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Formulation of the problem. The feasibility of the study is explained by the need for a clear understanding of socio-economic realities and problems of the occupied territories that arose on the eve of full-scale Russian aggression. This will contribute to the reconstruction and further development of the territory in the post-war period, taking into account the previous problems. The purpose of the article is to identify the state and spatial differences in the level of automobile transport accessibility of the territory of Zaporizhzhia region after the reform of the administrative-territorial system and on the eve of the Russian military aggression. Methods. The study used the topological methods of calculating the level of road transport accessibility of the region and its administrative districts, the comparative analysis of assessment results, and the methods of district typification according to the configuration of road networks. Results. The analysis of graphs and matrix of the shortest distances of the transport networks of Zaporizhzhia Region and its administrative districts as of 2021 was presented. It was revealed that the transport networks of Zaporizhzhia, Melitopol, and Pologiv districts belong to the monocentric radial type, while those of Berdiansk and Vasylivka districts have a cyclical appearance. Based on the calculations, an assessment and comparative analysis of the level of road transport accessibility of administrative units of the Zaporizhzhia region was carried out using topological methods with the determination of the following indicators: absolute accessibility index, Koenig number, Bavelash index, Beauchamp index and indicators of network connectivity (α-, β-, γ -indexes). The analysis of the graph of the transport and geographical position of district centers of the Zaporizhzhia region in terms of absolute and relative indicators testifies to a sufficiently rational configuration and connectivity of the road transport network. The best position in terms of accessibility on the territory of the region is occupied by the regional center of the city of Vasylivka. According to these indicators, the regional center occupies an intermediate position. The connectivity of community centers in the district transport networks of the region varies from low to medium level. The best indicators of connectivity are typical for Berdiansk district with a cyclic network configuration. The ways of improving the road transport accessibility of the territory of the administrative districts of the Zaporizhia region were proposed; they involve the improvement of the configuration of district transport networks and reconstruction of roads. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The assessments of the level of transport accessibility of new administrative districts of Zaporizhzhia region, by the topological methods, were determined; the ways of improving transport accessibility of administrative districts of the region in the post-war period were proposed. The obtained data can be used to optimize the territorial management of the region, to forecast its further development, to develop strategies for socio-economic development.

This article examines how the socio-economic conditions in Bukovyna influenced the formation and development of the railway network in the region. It explores whether these processes aligned with the global trends of the time. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, memoirs, and archival materials, it was found that the topic of the formation and functioning of the railway network in Bukovyna had not been systematically studied. It was revealed that the Austrian authorities, by turning Bukovyna into an internal colony of the Habsburg Empire, kept the region in the position of a raw material appendage and a market for the industry of the empire's central provinces. The tariff, customs, credit, and tax systems introduced by the imperial government supported this process, acting in the interests of Austro-Hungarian capital. The development of the railway network was aimed at ensuring the economic interests of the empire, which affected the socio-economic development of Bukovyna. In particular, the construction of railways improved the transport infrastructure, leading to increased trade and higher volumes of raw material and goods transportation. However, this development had a dual nature. On one hand, it promoted economic growth and modernization of the region, but on the other hand, it intensified Bukovyna's dependence on the central provinces of the empire, limiting its economic autonomy and the development of local industry. The article also analyzes the impact of railway construction on the social aspects of life in Bukovyna. The railway became an important factor in migration, contributing to urbanization and the growth of the working class. However, at the same time, social tensions increased due to the unequal distribution of economic benefits and the intensification of local population exploitation. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need for further research to fully understand the impact of railway development on Bukovyna in the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and to compare these processes with similar developments in other parts of the world.

The transportation network is the most important component of an urban infrastructure. The efficiency of a region’s transportation system can be understood by the effectiveness of its transport network arrangement. The current study employs Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess the structure of a transport network in various clusters of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Area (HMA). The study focuses on a thorough assessment of the transport (or) road network structure in terms of various criteria such as connectivity, accessibility, maturity, and development. The study also categorizes each Transport Network Structural Evaluation Criteria (TNSEC) level as “very low, low, medium, high, or very high”. The goal of this research is to create a Road Network Structural Performance Index (RNSPI), which is usually used to measure the efficiency of a study area’s transportation network structure. The study’s findings serve as a foundation for city transportation planners to put efforts in the planning to enhance network facilities in the study region. The study also investigates the utility of Arc GIS software in assessing the structure of an urban transport network.

