal protection by β-HB. This study provided evidence of the protective effects of β-HB against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and identified inhibited ferroptosis and Camkk2 as potential molecular mechanisms. Cisplatin induces disruptions in mitochondrial energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Both endogenous and exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate can protected against cisplatin-induced renal damage by repairing mitochondrial energy homeostasis and preventing ferroptosis, and this protective effect might be attributed to Camkk2 regulation. β-HB protects against cisplatin-induced renal damage both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, β-HB is effective in attenuating cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. The regulation of energy metabolism, as well as the treatment involving β-HB, is associated with Camkk2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, studies on the effects of preeclampsia on perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are comparatively few, and the results are inconsistent. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of preeclampsia on perinatal outcomes in women with GDM. Methods: This retrospective cohort study collected data of women with GDM whose babies were delivered in a Chinese hospital between July 2017 and June 2020. We divided eligible pregnant women with GDM into two groups based on whether they were diagnosed with preeclampsia: GDM with preeclampsia group and GDM without preeclampsia group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risks for perinatal outcomes which were used as the dependent variables. Results: We identified 7533 eligible women with GDM (245 in GDM with preeclampsia group and 7288 in GDM without preeclampsia group). After adjusting for covariates, preeclampsia was significantly associated with higher risks of fetal malformations (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.08–2.57), fetal growth restriction (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 2.91–9.88), cesarean section (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.83–3.37), emergency cesarean section (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.77–3.05), preterm birth (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.27–2.81), low birth weight (LBW) (OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 2.16–5.05), small for gestational age (SGA) (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 2.01–4.63) and neonatal hypoglycemia (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.10–2.85). Conclusion: Women with GDM complicated with preeclampsia were at higher risks of fetal malformations, fetal growth restriction, cesarean section, emergency cesarean section, preterm birth, LBW, SGA and neonatal hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to assess the applicability of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) interim guidelines for twin pregnancies to the specific population of gestational diabetes mellitus by exploring the relationship between gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese twin-pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with diabetes in pregnancy between July 2017 and December 2020 at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Chongqing, China. The primary variable of interest was maternal total gestational weight gain. The primary outcomes were perinatal outcomes, which included: preeclampsia, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and neonatal intensive unit admission, etc. The association between inappropriate gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes was estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 455 twin-pregnant women who had gestational diabetes mellitus were analyzed. Women with low gestational weight gain had reduced risk of preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.32; 95% CI or confidence interval, 0.17–0.63; p = 0.001) and their infants had higher risks of small for gestational age (aOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04–3.58; p = 0.037), low birth weight (aOR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.32–3.90; p = 0.003), neonatal intensive unit admission (aOR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.10–5.78; p = 0.038), pneumonia (aOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.08–5.33; p = 0.031), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (aOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.10–4.78; p = 0.027); the infants of women with excessive gestational weight gain had a higher risk of large for gestational age (aOR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.42–9.96; p = 0.008). Conclusion Gestational weight gain controlled within the range recommended by the NAM could reduce the risk of perinatal adverse outcomes. The 2009 NAM gestational weight gain recommendations can be used for Chinese twin-pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Key Points Inappropriate gestational weight gain can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies. Gestational weight gain controlled within recommended range could reduce the risk of poor perinatal outcomes. The National Academy of Medicine recommendations are suitable for Chinese twin-pregnant women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects about 10% of the world's population. Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening complication in patients with CKD, as it is associated with adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. There are still many challenges and questions to address to improve the currently available therapeutic strategies to treat hyperkalemia, such as how to approach the emergency management of hyperkalemia. In recent years, in addition to novel oral potassium binders, great progress has been made in the application of novel kidney protective strategies, such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in hyperkalemia therapy. This review will discuss the recent advances from clinical trials in the effective management of hyperkalemia in non-dialysis CKD patients, enhancing the knowledge of physicians and internists concerning these newer agents and providing a helpful reference for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) for Chinese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the Chinese‐specific body mass index (BMI) classification. