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This study investigated the effects of herbicide exposure on Navicula sp. (MASCC-0035) algae, focusing on growth density, chlorophyll content, antioxidant system, and lipid metabolism. Navicula cultures were exposed to different concentrations of atrazine (ATZ), glyphosate (Gly), and acetochlor (ACT) for 96 h. Results showed a significant decrease in cell numbers, with higher herbicide concentrations having the most noticeable impacts. For instance, Gly-G2 had reduced cell populations by 21.00% at 96 h. Chlorophyll content varied, with Gly having a greater impact on chlorophyll a compared to ATZ and ACT. Herbicide exposure also affected the antioxidant system, altering levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher herbicide rates increased soluble sugar content (e.g., ATZ, Gly, and ACT-G2 had increased by 14.03%, 19.88%, and 19.83%, respectively, at 72 h) but decreased soluble protein content, notably in Gly-G2 by 11.40%, indicating cellular stress. Lipid metabolism analysis revealed complex responses, with changes in free proline, fatty acids, and lipase content, each herbicide exerting distinct effects. These findings highlight the multifaceted impacts of herbicide exposure on Navicula algae, emphasizing the need for further research to understand ecological implications and develop mitigation strategies for aquatic ecosystems.

The management of cattle ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus microplus, poses a global challenge in subtropical regions like Ecuador due to its impact on meat and milk productivity, leading to economic losses. Misuse of acaricides has resulted in resistance and multi-resistance, diminishing their effectiveness. This study evaluated resistance to amitraz, alpha-cypermethrin, and ivermectin using the Larval Packet test, laboratory-reared tick larvae collected from cattle were tested. Data on farm management and tick control practices were gathered via a questionnaire in Northwest Pichincha and Quijos River Valley over two years. Resistance rates in the first year (2020-2021) were 67.21% for amitraz, 57.38% for ivermectin, and 67.21% for alpha-cypermethrin. One year later (2021-2022), resistance levels were 59.57% for amitraz, 57.45% for ivermectin, and 68.09% for alpha-cypermethrin, with multi-resistance rates at 67.21% and 65.96% respectively. No significant differences were found between years or locations. Analysis of larval survival data determined lethal doses for tested acaricides. The study emphasizes the association between the lack of acaricide rotation, the incorrect dosage, and the absence of non-chemical measures in tick management could be associated with the development of resistances in ticks. Likewise, this study promotes the need for collaborative efforts to improve control practices and maintain acaricide efficacy.

Amitraz (AMT) is a broad-spectrum formamidine insecticide and acaricide. In this study, we produced an anti-AMT monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high performance. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of the anti-AMT mAb was 4.418 ng/mL, the cross reactivity with other insecticides was negligible, and an affinity constant was 2.06 × 10 9 mmol/L. Additionally, we developed an immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of AMT residues in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants. The cut-off values were 2000 μg/kg in oranges and tomato samples and 1000 μg/kg in eggplant samples and the calculated limits of detection were 14.521 μg/kg, 6.281 μg/kg, and 3.518 μg/kg in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants, respectively, meeting the detection requirements for AMT in fruits and vegetables. The recovery rates ranged between 95.8 % and 105.2 %, consistent with the recovery rates obtained via LC-MS/MS. Our developed immunochromatographic assay can effectively, accurately, and rapidly determine AMT residues in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, there has been growing concern on the potential weakening of honey bees and their increased susceptibility to pathogens due to chronic exposure to xenobiotics. The present work aimed to study the effects on bees undergoing an infection by Nosema ceranae and being exposed to a frequently used in-hive acaricide, amitraz. To achieve this, newly emerged bees were individually infected with N. ceranae spores and/or received a sublethal concentration of amitraz in their diets under laboratory conditions. Mortality, food intake, total volume excrement, body appearance, and parasite development were registered. Bees exposed to both stressors jointly had higher mortality rates compared to bees exposed separately, with no difference in the parasite development. An increase in sugar syrup consumption was observed for all treated bees while infected bees fed with amitraz also showed a diminishment in pollen intake. These results coupled with an