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The present study attempts to theorize the phenomenon of empowerment of marginalized women in the context of social enterprises involved in sustainable business practices. To extract the deeper meaning of empowerment of such women, an inductive process using Gioia's method was employed by interviewing 13 marginalized women working in the social enterprise 'Phool'. The venture is involved in recycling sacred floral waste into incense sticks, organic fertilizers, and other sustainable packaging solutions. The findings of the study were built on the Social Identity Theory, which emphasizes the fundamental need to be a part of social groups. Our findings suggest that for marginalized women, empowerment manifests in dignity and honour, economic sovereignty and social admittance and embracement. The study contributes to the extant literature on women's empowerment by intersecting with the phenomenon of marginalization in the context of social enterprise and explains how marginalized women experience empowerment at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case study highlights a young girl's journey to realize her dream of becoming a social entrepreneur and working towards creating social impact. Her social enterprise, Organiko-Beautifying Life, was built on the ethos of mobilizing marginalized communities of donkey herders and providing ayurvedic skin care products made from donkey's milk. Her efforts were met with several challenges as social enterprises work with limited resources, unlike traditional enterprises. They have to balance their mission objectives and money; only the social impact created gives credibility to their enterprise. Thus, an organized and systematic effort is critical for the success of the community mobilization effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discuses the survival of startup, Sleepy Owl Coffee during the coronavirus 19 pandemic. It is reported that Sleepy Owl Coffee during the pandemic were determined to cater to the coffee cravings of work from home workforce and aimed at overpowering the instant coffee longings. It is further reported that the company from its inception made effective use of digital marketing tools and social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to advertise its products.

To investigate the relationship between vitreomacular traction (VMT) width, foveal floor width (FFW) and other anatomical characteristics between eyes of patients with VMT. Retrospective observational study of unilateral and bilateral VMT cases from two specialist ophthalmic centres in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2016 and 2018. For unilateral VMT cases: VMT width in the affected eye and FFW in the non‐affected fellow eye were measured. In bilateral VMT cases: VMT width in both eyes was measured. In all cases, the presence of any associated inner or outer retinal, and vitreoretinal interface (VRI) changes, including epiretinal membrane, was also documented. 88 patients fulfilled the study criteria: 57 having unilateral and 31 bilateral VMT. For unilateral VMT cases, log (VMT) width was significantly correlated with FFW (r = 0.347, p = 0.008). Using stepwise linear regression, FFW (p = 0.004) and VRI changes (p = 0.03) were both significantly associated with VMT width with a R2 of 0.21. In bilateral VMT cases, there was strong positive correlation between log (VMT) width (r = 0.88, p < 0.001), and the presence of any VRI (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) or outer retinal changes (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) between the two eyes. These findings suggest that individual variations in foveal morphology as measured by the FFW, along with the presence of vitreoretinal interface changes, are associated with the extent of VMT width. VMT width, VRI and outer retinal changes were also highly correlated between eyes in bilateral VMT, suggesting that individual patient factors, which may be genetic or acquired, determine their presence and extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case highlights how once a market leader went from glory to decline because of its averseness to change in the dynamic competitive environment. It also emphasises the importance of innovation, flexibility and constant upgradation for sustainability. It talks about constant improvement upon one's core competencies. The case restates the ideas and theories of Dr. C.K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel that core competencies are not permanent and stagnant, and they need to be acquired, refined, developed and evolved to sustain the competitive advantage. The case further highlights the dynamic nature of the market, and how various forces both internal (to the organisation) and external may overthrow the throne of seemingly big players and how the small players can give them a run for the share. The case can be analyzed through various strategic management frameworks such as PESTEL analysis, TOWS analysis and Porter's Five Forces Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mulvihill-Smith syndrome is a rare progeroid syndrome of sporadic nature. Previously reported ophthalmological findings include astigmatism, myopia, endothelial dystrophy, keratoconus, cataract, band keratopathy, meibomian gland dysfunction, dry eye disease, amblyopia, and allergic conjunctivitis. Materials and methods: The proband, a 25-year-old male subject diagnosed with Mulvihill-Smith syndrome in childhood developed retinal changes with onset of adulthood. The retinal changes were monitored for progression with fundus photography, electrodiagnostic tests, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: The fundus examination revealed grossly normal looking retina with dull foveal reflex. The optical coherence tomography scan of the retina revealed diffuse thickening, schisis, and folding of retinal layers in both eyes. The structural changes in retina were progressive with wrinkling of inner retinal layers and loss of foveal contour as observed over 3 years. The electrodiagnostic tests revealed normal photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial interface. Conclusions: This is the first report of retinal features in Mulvihill-Smith syndrome. These ocular changes coincided with other systemic changes with the onset of adulthood. These changes may indicate the natural history of retinal features in this progeria syndrome with short life span. The detailed analysis and progression of structural changes in retina is possible with optical coherence tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The association of CKD-related complications such as anemia and mineral and bone disorders (MBD) with HRQoL in pre-dialysis patients is not well-studied. As such, this study aimed to determine the association of anemia and MBD with HRQoL in pre-dialysis patients.