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the 2017–2020 data from pregnant women with GDM in a tertiary hospital. A quadratic function model and the total predicted probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes were developed to obtain the optimal GWG. Differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between our optimal GWG recommendations and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 GWG guidelines were also analyzed. Results: A total of 8103 pregnant women with GDM were analyzed. Based on the Chinese‐specific BMI classification, the optimal GWG range was 11.0–17.5 kg for underweight women, 3.7–9.7 kg for normal‐weight women, −0.6 to 4.8 kg for overweight women, and − 9.8 to 4.2 kg for obese women. Excessive GWG had a higher risk of large for gestational age (LGA) (OR: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.42–3.70), macrosomia (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.77–3.12), pre‐eclampsia (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.37–2.65), gestational hypertension (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.24–2.19), cesarean section (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.15–1.44), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02–1.64); insufficient GWG had a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.20–2.75). Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG guidelines, the prevalence of macrosomia, LGA, and postpartum hemorrhage were significantly lower in pregnant women following the implementation of our recommended GWG range (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG recommendations, our optimal GWG recommendations for Chinese pregnant women were more sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For molecular catalyst‐modified semiconductor hybrid photoelectrodes, the linker that tethers a molecular catalyst to an electrode surface is one of the important structural factors to influence the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) H2‐evolution activity of the photoelectrode. A better understanding about the impact of different linkers on charge transfer kinetics of hybrid photoelectrodes will shed light on the design of more efficient photoelectrodes for the selected molecular catalyst and semiconductor. In this work, a series of cobaloxime catalysts, CoPy‐4‐L‐HA (CoPy = cobaloxime; HA = hydroxamate anchor; L = none, CH2, CHCH, and (CHCH)2), are immobilized to the surface of p‐Si|TiO2 with different linkers. Comparative studies on PEC performance of these hybrid photocathodes reveal that the p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐(CHCH)2‐HA) electrode exhibits the highest PEC activity among the tested photocathodes, despite the longer linker of (CHCH)2 compared to other ones. The j(0 V) of −0.68 mA cm−2 for p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐(CHCH)2‐HA is higher than those reported for planar Si‐based photocathodes decorated with molecular catalysts. The impacts of the length and conjugation property of linkers on the kinetics of surface charge transfer and recombination are probed by transient absorption spectroscopy, and the results well clarify the origin for the disparity in the PEC activities of p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐L‐HA photocathodes with different linkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping engineering is an effective modification strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. In this paper, the impacts of heteroatom doping in monolayer titanium disulfide (TiS2) by substituting the S atom with the heteroatoms (B, C, N, O, F, and P) on the adsorption and diffusion capabilities of alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) have been systematically investigated using first-principles calculations to evaluate the material performance for application in alkali metal-ion batteries. The doping of most heteroatoms can promote the adsorption capability of alkali metal atoms on monolayer TiS2 as their adsorption energies decrease compared with the pristine system, particularly for p-type doping with C, N, and P. The diffusion energy barriers decrease when alkali metals approach the doping site of most heteroatom-doped TiS2, and the barriers near the doping site are extremely small (0.00–0.08 eV), whereas they slightly increase as alkali metals move away from the doping site. P doping has the lowest overall diffusion energy barrier for each metal. Thus, monolayer TiS2 with heteroatom doping, especially P doping, can be used as a potential anode material for alkali metal-ion batteries. This study can help comprehend the impacts of heteroatom doping and design high-performance electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the modulus of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) doping soft magnetic particles only varied monotonously under magnetic fields. It restricts vibration applications of MRE shifting to low frequency. MRE should ensure the bearing capacity of relevant devices, and capable of shifting to low frequency. To this end, MRE was fabricated in this work by incorporating pre-magnetized hard magnetic NdFeB-particles into silicon rubber to achieve bi-directional magnetic control property. Particularly, NdFeB-particles were pre-magnetized before fabrication to enhance the property. Three MRE samples doping NdFeB-particles with different particle sizes and magnetic properties were prepared. The surface magnetic field intensity of samples were recorded by teslameter and the microstructures were observed by SEM and computed tomography. The dynamic mechanical properties were measured by a rheometer under a triangular wave magnetic field. Experimental results indicated that the MRE surface magnetic field intensity on edge was greater than centre. MRE doping pre-magnetized NdFeB-particles with large coercivity could possess greater storage modulus control range and larger loss modulus, which attributes to NdFeB-particles' motion and sensitivity to magnetic field. Thus, MRE reinforced by pre-magnetized hard magnetic particles exhibits excellent potential in bi-directional control property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal phosphides have been receiving a great deal of attention as anode materials for Li-ion batteries due to their novel properties of high theoretical capacity and relatively low polarization. MoP and MoP2 nanoparticles with different crystal structures are synthesized by phosphorization in different stoichiometric proportions, using Mo nanospheres as the precursor produced by the plasma evaporation method. When used as the anode material for Li-ion batteries, the MoP2 electrode delivers a stable capacity of 676.60 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 with obvious discharge/charge plateaus; however, the capacity of the hexagonal MoP electrode is 312.38 mA h g−1. The first-principles calculations illustrate that the di-phosphorus