increase in the total number of excretion events, alterations in behavior and body surface on individuals that received amitraz could evidence the detrimental action of this molecule. To corroborate these findings under semi-field conditions, worker bees were artificially infected, marked, and released into colonies. Then, they were exposed to a commercial amitraz-based product by contact. The recovered bees showed no differences in the parasite development due to amitraz exposure. This study provides evidence to which extent a honey bee infected with N. ceranae could potentially be weakened by chronic exposure to amitraz treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of this work was to develop a fast, simple, and reliable UPLC-MS 3 method for the sensitive detection of acetochlor in biological samples. In MS 3 mode, the ion transition m/z 270.1 → 224.1→148.1 was chosen for quantification with butachlor as the internal standard. In the UPLC system, separation was performed on a UPLC column (2.1 × 50 mm ID, 1.7 μm) with 0.1 % FA in water and acetonitrile as mobile phases. After simple protein precipitation via acetonitrile, the method was well validated with good linearity (0.5-20 ng/mL, r > 0.995), accuracy (-3.70 %-2.98 %), and precision (<15 %). The selectivity and sensitivity were improved obviously in MS 3 mode than that in MRM mode. The developed UPLC-MS 3 method was successfully applied to the cellular pharmacokinetics study of acetochlor in MCF-7 cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

A cutting-edge electrochemical method is presented for precise quantification of amitraz (AMZ), a commonly used acaricide in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Leveraging a lab-made screen-printed carbon electrode modified with a synergistic blend of perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA), mesoporous carbon (MC), and Nafion, the sensor's sensitivity was significantly improved. Fine-tuning of PTCA, MC, and Nafion ratios, alongside optimization of the pH of the supporting electrolyte and accumulation time, resulted in remarkable sensitivity enhancements. The sensor exhibited a linear response within the concentration range 0.01 to 0.70 μg mL -1 , boasting an exceptionally low limit of detection of 0.002 μg mL -1 and a limit of quantification of 0.10 μg mL -1 , surpassing maximum residue levels permitted in honey, tomato, and longan samples. Validation with real samples demonstrated high recoveries ranging from 80.8 to 104.8%, with a relative standard deviation below 10%, affirming the method's robustness and precision. The modified PTCA/MC/Nafion@SPCE-based electrochemical sensor not only offers superior sensitivity but also simplicity and cost-effectiveness, making it a pivotal tool for accurate AMZ detection in food samples. Furthermore, beyond the scope of this study, the sensor presents promising prospects for wider application across various electrochemical analytical fields, thereby significantly contributing to food safety and advancing agricultural practices., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tight junction (TJ) proteins maintain the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The dysfunction of BBB allows peripheral T cells infiltration into CNS and contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Teriflunomide is an approved drug for the treatment of MS by suppressing lymphocytes proliferation. However, whether teriflunomide has a protective effect on BBB in MS is not understood. We found that teriflunomide restored the injured BBB in the EAE model. Furthermore, teriflunomide treatment over 6 months improved BBB permeability and reduced peripheral leakage of CNS proteins in MS patients. Teriflunomide increased human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) viability and promoted BBB integrity in an in vitro cell model. The TJ protein claudin-1 was upregulated by teriflunomide and responsible for the protective effect on BBB. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed that the Wnt signaling pathway was affected by teriflunomide. The activation of Wnt signaling pathway increased claudin-1 expression and reduced BBB damage in cell model and EAE rats. Our study demonstrated that teriflunomide upregulated the expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1 in endothelial cells and promoted the integrity of BBB through Wnt signaling pathway., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Researchers are increasingly using insights derived from large-scale, electronic healthcare data to inform drug development and provide human validation of novel treatment pathways and aid in drug repurposing/repositioning. The objective of this study was to determine whether treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis with dimethyl fumarate, an activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, results in a change in incidence of type 2 diabetes and its complications. This