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 311 adult pre-dialysis patients with stage 3-5 CKD from an acute-care hospital in Singapore. Patients' HRQoL were assessed using Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF™) and EuroQol 5 Dimensions-3 levels (EQ5D-3L). HRQoL between patients with and without anemia or MBD were compared by separate hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses using various HRQoL scales as dependent variables, adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial variables.Results: After adjusting for MBD, anemia was associated with lower HRQoL scores on work status (WS), physical functioning (PF) and role physical [β (SE): -10.9 (4.18), p = 0.010; -3.0 (1.28), p = 0.018; and -4.2 (1.40), p = 0.003, respectively]. However, significance was lost after adjustments for sociodemographic variables. Patients with MBD had poorer HRQoL with respect to burden of kidney disease, WS, PF and general health [(β (SE): -7.9 (3.88), p = 0.042; -9.5 (3.99), p = 0.018; -3.0 (1.22) p = 0.014; -3.6 (1.48), p = 0.015, respectively]. Although these remained significant after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, significance was lost after adjusting for clinical variables, particularly pill burden. This is of clinical importance due to the high pill burden of CKD patients, especially from medications for the management of multiple comorbidities such as cardiovascular and mineral and bone diseases.Conclusions: Neither anemia nor MBD was associated with HRQoL in our pre-dialysis patients. Instead, higher total daily pill burden was associated with worse HRQoL. Medication reconciliation should therefore be routinely performed by clinicians and pharmacists to reduce total daily pill burden where possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Snake bite to the eye is a rare event. Most cases reported in the literature are due to boa constrictor bites. This is a rare case of snake bite from a common adder (Vipera berus) to the ocular adnexa along with a retained intraorbital tooth. Method: A 57-year-old man presented with a history of being bitten by an adder in the left eye upper lid 12 days previously while bending down to pick up a log at his farm. He developed a firm, tender lump in the medial part of his left upper eyelid. Result: A CT scan revealed an extraconal curved calcific dense foreign body, about 5 mm in length consistent with adder's tooth in the superomedial part of left orbit. Conclusion: There are few reports of adder bites on face, ear and neck. We report a rare case of adder bite on eyelid along with retained intraorbital fangs and its clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loa loa (commonly known as the 'African eye worm') is a nematode commonly found in areas in and around the rainforests and swamps of Western and Central Africa. In recent years, due to an increase in international travel and migration various 'exotic' tropical diseases are being reported all over the world especially in Europe and North America. So far there have been no recent cases reported from the UK. This case report highlights one such case of Loa loa diagnosed recently in the UK. These filarial diseases should be considered in patients who present with unusual ocular or systemic symptoms if they have migrated or travelled from endemic areas in the recent past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a group of rare multisystemic genetic syndromes that affects ectodermal structures such as skin, hair, nails, teeth and sweat glands. The authors present a case of a child with ocular and dermatological signs of HED along with severe involvement of other multiple organ systems. The family history could be traced to four generations and there was an observed trend of increase in severity of signs and symptoms occurring at younger age. The purpose of this case report is to create awareness in ophthalmic community of its diagnosis and clinical manifestations. This case highlights the role of multidisciplinary approach for management of systemic disease, genetic evaluation of affected individuals and carriers and genetic counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the outcomes of revision surgery for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes that have failed to close after primary surgery, and also to assess factors predicting success and to review the relative effect of adjunctive surgical techniques., Methods: A multicenter retrospective study. Anatomical closure rates and visual acuity change between pre and postrevision surgery were assessed. Hole size, age, symptom duration, surgical interval, and reduced hole size were analyzed as predictive factors for success. Effectiveness of adjunctive surgical techniques was reviewed., Results: Seventy-seven eyes were included in the study. Anatomical closure was achieved in 71% (55/77) cases. There was a median gain of 11 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Score letters in all holes and 14 letters in closed holes. Full-thickness macular holes that increased in size by more than 10% following primary surgery had a closure rate of 50% compared with 80% in holes that reduced by 10% or stayed the same (P = 0.015). Increasing hole size is associated with a modest reduction in odds of closure (odds ratio = 0.99; P = 0.04). Surgical interval <2 months is not associated with better outcomes compared with >2 months (P = 0.14)., Conclusion: Revision surgery for full-thickness macular holes that have failed to close after primary surgery is associated with high closure rates and significant visual gains.