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This article presents a project of methodologically applying and conceptually adjusting Goffman's frame analysis to studying visual social life: what is going on, and how, in the abundance of visual scenes that we increasingly navigate through in our everyday lives. Visual frame analysis is a methodological approach that addresses images as a part of the world people need to make sense of and proposes tools to address different sets of visual situations. Two examples from previous research illustrate this methodological suggestion: one analyzing dominant and secondary frames of gender representations in the covers of periodical magazines, and another analyzing keyings of visual politicization in activist website images. Finally, the article discusses further possibilities of applying such an analysis, e.g., combined with AI based tools, to the abundance of image flows on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the relevance of graphs of functions, we consider their inclusion in primary education from the functional approach to early algebra. The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the students' production and reading of graphs when they solved generalization problems from a functional thinking approach. We aim to explore how 3rd and 4th graders construct graphs associated to functions and what elements they use; and how they read function associated graphs and whether they connect pairs of values to see beyond the data. After four working sessions about functions, we designed and implemented individual interviews to 12 students. Through a qualitative analysis, we highlight that the students can read data in a graph on two different cognitive levels and also construct it from different elements of the graph initially provided. Regarding data reading, we evidence two levels: (a) literal reading of a given element in the graph, and (b) reading beyond the data. The construction of the graph is described with base on the axes, values and labels on the axes, scale of the axes, and construction techniques. We present examples of students' work that evidence that graph construction varied depending on whether it was created from a blank sheet or it was necessary to provide help regarding the axes or the scale of the graph. We describe several techniques used by the students in the representation of data that yield non-canonical representations of a graph and that help glimpse how students are interpreting this representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Visual culture products are not neutral objects. It can be argued that visual culture products are indicative of power relations, and that these relations are more pronounced during periods of social change and upheaval. Understanding visual cultural products beyond the confines of their frames, evaluating these images within contexts, and looking beyond the images are necessary both to conduct a profound analysis of artistic production and to reveal the dynamics of social power relations. Throughout mainstream art history, it is evident that people of colour have been represented with stereotyped identities distinct from those of whites. Western visual regimes reproduce existing inequalities and stratifications in society through racialized images. Casta paintings crystallize this perspective, depicting the process of racial mixing among the three main groups living in Mexico, which was part of the Spanish colony in the 18th century. Casta paintings narrate the ways in which a racialized society is expressed in visual culture. This study focuses on the exhibition Casta: The Origins of Caste to examine how social stratification and race are visualized in works of art. ÖZ: Görsel kültür ürünlerini nötr nesneler değildir. Görsel kültür ürünlerinin güç ilişkilerinin bir göstergesi olduğu ve bu ilişkilerin toplumsal değişim ve kırılma dönemlerinde daha belirgin hale geldiği söylenebilir. Görsel kültür ürünlerini içinde bulunduğu çerçeve ile sınırlı tutmadan anlamaya çalışmak, bu görüntüleri bağlamlarla değerlendirmek, görüntülerin ötesine bakmak hem sanatsal üretimin derinlikli analizini yapmak hem de toplumsal güç ilişkilerinin dinamiklerini ortaya çıkarmak için gereklidir. Ana akım sanat tarihinin her döneminde beyaz olmayanların beyazlardan farklı olarak klişeleştirilmiş kimliklerle temsil edildiği görülür. Batılı görsel rejimler ırksallaştırılmış görüntüler aracılığıyla toplumda var olan eşitsizlikleri ve tabakalaşmayı yeniden üretirler. Casta resimleri bu bakış açısının kristalize olduğu bir resim türüdür. 18. yüzyılda İspanyol kolonisine dahil olan Meksika’da yaşayan üç ana grup arasındaki ırk karışım sürecini tasvir eden Casta resimleri, ırksallaştırılmış bir toplumun görsel kültürde ifade edilme biçimlerini anlatır. Bu çalışma Casta: The Origins of Caste sergisine odaklanarak toplumsal tabakalaşma ve ırkın sanat eserlerinde nasıl görselleştirildiğini incelemektedir.