retrospective cohort study used administrative claims data to derive four cohorts of adults with multiple sclerosis initiating dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, glatiramer acetate or fingolimod between January 2013 and December 2018. A causal inference frequentist model averaging framework based on machine learning was used to compare the time to first occurrence of a composite endpoint of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease, as well as each individual outcome, across the four treatment cohorts. There was a statistically significantly lower risk of incidence for dimethyl fumarate versus teriflunomide for the composite endpoint (restricted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.70 [0.55, 0.90]) and type 2 diabetes (0.65 [0.49, 0.98]), myocardial infarction (0.59 [0.35, 0.97]) and chronic kidney disease (0.52 [0.28, 0.86]). No differences for other individual outcomes or for dimethyl fumarate versus the other two cohorts were observed. This study effectively demonstrated the use of an innovative statistical methodology to test a clinical hypothesis using real-world data to perform early target validation for drug discovery. Although there was a trend among patients treated with dimethyl fumarate towards a decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease relative to other disease-modifying therapies-which was statistically significant for the comparison with teriflunomide-this study did not definitively support the hypothesis that Nrf2 activation provided additional metabolic disease benefit in patients with multiple sclerosis., Competing Interests: This work was funded by Eli Lilly and Company and all authors are employees of Eli Lilly and Company. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Alan J.M. Brnabic was involved with the conceptualization, methodology, investigation and formal analysis of the data for the work and contributed to the original draft preparation, review and editing of the manuscript. Sarah E. Curtis was involved with the conceptualization, methodology, investigation and formal analysis of the data for the work and contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript. Joseph A. Johnston was involved with the conceptualization, methodology and investigation of the data for the work, and contributed to the original draft preparation, review and editing of the manuscript. Albert contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript. Anthony J. Zagar was involved with the methodology and investigation of the data for the work and contributed to the original draft preparation of the manuscript. Ilya Lipkovich was involved with the methodology and validation of the data for the work and contributed to the original draft preparation of the manuscript. Zbigniew Kadziola was involved with the formal analysis of the data for the work and contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript. Megan H. Murray was involved with the investigation, methodology and formal analysis of the data for the work and contributed to the original draft preparation of the manuscript. Timothy Ryan was involved with the conceptualization and investigation of the data for the work and contributed to the original draft preparation, review and editing of the manuscript. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work to agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors give final approval of the manuscript to be published., (Copyright: © 2024 Brnabic et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Teriflunomide is administered orally to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In this prospective pilot study, the free and total serum concentrations of teriflunomide obtained during routine health care were measured and their relationship with disease activity was evaluated., Methods: Eighty-nine patients were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from April 2021 to February 2022, and free and total teriflunomide serum concentrations were measured. Patient assessment involved monitoring of blood counts and potential adverse effects of teriflunomide., Results: In the steady-state group, total teriflunomide concentrations ranged from 14.7 to 144.2 mg/L, while free concentrations from 31.1 to 389.7 μg/L. In the non-steady-state group, the total concentration ranged from 2.2 to 59.3 mg/L, with free concentrations ranging from 6.8 to 143.5 μg/L. In the steady-state group, a significant inverse correlation was found between absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and both total and free teriflunomide serum concentrations., Conclusion: Although all patients were treated with the same dose, up to a 10-fold difference in total and free teriflunomide serum concentrations, and up to a 5-fold difference in steady-state trough concentrations were observed. This vast interindividual variability can potentially lead to toxicity or, conversely, to suboptimal therapeutic