The main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive and integrated methodology to enhance the resilience of transportation critical infrastructure (TCI), focusing on the interplay between geotechnical assets and the transport network. Societies are greatly dependent on transport infrastructure systems, and as the mobility of passengers and the transport of freight is continuously growing, a disruption due to natural or man-made hazards creates significant impacts and dysfunctionalities on their operation and necessitates response measures to minimize vulnerability and ensure continuous functionality and robustness through resilience. Therefore, resilience quantification allows the design of ad hoc operation action plans before, during, and after a disruption, considering the dynamics of societal, ecological, and technological (SET) environments. The current work focuses on resilience quantification methodologies for TCIs and on the influence of single geotechnical asset (i.e., slope failure) resilience capacity on the overall system (i.e., national road network) resilience. Two case studies of unexpected transport network disruptions that took place in Greece are presented, and resilience metrics and performance indicators are applied to quantify the influence of the recovery stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a cost-efficient solution for the routing network associated with the management of supplier-customer distribution systems. The main objective is to determine the minimum cost path in a transportation network affected by various incidents, either critical and/or non-critical. Based on the supplier and customer demands and the evaluated transport costs, the corresponding solution was computed by using Dijkstra’s algorithm. The novelty of the proposed solution lies in the possibility to continuously adjust transport costs per road segments, even eliminate some road segments, and to re-generate a new optimal solution in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing reasonable commercial transportation space is of great significance to enhancing the overall value of commerce. This study takes the classic cases of three typical plans of commercial wholesale centres (CWCs) as the research object, uses space syntax to analyse the connectivity of the architecture of the traffic space, simulates the current situation of the pedestrian flow distribution through ArcGIS, and constructs a multiple regression model for the association between connectivity and pedestrian flow distribution. The results of this study show that for CWCs with a single business type and a focus on traffic efficiency, the distribution of the pedestrian flow is most affected by the main entrance and the vertical traffic distribution. For different types of planes, when the commercial traffic space has strong symmetry, its group relationship is more concise. While a uniform form is more conducive to achieving a balanced distribution of commercial traffic, the asymmetry of the plan layout helps to establish a psycho-spatial map for the visitors. In addition, the commercial value of the first floor is greatly influenced by the layout of the building entrance, and the commercial value of the second floor is greatly influenced by the location of the vertical transportation. In conclusion, when commercial building development planning is in the stage of traffic flow design, the use of space connectivity traffic data can assist in the selection of construction plans and predict the distribution of the economic value in CWCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the problem of military transport in the European area is being debated by the leaders of security-generating organizations. The Trans-European Transport Network, although developed for transporting civilian goods and personnel, can be a solution for moving military troops, equipment, and materials in Europe. This article aims to highlight the extent to which the existing corridors on the trans-European transport network correspond to the military transport network and the solutions that could simplify the process of civil-military use of the already existing network. At the same time, the authors intend to correlate the existing elements with those necessary to ensure military mobility in the European area, through the methods of documentary and comparative analysis.

The main objective of this work is to present a comprehensive and integrated methodology to enhance the resilience of transportation critical infrastructure (TCI), focusing on the interplay between geotechnical assets and the transport network. Societies are greatly dependent on transport infrastructure systems, and as the mobility of passengers and the transport of freight is continuously growing, a disruption due to natural or man-made hazards creates significant impacts and dysfunctionalities on their operation and necessitates response measures to minimize vulnerability and ensure continuous functionality and robustness through resilience. Therefore, resilience quantification allows the design of ad hoc operation action plans before, during, and after a disruption, considering the dynamics of societal, ecological, and technological (SET) environments. The current work focuses on resilience quantification methodologies for TCIs and on the influence of single geotechnical asset (i.e., slope failure) resilience capacity on the overall system (i.e., national road network) resilience. Two case studies of unexpected transport network disruptions that took place in Greece are presented, and resilience metrics and performance indicators are applied to quantify the influence of the recovery stage.

Early detection of hitchhiking pests requires the identification of strategic introduction points via transport. We propose a framework for achieving this in Europe using the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) as a case study. Human-mediated spread has been responsible for its introduction into several continents over the last century, including a recent introduction in continental Europe, where it is now listed as a priority pest. Furthermore, recent interceptions far from the infested area confirm the risk of unintentional transport within continental Europe. Here, we analysed how three modes of transport - air, rail and road - connect the infested area to the rest of Europe. We ranked all European regions from most to least reachable from the infested area. We identified border regions and distant major cities that are readily reachable and observed differences between modes. We propose a composite reachability index combining the three transport modes, which provides a valuable tool for designing a continental surveillance strategy and prioritising highly reachable regions, as demonstrated by recent interceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of large economies is one of the most important challenges in today's world. As the world strives to create a greener and more efficient future, it becomes necessary to accurately analyze and forecast freight volumes. By developing a reliable freight transportation forecasting model, the authors will be able to gain valuable insights into the trends and patterns that determine the development of economic systems. This will enable informed decisions on resource allocation, infrastructure development, and environmental impact mitigation. Such a model takes into account various factors such as market demand, logistical capabilities, fuel consumption, and emissions. Understanding these dynamics allows us to optimize supply chains, reduce waste, minimize our carbon footprint, and, ultimately, create more sustainable economic systems. The ability to accurately forecast freight volumes not only benefits businesses by enabling better planning and cost optimization but also contributes to the overall sustainable development goals of society. It can identify opportunities to shift to more sustainable modes of transportation, such as rail or water, and reduce dependence on carbon-intensive modes, such as road or air. In conclusion, the development and implementation of a robust freight forecasting model is critical to the sustainability of large-scale economic systems. Thus, by utilizing data and making informed decisions based on these forecasts, it is possible to work toward a more sustainable future for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires, demonstrating that our capacity to respond to them is insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider wildfire management policies, practices, and decision-support tools, extending beyond emergency measures. This study presents the extension of a GIS-based methodology for fire analysis, providing decision-making support for the implementation of new fire-related policies for road transportation infrastructure. It represents a novel contribution that facilitates the transition towards proactive wildfire policies. The framework is demonstrated to support informed decision-making, addressing both reactive actions, i.e., emergency response, and the evaluation of proactive adaptation measures at a system level. The results suggest that landscape management policies can play an important role in improving the resilience of road networks to wildfires.