The growing importance of 3D animations in current teaching approaches becomes increasingly apparent, offering an effective way to visualize complex spatial concepts and processes in geography learning through outstanding visual representation and details. However, the effects of detail richness and text load of 3D animation on learning about processes remain unclear. Addressing this research gap, the present study adopts a quasi-experimental design involving four classes (n = 106) in the context of a geography lesson and evaluates four conditions in a 2 × 2 between-subjects design consisting of detail richness (high vs. low) and text load (high vs. low). The lessons on the rotation and revolution of the Earth were delivered by the same instructor across all conditions. Knowledge acquisition, cognitive load, learning experience, and emotions of students were measured. The results revealed that students were significantly better able to acquire knowledge immediately when exposed to the high detailed visuals but low text load condition. Low detail richness and high text load independently resulted in increased cognitive load. We also observed a significant effect of detail richness on the dimensions of pleasure and arousal, with higher levels of details associated with larger values in these dimensions. This research suggests that when the learning objective necessitates the engagement of mental imagery, incorporating detailed visuals can facilitate learning. The findings contribute to our understanding of how detailed imagery is linked to learning objectives about processes and expand our knowledge regarding the design of detail richness and text of 3D animation in the context of geography learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to highlight the role that Clément Baloup's comics, Vietnamese Memories: Leaving Saigon (Volume 1) and Vietnamese Memories: Little Saigon (Volume 2), play in the creation of an alternate archive that validates the forgotten tales and the memories of a neglected past. These texts provide an alternate form of remembrance by materialising the past in the form of images. The two volumes present the unheard experiences of the Vietnamese diaspora that Baloup recorded during his travels to the different parts of France and the U.S. Such experiences bring to the forefront memories that are otherwise kept at the margins or suppressed by the dominant discourse. If not recorded, they will be lost forever. The counter-memory, thus, calls for a reassessment of the idea of a singular past that denies the marginalised memories. It claims representation and restoration in the cultural memory. As works of postmemory, these texts form a link between the past and the present through mediation and give memorability to unremembered accounts. The memories are illustrated, and hence, visual representation becomes important to the task of postmemory here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study investigated students’ engagement with feedback processes in tasks of comparing fractions using visual representations. The research had two main goals. First, it used automated analysis based on student responses to explore the diversity of work methods deployed by students in completing the tasks. Second, it investigated students’ metacognitive actions as they interacted with visual representations, examining how these actions shaped their work methods. We analyzed student responses to track metacognitive actions, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating. The investigation helped explain the feedback process the students used as they engaged with the tasks and visual representations. Data were collected from 75 students aged 12–13 years. The findings provide insight into students’ effective engagement with feedback generated by an automated formative assessment platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual culture products are not neutral objects. It can be argued that visual culture products are indicative of power relations, and that these relations are more pronounced during periods of social change and upheaval. Understanding visual cultural products beyond the confines of their frames, evaluating these images within contexts, and looking beyond the images are necessary both to conduct a profound analysis of artistic production and to reveal the dynamics of social power relations. Throughout mainstream art history, it is evident that people of colour have been represented with stereotyped identities distinct from those of whites. Western visual regimes reproduce existing inequalities and stratifications in society through racialized images. Casta paintings crystallize this perspective, depicting the process of racial mixing among the three main groups living in Mexico, which was part of the Spanish colony in the 18th century. Casta paintings narrate the ways in which a racialized society is expressed in visual culture. This study focuses on the exhibition Casta: The Origins of Caste to examine how social stratification and race are visualized in works of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance modeling plays a pivotal role in both object detection and visual tracking applications, making it a focal point for researchers due to its profound impact on real-world scenarios. It typically comprises components such as visual target representation and online learning update modeling. In this study, we embark on a comprehensive examination of generative online learning models, providing an in-depth review of existing methods with a detailed exploration of their strengths and weaknesses. The overarching objective of this research is to offer an extensive analysis of approaches grounded in generative online learning. Furthermore, we conduct a critical assessment that not only highlights the pros and cons of established techniques but also culminates in an evaluation and performance comparison to discern the most effective generative online learning method for the task of appearance modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines theological aspects of a particular group of illuminated Renaissance manuscripts, known as “Chronicles in Pictures”. Miniatures in this codex group, stored in different museums, private collections and libraries date back to the lost “Uomini famosi” mural in Giordano Orsini’s palace in Rome (1432, attributed to Masolino da Panicale). Following the fresco cycle of Sala Theatri, the world history was represented through images of “famous people” from different times. This collection of figures formed a distinctive view of a “universal chronicle”. The article explores characteristic features of the Crespi Chronicle, the Cockerell Chronicle and their later copies, and focuses on the construction of the narratives and on the characterization of individual images. Particular attention is paid to textual sources of the tradition to present universal history as a realization of God’s plan of salvation. The visual narrative begins with a symbolic representation of the creation of the world through the symbols of four primary elements, then traces the periodization of history into Six Ages, widely used in the imagery of the manuscripts. The paper further discusses some peculiar interpretations of biblical imagery, including figures of saints and church fathers. A special place in the artistic language of “Chronicles in Pictures” was occupied by attributes and gestures, which helped viewers to appreciate main semantic lines and contexts of the narrative. Желание осмыслить историю как общий процесс, объединяющий судьбы различных народов, отражено во множестве различных по содержанию, способу повествования и объёму текстов от поздней Античности и раннего Средневековья до эпохи Возрождения. Общей для создания западноевропейских «универсальных хроник» стала провиденциальная концепция бытия человечества как истории его спасения Творцом. Своеобразным способом визуализации частной версии всемирной истории, показанной в образах, стали манускрипты «Хроник в картинах», история которых началась с копирования в миниатюрах изображений фрескового цикла, созданного ок. 1432 г. в римском дворце кардинала Джордано Орсини. Статья посвящена анализу теологической основы программы «истории в лицах», включавшей свыше 300 фигур. В тексте уделено внимание принятой в изображениях манускриптов концепции разделения истории на шесть эпох, особенностям выбора и трактовки ветхозаветных и евангельских образов, фигур святых и деятелей Церкви. Иконографические особенности изображения ключевых для христианской картины мира фигур рассматриваются на примерах рисунков «Хроники Креспи» и близких ей памятников.