concentrations of teriflunomide, with the risk of further worsening of multiple sclerosis compensation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors advise that there are not any actual or potential financial or other conflict of interest related to the submitted manuscript (ownership, equity position, stock options, consulting fees, patent rights, and corporate affiliations) associated with any drug, product, process, or commercial laboratory mentioned in the submitted material., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: The aims of this study were to report the effectiveness and safety of teriflunomide in Chinese patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and to explore the association of paramagnetic rim lesion (PRL) burden with patient outcome in the context of teriflunomide treatment and the impact of teriflunomide on PRL burden., Methods: This is a prospective observational study. A total of 100 RRMS patients treated with teriflunomide ≥3 months were included in analyzing drug persistence and safety. Among them, 96 patients treated ≥6 months were included in assessing drug effectiveness in aspects of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) 3. The number and total volume of PRL were calculated in 76 patients with baseline susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and their association with NEDA3 failure during teriflunomide treatment was investigated., Results: Over a treatment period of 19.7 (3.1-51.7) months, teriflunomide reduced annualized relapse rate (ARR) from 1.1 ± 0.8 to 0.3 ± 0.5, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores remained stable. At month 24, the NEDA3% and drug persistence rate were 43.8% and 65.1%, respectively. In patients with a baseline SWI, 81.6% had at least 1 PRL, and 42.1% had ≥4 PRLs. The total volume of PRL per patient was 0.3 (0.0-11.5) mL, accounting for 2.3% (0.0%-49.0%) of the total T2 lesion volume. Baseline PRL number ≥ 4 (OR = 4.24, p = 0.009), younger onset age (OR = 0.94, p = 0.039), and frequent relapses in initial 2 years of disease (OR = 13.40, p = 0.026) were associated with NEDA3 failure. The PRL number and volume were not reduced ( p = 0.343 and 0.051) after teriflunomide treatment for more than 24 months. No new safety concerns were identified in this study., Conclusion: Teriflunomide is effective in reducing ARR in Chinese patients with RRMS. Patients with less PRL burden, less frequent relapses, and relatively older age are likely to benefit more from teriflunomide, indicating that PRL might be a valuable measurement to inform clinical treatment decision., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tan, Li, Li, He, ZhangBao, Zhou, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Dong, Li and Quan.)

Continuous exposure to airborne pesticides causes their gradual accumulation in the human body, eventually posing a threat to human health. To the best of our knowledge, risk assessment study of pesticide non-occupational exposure to residents in agricultural areas has not been conducted in China. In this study, air samples (gas and dust) were collected from inside and outside residences of seven households and an area near the field in a grain-growing area (wheat and maize rotation) for eight months, and the pesticides present were examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. Using a 95% confidence interval, 9 out of 16 pesticides were detected, namely acetamiprid, acetochlor, atrazine, flucarbazone-sodium, imidacloprid, methyldisulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron-methyl, pendimethalin, and beta-cyhalothrin, and their safety was subsequently evaluated. The results showed that the inhalation exposure of households to beta-cyhalothrin exceeded the acceptable range in the first residential, and the excess lifetime cancer risk of acetochlor inhalation exposure in six households and area around the field exceeds 1E-6, which highlights the need to strengthen preventive screening for cancer risk., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Introduction and Objective: The ConcePTION project aims to improve the way medication use during pregnancy is studied. This includes exploring the possibility of developing a distributed data processing and analysis infrastructure using a common data model that could form a foundational platform for future surveillance and research. A prerequisite would be that data from various data access providers (DAPs) can be harmonised according to an agreed set of standard rules concerning the structure and content of the data. To do so, a reference framework of core data elements (CDEs) recommended for primary data studies on drug safety during pregnancy was previously developed. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of several public and private DAPs using different primary data sources focusing on multiple sclerosis, as a pilot, to map their respective data variables and definitions with the CDE recommendations framework., Methods: Four pregnancy registries (Gilenya, Novartis; Aubagio, Sanofi; the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists [OTIS]; Aubagio, Sanofi; the Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register, Lareb), two enhanced pharmacovigilance programmes (Gilenya PRIM, Novartis; MAPLE-MS, Merck Healthcare KGaA) and four Teratology Information Services (UK TIS, Jerusalem TIS, Zerifin TIS, Swiss TIS) participated in the study. The ConcePTION primary data source CDE includes 51 items covering administrative functions, the description of pregnancy, maternal medical history, maternal illnesses arising in pregnancy, delivery details, and pregnancy and infant outcomes. For each variable in the CDE, the DAPs identified whether their variables were: identical to the one mentioned in the CDE; derived; similar but with a divergent definition; or not available., Results: The majority of the DAP data variables were either directly taken (85%, n = 305/357, range 73-94% between DAPs) or derived by combining different variables (12%, n = 42/357, range 0-24% between DAPs) to conform to the CDE variables and definitions. For very few of the DAP variables, alignment with the CDE items was not possible, either because of divergent definitions (1%, n = 3/357, range 0-2% between DAPs) or because the variables were not available (2%, n = 7/357, range 0-4% between DAPs)., Conclusions: Data access providers participating in this study presented a very high proportion of variables matching the CDE items, indicating that alignment of definitions and harmonisation of data analysis by different stakeholders to accelerate and strengthen pregnancy pharmacovigilance safety data analyses could be feasible., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The pesticide acetochlor (ACT) is a chiral isomer commonly detected in the global environment, yet its specific impacts on liver function remain poorly understood. We utilized zebrafish and L02 cells as research models to comprehensively investigate how ACT and its chiral isomers affect the liver. Our investigations unveiled that the R, Rac, and S isomers of ACT disrupt hepatic lipid transport, catabolism, and synthesis, leading to delayed yolk sac absorption and the accumulation of lipids in zebrafish embryos. These isomers induce oxidative stress in the liver of zebrafish embryos, reducing antioxidant levels and enzyme activity. The accumulated lipids in the liver render it susceptible to oxidative stress, further exacerbating hepatocyte damage. Hepatocyte damage manifests as extensive vacuolization of liver cells and alterations in liver morphology, which are induced by R, Rac, and S. Furthermore, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underpinning the disturbance of hepatic lipid metabolism by R, Rac, and S in L02 cells. These compounds stimulate lipid synthesis through the upregulation of the AMPK/SREBP-1c/FAS pathway while inhibiting lipolysis via downregulation of the PPAR-α/CPT-1a pathway. Remarkably, our results highlight that S exhibits significantly higher hepatotoxicity in comparison to R. This study provides valuable insights into the hepatic effects of ACT chiral isomers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Excessive sulfite usage in food and pharmaceutical production causes respiratory and neurological diseases, underscoring the need for a sensitive and rapid quantification strategy. The portable sensing platform based on a luminescent hydrogel sensor is a powerful tool for the on-site, real-time detection of sulfite ions. However, the lack of recyclability in almost all reaction-based hydrogel sensors increases the application cost. This study constructed a reversible and upconversion nanoprobe combining upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and pararosaniline (PAR) for sulfite detection. The upconversion nanoprobe was further encapsulated in a three-dimensional polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix to create a background-free, reversible hydrogel sensor. The near-infrared excitation of UCNPs avoids the autofluorescence in the hydrogel and real samples. Meanwhile, PAR serves as a specific recognition unit for sulfite ions. After the addition of sulfites, a specific reaction occurs between PAR and sulfites, leading to the recovery of characteristic emission at 540 nm, achieving sensitive detection of sulfite ions. Importantly, this specific reaction is reversible under thermal treatment, allowing the hydrogel sensor to return to its initial state and thus enabling reversible detection of sulfite ions. Furthermore, a portable sensing platform is developed to realize point-of-care, real-time quantitative detection of sulfite ions. The proposed upconversion reversible hydrogel sensor provides a new sensing strategy for the detection of hazardous substances in food and offers new insights into the preparation of reversible, highly sensitive hydrogel sensors.