Designing reasonable commercial transportation space is of great significance to enhancing the overall value of commerce. This study takes the classic cases of three typical plans of commercial wholesale centres (CWCs) as the research object, uses space syntax to analyse the connectivity of the architecture of the traffic space, simulates the current situation of the pedestrian flow distribution through ArcGIS, and constructs a multiple regression model for the association between connectivity and pedestrian flow distribution. The results of this study show that for CWCs with a single business type and a focus on traffic efficiency, the distribution of the pedestrian flow is most affected by the main entrance and the vertical traffic distribution. For different types of planes, when the commercial traffic space has strong symmetry, its group relationship is more concise. While a uniform form is more conducive to achieving a balanced distribution of commercial traffic, the asymmetry of the plan layout helps to establish a psycho-spatial map for the visitors. In addition, the commercial value of the first floor is greatly influenced by the layout of the building entrance, and the commercial value of the second floor is greatly influenced by the location of the vertical transportation. In conclusion, when commercial building development planning is in the stage of traffic flow design, the use of space connectivity traffic data can assist in the selection of construction plans and predict the distribution of the economic value in CWCs.

In Poland, systemic transformation, social changes and integration with European Union structures all instilled major change in the country's system of spatial planning. This encompassed the general framework, the adopted procedures, the range of entities involved, and the sources and forms by which large new infrastructural developments attracted funding. This article seeks to offer an overview of the evolution in post-1989 Poland of transport infrastructure planning. Various aspects to the development of this infrastructure are explored, while the roles of factors of a political nature are assessed, also in connection with the related issue of new legislation developing and changing approaches to the investment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sofia is the largest city in Bulgaria and continues to grow. From 2011 to 2021, its population increased by 9.8%. Fifteen years ago it had a monocentric structure, or to put it another way, most jobs, commercial space, cultural and social institutions were in the city centеr. As the population increased, the situation changed and the city acquired a polycentric structure with separate centers in all areas of the city. The transformation into a polycentric area also leads to the need for adaption of the route network to the needs of the growing population. The main task of urban passenger transport is delivery of rapid transport between two or more regional centers. In order to function at its best, any transport network needs to meet the conditions for a short journey and the overall transport service needs to be of the highest quality. In the 18th and 19th centuries, models for monocentric cities were developed to explain their economic organization. Cities subsequently evolved from monocentric to polycentric with multiple regional centers. The forces of agglomeration and dispersion determined the emergence of the polycentric city. Climate change, demography and the challenges of globalization also influence the development of cities. The main objective of the study is to develop a methodology to optimize Sofia's future transportation network needed for the growing number of people living in the city. Currently, Sofia's network is designed as a loose structure. In the optimization methodology, certain steps are followed in a specific order to obtain the desired result. The programs used for this type of optimization consist of four consecutive steps and the constraints are the required number. Although in the reorganization of the routing network, their minimization should also be aimed at. Problem formulation is important for the development of the optimization model. The result with the least constraints will always be chosen. In order to adopt a particular course of action, data must be selected and processed to obtain optimal results, which must also be analyzed. The standard four-stage models work with an origin-destination matrix (O-D matrix). It will show us the number of trips people want to make. The peak hour data is mainly used to test the model. The data used in the optimization program must be in a format suitable for the program. In models of this type, blocks of travel flows are used to determine only those routes that meet certain criteria. And from an economic point of view it is important to achieve a balance between the ticket price and the shortest vehicle travel time, and this is a linear combination. The result of optimizing the route network in any major city should be the best service for the growing number of public transport journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of cargoes transportation scheduling in the transport network represented by an undirected multigraph is considered. Transportations between vertices are provided at predefined time intervals. The iterative algorithm to search for a solution approximate to the optimal one by criterion value is proposed in the problem under consideration. The algorithm is constructed on the base of solutions of mixed integer linear programming problems. The applicability of the algorithm is tested by the example with more than 90 million binary variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude oil transportation is a vital component of the global energy supply, and the global Crude Oil Maritime Transportation Network (COMTN) plays a crucial role as a carrier for crude oil transportation. Once the network faces attacks that result in the failure of certain routes, a severe threat is posed to the crude oil supply security of importing countries. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the reliability of the COMTN. This study proposes a model for evaluating the reliability of the imported COMTN by analyzing the impact of node failures. Firstly, the network is constructed using complex networks (CNs) theory, with ports, canals, and straits as nodes, and shipping routes as directed edges. Secondly, based on the Weighted Leader Rank algorithm, a comprehensive evaluation metric for CNs is established, and a node importance assessment model is developed to rank the nodes accordingly. Thirdly, a case study is conducted using China's imported COMTN as an example, evaluating the connectivity reliability (CR) under random and deliberate attack scenarios. Finally, measures and recommendations are provided to enhance the CR of China's imported COMTN. The findings indicate that deliberate attacks pose a greater threat, and reliability varies across maritime routes, with the Americas route exhibiting higher reliability compared to the Middle East and Southeast Asia routes. The results of this study can provide relevant recommendations for policy makers. The model proposed in this study can also be applied to other countries and regions to assess the connectivity reliability of their local COMTNs and develop appropriate measures for the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new mathematical model of transportation along the transport network represented by an undirected multigraph is formulated. A new criterion for the optimality of cargo carriages schedule is proposed. The criterion in addition to the time characteristics of transportation includes their cost, the number of undelivered cargoes. The problem to find the optimal schedule is formulated as a problem of mixed integer linear programming. Various variants of the algorithm for searching for an approximate solution to the problem are proposed. Informative examples are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study conducted in the Town of Šiauliai with a population of 100 thousand, located in the Republic of Lithuania, where the market economy has been operating for 32 years and which is a member of the European Union for 20 years. In the town, the share of commuting travels by car is significantly higher than by public transport. Since the availability of the public transport network is identified in scientific publications as one of the many criteria for choosing public transport, it was decided to conduct a study and check to what extent the availability of the public transport network determines the choice to travel by bus or car. The research hypothesizes that residents who live in neighbourhoods with worse access to bus routes and stops choose more cars than those who live in neighbourhoods with better access to public transport. The results of the study showed that residents choose to travel by bus or car regardless of the availability of the route network. It was found that the origin–destination pairs and relative proportions of those commuting to work match both those traveling by car and by bus. The results of this study may not necessarily be the same in Western European cities or towns. The main limitation of this article is that the trip matrices were compiled from population survey data, as statistical information on origin–destination pairs in Town of Šiauliai is not regularly collected.

