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European interest rates movements are affected by various internal and external factors. This paper studies the link between European and American short- and long-term interest rates. In particular, we consider the forward interest rates coming from euro and dollar IRS term structures. The econometric techniques employed are co-integration, Granger-causality, OLS and GMM. Our results indicate that European remote settlement forward and long-term interest rates are primarily driven by US rates and confirm that the causality acts mainly from the US to the Eurozone. This was true even during the recent periods of European Central Bank quantitative easing. These factors weaken the ECB’s ability to intervene. In fact, we found the impact of American monetary policy on long-term interest rates to be also relevant for European bonds.

As one of the largest world's economies, China’s economy plays an important role at regional and global levels. In this context, with the fast opening steps of the Chinese economy to international markets, the Chinese Central Bank (PBC or PBOC) has adjusted its mechanisms to the needs of local and international economies. Chinese monetary policy is designed to keep prices and economic growth stable and to ensure the country’s economic development. The Chinese Central Bank has a significant influence over Chinese interest rates, interbank rates, and changes in liquidity and credit. The main goal of this research paper is to describe the role of the Chinese Central Bank in delivering Chinese monetary policy and its changes over the past few years. Our research paper is dedicated to verifying how the Chinese Central Bank's press releases are useful indicators for the future trend of market interest rates after constructing a numerical index representative of expansive or restrictive net signals contained in any of the PBC Communications examined. An empirical analysis over Chinese Monetary Policy Communications (Reports) is included in this research paper, presenting how the Central Bank of China is implementing its monetary policy in order to influence the development of its economic growth through its market interest rates, liquidity and credit movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business fluctuations are associated with business cycles but are not implying the regularity. We consider that the lobbying activities can influence the periods of economic recession and expansion from business fluctuations. The role of lobbying is to affect the decisions made by officials in the government or international corporations and agencies or organizations. In this paper we describe the structure of lobbying practice in European Union, Canada and United States of America and the characteristics of business fluctuations. Specifically, this paper looks at the lobbying activities evolution in European Union, Canada and United States of America and also at a potential relationship between lobbying and business fluctuations, from periods of boom to periods of recession.

Significant changes of national and global events require adequate responses not just from governments, but as well from the educational areas. The end of the Cold War in 1990, followed by the Economic Crisis of 2007-2008, and the Pandemic Crisis of 2020 were global challenges that increased the importance of geoeconomic field and the need to study Geoeconomics nowadays as an interdisciplinary subject, as a discipline that exercises crucial roles internationally, requiring learners to study it in a meaningful context. In the future, present learners of Geoeconomics will work for countries that will use their strategic positions to access resources and promote their economic interests. They will analyze different interconnections between geography and economics that are transforming the world and promoting a global demand for labour force flexibility. They will be workers that will migrate and study to find their place and role in this evolving geoconomic system. In the present dynamic geoeconomic context, the field of education remains the key to prepare future generations to use a critical thinking approach when deciding how to apply internationally geoeconomic knowledge and skills. This research paper presents different aspects of Geoeconomics as a discipline and shows several steps that can be followed in order to teach and learn an interdisciplinary subject in a meaningful context, using an inclusive education and a cooperative learning approach. In fact, this research paper contains several authentic activities that can be used in the process of teaching and learning Geoeconomics, online or offline, and, more broadly, evaluates the needs of students and the role of lecturers in the process of international education, showing as well different techniques that can be used to prevent plagiarism. This research paper also includes an analysis of the process of meaningful teaching, its features, and the challenges that students can have with studying interdisciplinary subjects within the Social Sciences area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages connect people with their roots, providing the opportunity to learn and teach, to express feelings and hopes. When learning one's native language, people are imprinted with a permanent identity connected not only to history but also to the future development of society. The Romanian language was born in a Dacian space, with a Latin influence, and Slavic, Greek, and other particularities, especially concerning words that came from different domains. The Romanian language is very rich in old expressions that cannot be translated into other languages and has its own associated letters like ș, î, ţ, ă, ȃ. For example, in Romanian, "Romania" is called Romȃnia and it includes the Romanian letter ȃ. Although other languages, like English or German have "sh" written in English or "sch" written in German and pronounced as Romanian letter "ș", the letter "ș" is present just in Romanian alphabet and comes from the Latin letter "s" with a comma bellow. This paper includes a general description of the evolution of the Romanian language as a Romance language, and analyzes its Dacian influences and its development. This work also describes the oldest traditions concerning the Dacian people and their spiritual symbol, Zalmoxis. Traditionally, the Romanian language has been used by people to share stories or fairy tales. The Latin and Dacian languages have played an important role in the formation of Romanian. Therefore, when analyzing Romanian, a description of the Dacian and Latin influences on the formation of this language, that have provided a rich cultural influence, is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic diplomacy is known as a symbol of the European Union and represents its primary function. With the development of science and new ways of communication, the European Union can organize a new approach for its economic diplomacy. The main advantage of the European Union as a soft power is that its economic and diplomatic interests are represented in a manner that is based not on confrontation but economic collaboration with other states. The disadvantage is that this domain is presently not used enough to represent EU interests. This paper describes economic diplomacy in general and the economic diplomacy of the EU in particular. Divided into three parts, the goal of this study is to outline the importance of economic diplomacy, its evolution, the influence of this domain on the creation of previous economic treaties, and its possible future impact on the development of new agreements between the European Union and its neighbour countries. The main methodology used is descriptive, presenting the evolution of this field and the new business strategies that can be used to improve cooperation at the eastern border of the European Union. Therefore here are presented the historical background of EU Economic diplomacy, its present issues and future challenges. The quantitative data used in this research paper are based on information from the EU website and on the actual events concerning debates about economic diplomacy and its future. The research questions presented herein follow the general evolution of this domain and its mutual influence with EU's businesses strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with the 20th century, lobby activities started to be developed and today the influence of the lobbying is used by nearly every group that has an important place at the international level. In this paper we describe the evolution of the concept of lobby at the international level and how this activity can influence European decision-makers. We consider that every citizen has the right to know how public decisions are designed, which interests are behind the allocation of resources, in which manner are expenses organized at central level and which are the techniques of influence. In this paper we explain how lobby activities help to analyse and design the decisions that affect the general interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resources management represents the management of a company's workforce. Human resources is not just a simple resource, it is also an important investment for companies. At the international level, communication in the management of human resources is more important because attraction, selection and training is not just for the regional level and needs to be adapted to international standards. We are trying to investigate in the first part of our research the character of organizational communication, based on human resources and to explain the strategies that can be used in organizational communication nowadays. In the second part of our research we analyze the content of successful organizational communication at the international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important analysis of the parameters of global competitiveness, in shipping industry, shows that there is a series of issues that can be reviewed and interpreted on the basis of new models. One of the models based on which we could analyze economic competitiveness is the transformational leadership in this industry. Attributes of a competitive economy can be found in the selection of methods which determines the performance in a company and in a nation, as in training employers in a framework of cooperation. Through this study we intend to analyze the manner in which the global economic competitiveness in shipping industry is influenced by transformational leadership in this industry. We will try to make a comparison between different ways of analyzing economic competitiveness to what extent the transformational leadership is involved here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]