Excessive acetochlor residues present ecological and food safety challenges. Here, broiler chicks were exposed to varied acetochlor doses to first assess its effects on the gut. Subsequent dietary supplementation with omega-3 was used to assess its anti-contamination effects. Pathologically, acetochlor induced notable ileal lesions including inflammation, barrier disruption, tight junction loss, and cellular anomalies. Mechanistically, acetochlor stimulated the TNFα/TNFR1 and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, promoting RIPK1/RIPK3 complex formation, MLKL phosphorylation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Caspase-1 activation, and GSDMD shearing with inflammatory factor release. These mechanisms elucidate ileal cell death patterns essential for understanding chicken enteritis. Omega-3 supplementation showed promise in mitigating inflammation, though its precise counteractive role remains unclear. Our findings suggest early omega-3 intervention offered protective benefits against acetochlor's adverse intestinal effects, emphasizing its potential poultry health management role. Harnessing dietary interventions' therapeutic potential will be pivotal in ensuring sustainable poultry production and food safety despite persistent environmental contaminants., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Phagocytosis "offense" is a crucial process to protect the organism from diseases and the effects of foreign particles. Insects rely on the innate immune system and thus any hindrance to phagocytosis may greatly affect their resistance to diseases and response to pathogens. The European honeybee, a valuable species due to its economic and environmental contribution, is being challenged by colony collapse disorder leading to its decline. Exposure to multiple factors including pesticides like imidacloprid and amitraz may negatively alter their immune response and ultimately make them more susceptible to diseases. In this study, we compare the effect of different concentrations and mixtures of imidacloprid and amitraz with different concentrations of the immune stimulant, zymosan A. Results show that imidacloprid and amitraz have a synergistic negative effect on phagocytosis. The lowered phagocytosis induces significantly higher hemocyte viability suggesting a negatively correlated protective mechanism "defense" from pesticide-associated damage but may not be protective from pathogens., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there research was conducted in the absence of any conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Given the serious threat of acetochlor (ACT) to the aquatic ecological environment, designing wastewater treatment-oriented adsorbents for the sustainable remediation of actual ACT-contaminated water is a promising yet challenging strategy. Herein, a novel P-doped biochar (PBC-800) with a high adsorption capacity (51.34 mg g -1 ) and a rapid reaction rate (47.35 mg g -1 h -1 ) for ACT was prepared through pyrolyzing of rice straw biomass pre-impregnated with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ). Additionally, P-doped biochars synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures exhibited significant variations in ACT adsorption performance, which was mainly ascribed to the distinction between hydrophilicity and sp 2 conjugate C (I D /I G  = 0.84-1.08). The adsorption behavior of ACT on PBC-800 followed the Elovich kinetics and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the adsorption of ACT by PBC-800 was a spontaneously disordered decreasing exothermic process. Besides, PBC-800 exhibited a powerful anti-interference for ACT adsorption within complex water matrices, highlighting its potential for various of practical applications. Through characterization analysis and further experiments, it was proved that the excellent adsorption performance of PBC-800 on ACT was ascribed to a combination of physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms, including 57.5% pore filling, 23.4% hydrophobic interaction, 12.7% π-π interaction, and 6.4% hydrogen bonding. Moreover, PBC-800 exerted a prominent adhesion impact upon Gram-positive and negative bacteria at 3 h. This study offers a new idea for the utilization of agricultural residues and provides insights into the mechanism of ACT adsorption through its derived biochar., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Comparative effectiveness research using real-world data often involves pairwise propensity score matching to adjust for confounding bias. We show that corresponding treatment effect estimates may have limited external validity, and propose two visualization tools to clarify the target estimand. Materials & methods: We conduct a simulation study to demonstrate, with bivariate ellipses and joy plots, that differences in covariate distributions across treatment groups may affect the external validity of treatment effect estimates. We showcase how these visualization tools can facilitate the interpretation of target estimands in a case study comparing the effectiveness of teriflunomide (TERI), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and natalizumab (NAT) on manual dexterity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Results: In the simulation study, estimates of the treatment effect greatly differed depending on the target population. For example, when comparing treatment B with C, the estimated treatment effect (and respective standard error) varied from -0.27 (0.03) to -0.37 (0.04) in the type of patients initially receiving treatment B and C, respectively. Visualization of the matched samples revealed that covariate distributions vary for each comparison and cannot be used to target one common treatment effect for the three treatment comparisons. In the case study, the bivariate distribution of age and disease duration varied across the population of patients receiving TERI, DMF or NAT. Although results suggest that DMF and NAT improve manual dexterity at 1 year compared with TERI, the effectiveness of DMF versus NAT differs depending on which target estimand is used. Conclusion: Visualization tools may help to clarify the target population in comparative effectiveness studies and resolve ambiguity about the interpretation of estimated treatment effects.