This article presents a study conducted in the Town of Šiauliai with a population of 100 thousand, located in the Republic of Lithuania, where the market economy has been operating for 32 years and which is a member of the European Union for 20 years. In the town, the share of commuting travels by car is significantly higher than by public transport. Since the availability of the public transport network is identified in scientific publications as one of the many criteria for choosing public transport, it was decided to conduct a study and check to what extent the availability of the public transport network determines the choice to travel by bus or car. The research hypothesizes that residents who live in neighbourhoods with worse access to bus routes and stops choose more cars than those who live in neighbourhoods with better access to public transport. The results of the study showed that residents choose to travel by bus or car regardless of the availability of the route network. It was found that the origin-destination pairs and relative proportions of those commuting to work match both those traveling by car and by bus. The results of this study may not necessarily be the same in Western European cities or towns. The main limitation of this article is that the trip matrices were compiled from population survey data, as statistical information on origin-destination pairs in Town of Šiauliai is not regularly collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide services on the All-Photonics Network, which handles traffic with much higher capacity and lower latency than what is currently possible, it is necessary to further improve the quality management of a carrier network. This article describes two technologies being developed at NTT Network Innovation Center. One is the Network Information Collection and Analysis Platform Technology for efficiently collecting traffic-flow statistical information, telemetry, and communication delay for network operation. The other is the Network Control Platform Technology for automating and optimizing network operation and network control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visitors abroad come on an inbound tourism (IT) trip. Travelling beyond one's usual surroundings for no more than a year in one go, or no less than tourist culture is considered inbound tourism. A network called adaptive neural networks (ANN) is used in dynamic tourism situations. Many methods are used to make neural networks flexible: weight adjustment, changes in neuronal characteristics, and changes in the network's structural composition. One of the biggest problems is that cultural clashes lead to many different places, which strain the transportation system. IT-ANN tools and technologies are discussed in this study, including the possibilities of visitor time and space-relationship data. As a result, inbound tourism doesn't have to rely on weekend domestic travel because individuals who go on holiday overseas tend to return year after year. Finally, the neural network is equipped with a prediction model of travellers' spatial and temporal distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of urbanization and the evolution of urban network systems, multimodal urban transport network (MUTN) systems play a vital role in improving network effects and operational efficiency. However, urban transport networks are easily affected by natural disasters and traffic incidents, which can lead to significant human and economic losses. Accordingly, it is vital to be able to assess the resilience of transport networks in the face of various disruptions. This study, therefore, utilizes complex network theory to analyze the resilience of multimodal urban transport networks, with the resilience accessed based on topological indices. The MUTN in Beijing is selected as a case study for simulation analysis. Based on the road network and subway network, a model MUTN is established, and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate random attacks. The results show that the MUTN in Beijing has good resilience against disruptions. This study guides the evaluation of the overall resilience of multimodal urban transport networks and will be useful for transportation planners and decision-makers in dealing with emergencies and natural disasters in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land change and transportation infrastructure development often interact and collectively lead to significant socioeconomic and biophysical impacts. Here, we performed a systematic review to identify how urban land change modeling studies account for transportation infrastructure. We found that less than one-fifth of urban land modeling studies explicitly incorporated a transportation component. Of these, most incorporated transportation based on relatively simple distance-based variables. Despite the recognized influence of transportation on urban growth, only a few studies attempted to capture the dynamic interaction between the two. We present a conceptual modeling framework and argue for a renewed focus on capturing the dynamic interaction between urban land change and transportation development in modeling studies. Such focus is essential to develop a well-informed understanding of the implications for urban forms and landscapes of the wide-ranging changes in transportation systems that accompany rapid urbanization around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We all know how important transportation is nowadays - from one street to another, from one city to another, from one county to another, from one region to another, from one country to another, from one continent to another and this list can go on with examples. The question we ask ourselves is: Can we find a better way? A better solution? A more accurate way? A more efficient, faster route to travel? All things take more or less time. All journeys matter. Whether you're going for a walk, on a trip, stuck in traffic on your way to work, have a small business and want to save money on bills, or you are one of the world's biggest entrepreneurs, for all of us, every second matters. That is why our transport, or our things, goods and so on, must be as efficient, accurate, correctly planned as possible, but at the same time safe. Nowadays, when everything is in a very accelerated continuous evolution, the efficiency and speed of achieving our goals are very important. There is a lot of emphasis on as little wasted time as possible and as many successes as possible. The expected productivity can only be achieved if all transport features are worked out with great care. Every little detail must be considered, mathematically, computationally, logically and chronologically, so that the overall result is the best, the most suitable, the most efficient for our problem. This work aims to study some examples of transport networks, following their advantages and limitations, and looks for all kinds of solutions, ideas to improve and optimize their costs. We tested two existing applications on some large datasets (Section 2 and Section 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to growing economy, investment, abundant labour force and tourism industry, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is becoming increasingly attractive to other parts of the world. ASEAN has a vast logistics system that contributes to the overall potential for development. The article examines key factors in the development of the ASEAN logistics system, the trends in the formation and ways of the effective development of logistics processes in the modern era of digitalization are revealed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that during a pandemic, digital technologies can contribute to the successful development of business in the logistics industry for ASEAN. In this regard, there is a need to focus the ASEAN region on automating the management of logistics processes, introducing and improving IT products, as well as on the needs of consumers and improving the quality of services provided.