bond of MoP2 is prone to break and the distal P atoms preferentially bind with Li atoms to form Li3P during lithiation, but MoP prefers to form ternary LixMoP. The ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of the MoP2 electrode after cycling confirm the conversion reaction for the electrochemical storage of Li-ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reaction mechanisms of the gold(I)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of aryldiazoacetate R1 with vinyldiazoacetate R2 leading to N‐substituted pyrazoles have been theoretically investigated using density functional theory calculations. Two possible reaction mechanisms were examined and discussed. The preferred reaction mechanism (mechanism A) can be characterized by five steps: the formation of the gold carbenoid A2 via the attack of catalyst to R1 (step I), nucleophilic addition of another reactant R2 to generate intermediate A3 (step II), intramolecular cyclization of A3 to form intermediate A4 (step III), hydrogen migration to give intermediate A5 (step IV), and catalyst elimination affording the final product P1 (step V). Step IV is found to be the rate‐determining step with an overall free energy barrier of 28.3 kcal/mol. Our calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. The present study may provide a useful guide for understanding these kinds of gold(I)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of diazo compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We develop a facile and green method to tailor surface groups. [•] Photoluminescence behaviors of carbon quantum dots are improved by tailoring their surface groups. [•] Highly luminescent efficiency is produced by amino-hydrothermal treatment of reduced carbon quantum dots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized by heating various carbon sources in HNO3 solution at reflux, and the effects of HNO3 concentration on the size of the CQDs were investigated. Furthermore, the oxygen-containing surface groups of as-prepared CQDs were selectively reduced by NaBH4, leading to new surface states. The experimental results show that the sizes of CQDs can be tuned by HNO3 concentration and then influence their photoluminescent behaviors; the photoluminescent properties are related to both the size and surface state of the CQDs, but the photocatalytic activities are determined by surface states alone. The different oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the CQDs can induce different degrees of the band bending upward, which determine the separation and combination of the electron-hole pairs. The high upward band bending, which is induced by CO and COOH groups, facilitates separation of the electron-hole pairs and then enhances high photocatalytic activity. In contrast, the low upward band bending induced by COH groups hardly prevents the electron-hole pairs from surface recombination and then exhibits strong photoluminescence. Therefore, both the photocatalytic activities and optical properties of CQDs can be tuned by their surface states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the mechanisms and origins of stereoselectivities in PPh3‐catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition reaction of but‐3‐yn‐2‐one with azomethine imine, density functional theory (DFT) and ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted. Various possible reaction pathways have been examined. DFT calculations indicate that this reaction is initiated by nucleophilic attack of catalyst PPh3 to but‐3‐yn‐2‐one to form intermediate 1, followed by proton transfer leads to intermediate 2. The subsequent nucleophilic addition of 2 to azomethine imine forms intermediate 3. Then, intermediate 3 undergoes intramolecular cycloaddition, 1,2‐proton transfer, and elimination of catalyst affording the final product. A trace amount of PhOH plays an important role in the proton transfer process. For the stereoselectivity determining CC bond formation step, both DFT calculations and MD simulations demonstrate that the R‐configured P(R) is the predominant product. Furthermore, high Z/E‐selectivity is predicted for the studied reaction. Our computational results are in good agreement with previous experimental observations. The present study should be useful to the development of this kind reaction in the future. The mechanism of PPh3‐catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition reaction of but‐3‐yn‐2‐one with azomethine imine includes six steps: nucleophilic attack of PPh3 to but‐3‐yn‐2‐one, 1,3‐proton transfer, addition to azomethine imine (stereoselectivity‐determining step), intramolecular cycloaddition, 1,2‐proton transfer, and the product formation and catalyst regeneration. Additive phenol plays an important role in the proton transfer process. Both DFT calculations and MD simulations demonstrate that R‐configured P(R) is the predominant product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Almost layered Group-VIB TMDs flush edge hinders Li insertion. • One criterion, insertion obstruction energy, for evaluating obstacle of Li insertion. • Step and S defect contained edge reduce obstacle of Li insertion. Although exposing more edges by nanostructure engineering has been one of main ways to increase Li diffusion channels and shorten Li diffusion paths for layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), few studies have focused on the influence of layered TMDs edges on Li insertion. By density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the edge effect of layered TMDs on Li insertion. The Li insertion diffusion barriers of 2H c -MoS 2 , 1T'-MoS 2 , 2H a -NbS 2 and 1T-TiS 2 flush edge indicated only the edge reconstruction of 2H c -MoS 2 flush edge hinders Li insertion and others almost have no hindrance. Through analyzing the Li binding energies and electronic structure along the Li insertion pathways, we found the edge reconstruction increases the electronegativity of edge S atom for 2H c -MoS 2 resulting in the insertion obstruction. One criterion was established to efficiently evaluate Li insertion obstruction for 25 kinds of layered TMDs with flush edge including 2H c , 2H a and 1T phase structures. It was found that almost layered TMDs with Group-VIB transition metal exhibit Li insertion obstruction. Considering the actual edge structure and the factor causing the hindrance, we studied the edge effect of the step and S-defect contained edge on Li insertion to explore the methods for decreasing or eliminating Li insertion obstruction in view of atomic edge structure. Our results provide new insights toward the influence of layered TMDs edge on Li insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]