The effect of the structure of promising antioxidant agents with prospective medical use, i.e., unsubstituted and para -substituted annelated triazinylacetic acid hydrazides, on their melting points, thermal stabilities, pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition stages and the type of volatiles emitted under heating with the use of DSC and TG/DTG/FTIR/QMS methods was evaluated and discussed. The melting point of the investigated compounds increased with an enhanced number of electrons (directly correlated with their molecular weight). Melting enthalpy values were determined and presented for all the studied compounds. The pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition processes of the analysed molecules consisted of several poorly separated stages, which indicated a multi-step course of the decomposition reactions. It was found that the thermal stability of the tested compounds depended on the type of substituent at the para position of the phenyl moiety or its absence. In both atmospheres used (air and helium), the thermal stability increased in relation to R as follows: -CH 3 ≤ -OCH 3 < -H < -OC 2 H 5 . In an inert atmosphere, it was higher by approx. 8-18 °C than in an oxidative atmosphere. The pyrolysis was connected with the emission of NH 3 , HCN, HNCO, HCONH 2 , HCHO, CO 2 , CO and H 2 O in the case of all the tested compounds, regardless of the substituent attached. In the case of the derivative containing the para -CH 3 group, para -toluidine was an additional emitted aromatic product. In turn, emissions of aniline and alcohol (methanol or ethanol) for compounds with the para -OCH 3 and para -OC 2 H 5 groups, respectively, were confirmed. In oxidative conditions, the release of NH 3 , NO, HCN, HNCO, HCONH 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O and cyanogen (for all the compounds) and para -toluidine (for the para -CH 3 derivative), aniline (for para -OCH 3 , para -OC 2 H 5 and unsubstituted derivatives) and acetaldehyde (for the para -OC 2 H 5 derivative) were clearly observed. No alcohol emissions were recorded for either compound containing the para -OCH 3 - or para -OC 2 H 5 -substitututed phenyl ring. These results confirmed that the pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition of the investigated annelated triazinylacetohydrazides occurred according to the radical mechanism. Moreover, in the presence of oxygen, the reactions of volatiles and residues with oxygen (oxidation) and the combustion process additionally proceeded.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an invasive species to Africa, and the endemic R. (B.) decoloratus are of high economic importance in the cattle industry. Invasion of the alien species in South Africa has mostly been reported for traditional communal grazing areas where it seemed to be rapid and, in some cases, even replaced the native species. The alien species is also assumed to already be resistant to acaricides upon invasion. The presence of R. (B.) microplus on commercial farms was therefore investigated and resistance screening of both species to field concentrations of cypermethrin, amitraz, and chlorfenvinphos was determined by means of the larval immersion test. Results showed that only 3.7% (of 383) tick collections submitted were R. (B.) microplus populations. A further 1.6% (of 383) showed co-existence of the two species. Comparing the level of resistance to the acaricides between the two species indicated a mean phenotypic resistance of 66.2 and 26.5% of R. (B.) decoloratus populations to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. This was significantly lower for R. (B.) microplus, with 23.0 and 4.1% of its populations resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. Closed commercial farming areas seemed to have a preventative advantage for the invasion of R. (B.) microplus and displacement of R. (B.) decoloratus by R. (B.) microplus. Regular monitoring of these two species may be of high importance to prevent unnecessary financial losses due to insufficient control and increased awareness of the threat of Asiatic babesiosis vectored by R. (B.) microplus., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Occupational exposure to aromatic amines (AAs) is an important risk factor for urinary bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of