ABSTRACTUrban land change and transportation infrastructure development often interact and collectively lead to significant socioeconomic and biophysical impacts. Here, we performed a systematic review to identify how urban land change modeling studies account for transportation infrastructure. We found that less than one-fifth of urban land modeling studies explicitly incorporated a transportation component. Of these, most incorporated transportation based on relatively simple distance-based variables. Despite the recognized influence of transportation on urban growth, only a few studies attempted to capture the dynamic interaction between the two. We present a conceptual modeling framework and argue for a renewed focus on capturing the dynamic interaction between urban land change and transportation development in modeling studies. Such focus is essential to develop a well-informed understanding of the implications for urban forms and landscapes of the wide-ranging changes in transportation systems that accompany rapid urbanization around the world.

In static temporal networks, the Earliest Arrival Time (EAT) problem is to calculate the earliest possible time of arrival at a set of vertices from a given source vertex. Applications of the EAT problem include designing efficient evacuation planning in dynamic scenarios, optimal journey planning in transport networks, and optimal flow management in supply chains. There exist several solutions for the EAT problem in the literature, however, there is limited work on GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) based solutions to leverage the capabilities of the high throughput accelerator for better performance. Further, there is also a need for more efficient methods to process the inherent earliest arrival dependencies in a transport network. In this paper, we propose a suite of five incremental (GPU) algorithms for the one-to-all Earliest Arrival Time problem in public transport networks. The Selective-check-version is the most optimized approach and hence, the key algorithm. It uses an edge coloring based approach to trace the time-respectingness of paths and processing the in-edges in a sorted order based on their arrival times. Its key characteristic is that it is very fast for the best-case networks where all temporal paths are time-respecting. For the Selective-check version, we observed an average speedup of 6.45 against the Serial Connection-scan algorithm and 2.77 w.r.t. the Edge-version algorithm.

Coordination of cytoplasmic flows on large scales in space and time are at the root of many cellular processes, including growth, migration or division. These flows are driven by organized contractions of the actomyosin cortex. In order to elucidate the basic mechanisms at work in the self-organization of contractile activity, we investigate the dynamic patterns of cortex contraction in true slime mold Physarum polycephalum confined in ring-shaped chambers of controlled geometrical dimensions. We make an exhaustive inventory of the different stable contractile patterns in the absence of migration and growth. We show that the primary frequency of the oscillations is independent of the ring perimeter, while the wavelength scales linearly with it. We discuss the consistence of these results with the existing models, shedding light on the possible feedback mechanisms leading to coordinated contractile activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few decades, the occurrence and severity of disasters have been increasing. This study empirically explores factors affecting road disruption patterns and the duration of road recovery based on the road network disruption and recovery record in Hiroshima, Japan, over the last 19 years, using (1) a binary logit model to identify factors affecting the disruption probability of each road link, and (2) a survival model to identify the factors affecting the recovery duration. We divided the factors into social and natural factors, where the former might be easier for policy makers to control. Results show that not only natural factors, but also social factors, particularly who manages the road, significantly affect both the probability of road disruptions and road recovery duration. This implies that the ability and available resources that each road manager has firstly affects the quality of the road, which in turn affects the probability of it being disrupted, and secondly affects the quickness of taking recovery actions. This points to potential avenues for improving coordination across cities, prefectures, and national road managers in managing roads during disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, computational intelligence has been used to solve optimisation problems. An innovative direction in the development of artificial intelligence methods is multiagent methods of intellectual optimisation, which simulate the collective behaviour of insects, animals and other living beings. It indicates the effectiveness of their behaviour, and hence the effectiveness of these methods, and the ability to be involved in solving applied problems. This article is devoted to the study of the development of road transport networks using the metaheuristic ant method of optimisation based on a number of data. The initial data were geospatial layers of information on slope steepness, engineering structures, forests, perennials, land development and hydrographic objects. The parameters of the behaviour of the studied method under different conditions and volumes of input geospatial data are experimentally established. The Max–Min method of multiagent optimisation is modified. The proposed modification takes into account the functional distance – the coefficient of the complexity of the route, which affects its length. This modification had an effective influence on the behaviour of ants and the choice of optimal routes, taking into account the terrain as one of the factors. The result of the advancement is an informational system, which is capable of formulating flexible options for passing optimal alternative routes between specified settlements.

Crude oil transportation is a vital component of the global energy supply, and the global Crude Oil Maritime Transportation Network (COMTN) plays a crucial role as a carrier for crude oil transportation. Once the network faces attacks that result in the failure of certain routes, a severe threat is posed to the crude oil supply security of importing countries. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the reliability of the COMTN. This study proposes a model for evaluating the reliability of the imported COMTN by analyzing the impact of node failures. Firstly, the network is constructed using complex networks (CNs) theory, with ports, canals, and straits as nodes, and shipping routes as directed edges. Secondly, based on the Weighted Leader Rank algorithm, a comprehensive evaluation metric for CNs is established, and a node importance assessment model is developed to rank the nodes accordingly. Thirdly, a case study is conducted using China’s imported COMTN as an example, evaluating the connectivity reliability (CR) under random and deliberate attack scenarios. Finally, measures and recommendations are provided to enhance the CR of China’s imported COMTN. The findings indicate that deliberate attacks pose a greater threat, and reliability varies across maritime routes, with the Americas route exhibiting higher reliability compared to the Middle East and Southeast Asia routes. The results of this study can provide relevant recommendations for policy makers. The model proposed in this study can also be applied to other countries and regions to assess the connectivity reliability of their local COMTNs and develop appropriate measures for the results.

The paper focuses on the fuel transport optimization network for the Total Erg Oil Company to the distribution points sited in a zone near Rome, in Italy. The numerical method is based on a capacitated vehicle itinerary issue for time intervals, considering various heuristic procedures. The fixed and time-dependent travel times are considered. Compared to the standard operational costs, a multivariable objective function is developed that considers: (1) the risk associated with an incidental event involving a fuel tank; (2) that not all the roads are suitable for heavy vehicles transporting fuel products. These two additional terms permit to better quantify the costs for the operator, since it is assumed that roads with higher number of accidents or with not suitable infrastructure conditions have also higher probability of making the fuel tank experiences at least a delay during the day. Results show that a proper vehicle routes design on our multivariable objective function allows economizing about 40 km daily respect to a benchmark. The fuel company can also consider the itinerary design, modifying the weights used with the aim to comprise the additional variables with respect to the standard operational costs, thus assuring a higher safety route planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines a type of rapid pore-filling event in multiphase flow through permeable media that is better known as Haines Jump. While existing microfluidic experiments on Haines Jump mostly seek to maintain quasi-steady states through very low bulk flow rates over long periods of time, this work explores the combined use of a highly structured microscale transport network, high-speed fluorescent microscopy, displacement front segmentation algorithms, and a tracking algorithm to build evolution graphs that track displacement fronts as they evolve through high-speed video recording. The resulting evolution graph allows the segmentation of a high-speed recording in both space and time, potentially facilitating topology-cognitive computation on the transport network. Occurrences of Haines Jump are identified in the microfluidic displacement experiments and their significance in bulk flow rates is qualitatively analyzed. The bulk flow rate has little effect on the significance of Haines Jump during merging and splitting, but large bulk flow rates may obscure small bursts at the narrowest part of the throat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the problem of planning dynamic flows on capacitated transport networks. The main contribution of this study is to compare planning approaches that adopt similar routing and scheduling strategies with different levels of decentralization and investigate the impact of this difference on their computational efficiency. We compare the computational performance of two recent hybrid approaches, one centralized and the other decentralized, for routing and scheduling multi-commodity flows on capacitated transport networks using five performance and computational measures for twelve case problems. The numerical results of the performance and computational metrics for each case problem are recorded and analyzed. The main findings of this study are that solving each network flow case problem in the desterilized environment provides the same minimum flow times for all objects from their source nodes to predetermined terminal nodes with a significant decrease in the model size parameters and memory usage required by the solver, and increase in the number of sub-problems solved by the solver. All case problems reveal the same computational trade-offs, and that raises the credibility of the study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of reservoirs has a major impact on the floodplain landscape, and their existence also affects land use in the hinterland. The aim of this article is to evaluate the influence of artificial lakes on changes in landscape use and transport networks; in this context, an assessment is provided of the significance of this anthropogenic activity as one of the drivers of landscape change. Old topographic maps and archival aerial photographs are used to analyze changes in the use of landscape and road networks, and these materials are complemented with the latest geographic data in digital form. Utilizing geographic information systems, we assessed the landscape changes and processes in the hinterland of those Czech Republic reservoirs that have an area of 100 ha or more. The results of the research show that landscape change processes are more intensive in the hinterland of the lakes than in the surrounding landscape. The predominant utility function of a reservoir emerged as a key factor in landscape use changes and ongoing processes. A different landscape use scenario can be observed in drinking water reservoirs, especially regarding the leisure and irrigation functions that dominate elsewhere. After the completion of reservoirs, the road and railway networks had an impact on, above all, the connection of the nearest villages in the hinterland of the lakes. The information that we found can be employed in projecting future changes in land use and road networks at newly planned dams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating the flow of water in district heating networks requires numerical methods which are independent of the CFL condition. We develop a high order scheme for networks of advection equations allowing large time steps. With the MOOD technique, unphysical oscillations of nonsmooth solutions are avoided. In numerical tests, the applicability to real networks is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to review the socio-political and economic preconditions of creation and beginning of operation of main railways in Bukovina. The analysis of scientific and memoir literature, recollections, review of archival sources allowed establishing the fact that the problem of formation and beginning of operation of the network of railways in Bukovina of the Austro-Hungarian period was not a subject of systematic and integral investigation. It was shown that the idea of building railways in Bukovina was also in the political and socio-economic interests of Austria in the south-eastern region of Europe because by laying railways, the imperial government provided itself with a favourable strategic position in the region. Based on the results of the study, it was established that with the construction of the Lviv-Chernivtsi-Iași railway, railway communications came to first place in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in terms of material, technical, defense and economic potential.