AAs and analyze the carcinogenic mechanisms in rat bladder by comprehensive analysis of DNA adducts (DNA adductome). DNA was extracted from the bladder epithelia of rats treated with AAs, including acetoacet- o -toluidine (AAOT) and o -toluidine (OTD), and adductome analysis was performed. Principal component analysis-discriminant analysis revealed that OTD and AAOT observed in urinary bladder hyperplasia could be clearly separated from the controls and other AAs. After confirming the intensity of each adduct, four adducts were screened as having characteristics of the OTD/AAOT treatment. Comparing with the in-house DNA adduct database, three of four candidates were identified as oxidative DNA adducts, including 8-OH-dG, based on mass fragmentation together with high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) spectrometry data. Therefore, findings suggested that oxidative stress may be involved in the toxicity of rat bladder epithelium exposed to AAs. Consequently, the administration of apocynin, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, in six-week-old rats fed with 0.6% OTD in their diet resulted in simple hyperplastic lesions in the bladder that were suppressed by apocynin. The labeling indices of Ki67, γ-H2AX, and 8-OHdG were significantly decreased in an apocynin concentration-dependent manner. These findings indicate that oxidative stress may have contributed to the development of urinary cancer induced by OTD.

Objective: The degree of substitution (DS) of HES describes the average proportion of substituted glucose molecules in a starch molecule. Although no quantitative studies of the in vivo behavior of the DS have been conducted so far, most pharmacokinetic studies to date have measured HES concentrations using the enzymatic method. This method assumes that at any point in time after an infusion, the DS in a serum remains constant and is identical to the DS in the infused solution. In the present study, we examined the changes in the DS of HES 130/0.42 in vivo in an animal model and compared two methods of measuring HES concentrations in plasma (the enzymatic and the o-Toluidine method)., Methodology: We randomized 22 pigs into 2 groups. After induction of anesthesia, the pigs received 500 ml or 1000 ml of HES 130/0.42 (Tetraspan®). The DS was measured directly after the infusion, then after 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. In determining the DS, the hydroxyethyl starch was extracted from the plasma and hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to form non-substituted glucose and hydroxyethyl glucose. Subsequently, the concentration of free unsubstituted glucose was determined enzymatically and the total concentration of all (i.e., substituted and unsubstituted) glucose molecules was determined using the o-Toluidine method. From this, the concentration of the substituted glucose (hydroxyethyl glucose) and the DS could be calculated. In addition, the HES concentration was measured first in vitro and then in vivo at any point after the infusion by both the enzymatic method and the o-Toluidine method., Results: The DS increased significantly directly after the infusion from 0.42 to 0.53 (for 500ml) or to 0.50 (for 1000ml); 4 hours later this had further increased to 0.55 and 0.54, respectively (p <0.0001). The HES concentration in vitro showed no significant difference (p = 0.17) when determined with the enzymatic and the o-Toluidine method. In contrast, the serum concentrations in vivo displayed significant differences (p<0.0001) between the two measurement methods. Immediately after the infusion of 500ml HES, the concentration measured with the o-Toluidine method was 31% higher than the one measured with the enzymatic method; 4 hours later, this discrepancy was still at 25%. For 1000 ml HES, the differences amounted to 16% and 25%, respectively., Conclusion: The DS of HES in vivo increases significantly over time. As a result, an HES concentration measured with the enzymatic method in vivo will be significantly lower than the same concentration determined with the o-Toluidine method. In future pharmacokinetic studies, HES concentrations should be measured using a method that takes into account changes in the DS in vivo., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Lukasewitz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)