This study presents a methodology to assess transport network resilience to urban flooding. The proposed methodology is developed based on the centrality measures and graph theory. The study utilises Open-Source GIS tools to compute betweenness and closeness centrality values. The case study was carried out in Greater Colombo - Sri Lanka, with reference to three significant urban flooding events in 2010, 2016, and 2017. The study assessed the resilience of road network in terms of topological impacts and accessibility changes. The results revealed three key findings. First, over 60% of road network revealed a significant change in its topological structural coherence during each flooding event. This was particularly pronounced in vehicular movements relative to pedestrian movements. Second, the study revealed a redundant depreciation of the transport accessibility as it shifted from city centre to peripheral areas creating temporary accessibility hotpots in the periphery. Third, a significant drawback of the resilience of road network was identified in terms of the deviation from the shortest path, increasing the travel time and trip length. In overall, the study concluded that the proposed methodology can be utilised as a planning and designing tool to assess road network`s resilience devising precautionary measures to mitigate disaster risk.

Congestion in large and growing cities is a significant issue that harms the economy, travelers, and the ecosystem. Forecasting the degree of congestion on a road network in advance can help to avoid it and boost the network's capacity and performance. Despite its importance, however, traffic congestion prediction is not a popular topic among researchers and traffic engineers. It's because there aren't enough effective computational traffic forecast techniques or high-quality citywide traffic data. In the existing works, there are several Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are developed for the prediction of traffic congestion in the transport networks. Yet, it facing the problems and challenges relevant to the following parameters: ineffective data handling, prediction error, high time for training and testing operations. Therefore, the proposed work aims to implement a novel AI model for accurately forecasting the traffic congestion in the transportation networks. Here, the Cascaded Transition Recurrent Feature Network (CTRFN) technique is used to extract the best and useful features related to congestion from the traffic dataset. After that, the Paramount Transfer Learning Network (PTLN) model is deployed to predict the traffic congestion based on the extracted features. During this process, the Coherent Lizard Search Optimization (CLSO) algorithm is used to compute the weight factor for constructing the covariance matrix, which supports to obtain the reduced prediction error outputs. Moreover, the congestion prediction performance of the proposed model is validated and compared by using different measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global commitment to the Paris Agreement has triggered the development of national hydrogen strategies and roadmaps in numerous countries. For seamless execution of a hydrogen strategy, the model employed in roadmap optimization must consider intricate operational details. This study offers a comprehensive multi-period model for hydrogen supply chain (HSC) expansion planning, spanning production to distribution. The model optimizes facility timing, location, type, and capacity while considering efficient operational strategies. Hydrogen, sourced diversely, anchors the supply chain, supported by precise calculations for road-based transport and pipelines. Storage facilities adapt to supply sources and transportation methods, addressing supply-demand fluctuations and transport interruptions. Hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) are optimized for efficient urban distribution. Analyzing South Korea's HSC in this model reveals a shift towards green hydrogen in later stages, initially relying on refineries and imports. Investments transition from pipelines to liquid (LH 2) and gaseous (GH 2) hydrogen trucks in the early phases, eventually incorporating NH 3 tanker trucks. The model predicts a decreasing levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), reaching $3.89/kg through HSC expansion planning. The model predicts a decreasing LCOH, reaching $3.89/kg through strategic HSC expansion. Transportation costs, playing a significant role in the final LCOH, are crucial for South Korea to achieve its target of 3000 KRW/kg. These results offer valuable insights for nations advancing hydrogen initiatives, providing a detailed cost breakdown model to guide policy planning and achieve HSC and LCOH objectives effectively. Also, the study showcases Korea's adeptness in transitioning to a hydrogen-based economy. • Comprehensive integration for hydrogen supply chain planning. • Efficiently precise operation framework for hydrogen planning. • Advancement in sustainable hydrogen distribution. • Insights for global energy transition towards hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convenient transport network enables people to travel quickly and frequently across regions, but it also brings serious challenges to the emergency management of infectious diseases. This work extends the classical SEIR model by incorporating trans-regional population movements and contact infections during travel. It also includes cross-regional population testing and treatment measures to curb the spread of infectious diseases across regions. According to these characteristics, a Net-SEIHR model is established and its diffusion properties are deduced. Further, the cooperative allocation problem of limited detection resources and its control strategy are discussed. Numerical experiments show that the control measures can reduce the speed of trans-regional transmission of infectious diseases and the peak of treatment. In the case of limited testing resources, it is necessary to strengthen the detection of people in the inflow regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a comparative analysis of the known methods for reducing open transportation problems to a balanced form in order to further optimize freight traffic based on them. A series of significant shortcomings have been revealed that largely narrow the scope of their application. A new method has been proposed, termed the method of proportional redistribution of cargo transportation volumes among participants in the transportation process, devoid of the identified shortcomings. The transportation problem is a special case of the general linear programming problem, to which one of the methods for solving it, namely the simplex one, can be applied. A procedure to construct a simplex table based on the data from the transport table has been described, as well as the algorithm of subsequent simplex transformations. A transportation problem is often stated in the form of a map of the location of transport hubs of cargo dispatch and destination. A matrix­network model has been proposed, which makes it possible to reduce the network representation to a matrix form with the subsequent finding of the optimal plan for cargo transportation. In order to identify the priority of methods for reducing open transportation problems to a balan ced form, 100 transportation problems that are unbalanced in terms of the volume of cargo transportation were solved. That was done with the help of a designed decision support system for the management of freight transport. As a criterion, the best freight transportation plan was chosen. As a result, the simplex method proved the best in 48 cases, the coefficient method – in 27, the dummy node method – in 16, and the difference method – in 9 cases. The use of a decision support system for the management of freight transport has increased its efficiency by an average of 25 % [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transport infrastructures (TIs) play a central role in an urban society that faces more and more disasters. TIs, part of critical infrastructures (CIs), are highly correlated with urban disaster management in terms of their resilience when cities are facing a crisis or disaster. According to many studies, indicator assessment has been frequently used for the resilience management of CIs in recent decades. Defining and characterizing indicators can be useful for disaster managers as it could help monitor and improve the capacities and performance of TIs. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is (1) to identify and summarize the existing indicators of TIs resilience from the currently available literature, and (2) to discuss the possible future studies of the resilience indicator of TIs. The first results indicated that there are some barriers to identify indicators following the common search method through keywords. Additionally, the indicators found are mainly related to technical information, the disruption stage, and internal TIs. Finally, due to the complexity of indicator assessment, sub-indicators and indicator spatialization are widely used in the resilience assessment of urban TIs studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. For a given values set of extensive transport network sections lengths an exact method has been developed for finding optimal routes. The method provides an approximate solution when the initial data - are random variables with known distribution laws, as well as if these data are not clearly specified. Fora special case with a normal distribution of the numerical characteristics of the network, solution is brought to the final results. Method. An exact method of deterministic routing is proposed, which gives an approximate solution in case of random initial data. The method is extended to the case when the initial data are described in theory of fuzzy sets terms. The problem of stability assessing of solutions to problems of control the theory under conditions of uncertainty of initial data is considered. Results. A method of optimal routes finding is proposed when the initial data are deterministic or random variables with known distribution densities. A particular case of a probabilistic - theoretical description of the initial data is considered when can be obtained a simple solution of problem. Proposed method for obtaining an approximate solution in the general case for arbitrary distribution densities of random initial data. The situation is common when the initial data are not clearly defined. A simple computational procedure proposed for obtaining a solution. A method for stability assessing of solutions to control problems adopted under conditions of uncertainty in the initial data, is considered.

In urban planning and design, a holistic perspective is needed to examine multiple potential scenarios in future developing plans. Access (or accessibility) is a concept that measures the performance of a city in terms of how easily residents can reach their desired activities. The land use pattern and the transport network configuration are the two critical elements of spatial access measures. This study investigates whether access-oriented design can improve accessibility outcomes, and disentangles access benefits from network design and land use patterns. A generic superblock with two types of street network design is defined, and populated with two different land use allocation strategies. Local access is measured from transit stops. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis at a larger scale, the Liverpool LGA in Sydney is selected, and different combinations of land use pattern and network topology are tested. Results indicate that the land use pattern plays a vital role in the local access; however, the network configuration significantly impacts the access at the regional scale. The application of access-oriented designs in future urban growth is discussed.

In recent years and within the framework of its project "Algiers the metropolis", Algiers has classified its transport network among its first concerns in order to compete with the other Mediterranean metropolises. However, the complexity of its territory, which is of a particular geological and geomorphological nature, represents a constraint for the proper distribution and management of its transport network. The complexity of its territory and of its transport network, leads us towards the systemic approach for the search of an adequacy between these two complex urban realities in order to find an effective and efficient tool of management and urban planning. The development of a set of indicators of sustainable mobility, as a result of this work, allowed us to find through an epistemological study of the literature on the two complex concepts to select and develop a list of Input and Output Indicators that are related to both territory and transport. Indeed, this list of sustainable mobility indicators will allow, on the one hand, in urban planning, a better match of the transport network to the Algerian territory and, on the other hand, the study of the effectiveness and efficiency of the present and future transport network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The backhaul networks for the 5G networks consist of different links that handle massive heterogeneous traffic. Fulfilling the QoS requirement of users to comply with the growth and increasing revenue is a challenge for the service providers. We address QoS parameters like bandwidth and delay for the user’s transport network. We use Software-Defined Networking and solve this problem. We have added a component Flowlet based Multiple Constraint Optimal Paths (MCOP) for packet forwarding by taking input as QoS requirements and creating a logical network in backhaul transport networks when needed for the elephant traffic. Due to security reasons, the transport network cannot access L7 to identify the application type. We have added an application identification component to detect the traffic type. We use an experimental platform using mininet and OpenFlow. Our proposed algorithm has higher QoS performance than the conventional method after the primary link exhaust capacity. It takes around 20 to 30 packets to learn the traffic type up to L6 parameters. Our approach identifies 73.10% of traffic type. The multipath usage helps improve revenue growth by assuring the dynamic allocation of the resources to the customer for elephant flow with the required QoS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of the network structure amounts to structuring an optimal configuration among several by modeling it with a graph that admits nodes and edges. The determination of the optimal graph is to determine the optimal connection of the system by which its conventional cost is minimal. This article discusses the optimization of the transport network structure using ant colony method.

The article provides a brief description of the digital integrated transportation support environment. The methods of choosing the base route in the formation of transport networks in the conditions of the formation of a digital integrated environment are presented. It is shown that the means of solving the problem of optimization of transport networks is a developed modeling complex, which consists of a set of models with the necessary degree of detail. The paper presents a functional diagram and a brief description of the complex. The complex functions taking into account the replenishment, improvement and updating of models, allow you to combine different types of models and use the necessary of them when solving specific problems of transport network optimization. The modeling complex allows to significantly simplify the optimization of transportation networks. On the basis of the proposed mathematical apparatus, the software of an automated system has been developed, which is designed to function in a digital integrated environment, a brief theoretical description of which is given.