The article analyses the visual representation of the historical city in digital media as one of the leading ways of urban identity. The author shows that the connection of the image with the city, which is a territorial carrier of visual and symbolic information, and with city digital representation is established and coordinated with the help of an intermediary – digital media, including social networks. On the example of Veliky Novgorod, it is investigated how the image of the city in the media environment shapes the idea of the real urban space for most Internet users. The article identifies the main elements of urban space that emphasize Veliky Novgorod’s status as a historical city: cultural-historical and natural landscape. The visual representation of the historic city emphasizes the uniqueness of a place and expresses local identity, which allows one to distinguish a certain urban space in the endless flow of visual data. At the same time, the author notes that digital media do not display the entire urban space, but only the part that is recorded and then actively disseminated by Internet users. Such incompleteness of the visual representation of the historical city provokes the emergence of socio-cultural distortions: the reproduction of basic visual patterns works to form a stereotypical image that does not reflect the heterogeneity of the real urban environment.

: Gender inequality remains a prevalent issue in countries such as Indonesia in many communication and social media. One such medium is EFL textbooks. This qualitative study aimed to investigate how visual gender representation in EFL textbooks and describe social factors contributing to the patterns of the representation. The data for this study were human images in three EFL textbooks for senior high school students in Indonesia published by the Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia. Coding and classifying were the methods of data collection. Three dimensions of discourse— description, interpretation, and explanation—were used as the framework for the data analysis. The current study reveals that females and males are visually represented symmetrically, yet the stereotyping of males and females remains prevalent. Women’s movement might be the backgrounding of the depiction of the two genders in a symmetrical position. However, subtle conventional gender stereotypes are also portrayed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the visual representation of the refugee child in digital news media in Cyprus at two historical moments of significant immigration rise in Europe as a result of violent conflict: the period of May 2015-2016 and February 2022-2023. The analysis showed that refugee children were portrayed in ways which led to their de/humanization. However, differences in the language, themes, and visual grammar applied gave way to the emergence of a hierarchy of refugee child subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance variations are a challenging issue in visual tracking systems. Typically, appearance modeling is used to deal with the challenge of representing and detecting objects in these systems. Appearance modeling is generally structured of parts such as visual target representation and online learning update modeling. Various online learning methods have been proposed to perform the task of object representation and update the model. The discriminative online learning model, as the main focus of the study, is investigated in this paper. Correspondingly, describe current procedures fully, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks. This study aims to give in-depth research into methodologies based on discriminative online learning. A critical review of current approaches' benefits and drawbacks is covered. The finding of this research is investigation of discriminative online learning methods for appearance modeling in visual tracking systems. It provides a comprehensive analysis of current approaches, evaluating their benefits and drawbacks, and comparing their performance to identify the most effective approach for addressing appearance variations in object tracking. The approaches are evaluated, and performance comparisons are made to identify the most effective approach to discriminative online learning for appearance modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual tracking in aerial videos refers to the process of automatically tracking an object of interest in a video captured from an aerial platform such as a drone or aircraft. One of the key challenges in visual tracking is dealing with appearance variations caused by changes in illumination, viewpoint, occlusion, and background clutter. While there have been some review papers in the literature that have reviewed previous studies on visual tracking in aerial videos, there is still a need for a comprehensive review of existing methods. This paper presents a comprehensive study of existing methods and previous studies on visual target tracking. The visual tracking framework consists of four modules: target region extraction, visual target representation, statistical measuring, and target motion representation and localization. The main contributions of this study is to review the current achievements, highlight the weaknesses and advantages of various existing methods in each module, and address current research issues and challenging tasks in each module. The literature review focuses on articles published in highly cited, peer-reviewed journals, with particular emphasis on high-quality techniques. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of visual tracking methods. The findings of this paper address the advantages and disadvantages of existing visual tracking methods, challenges, and potential solutions on visual representation and appearance modeling methods. Finally, the visual tracking methods are investigated on aerial videos, and their highlighted points are addressed to guide future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a two-semester advanced research methodology course, five PhD students completed three sketches—beginning, middle, and end of course—to represent how they were thinking and feeling about themselves as doctoral students as they progressed through their first year. They also wrote reflections to complement the sketches and shared their sketches in class. At the end of the course, the students co-led a study with their two instructors to examine their learnings and understandings gained from sketching. The students wrote individual narratives about their experiences and the instructors wrote narratives about how sketching was part of their pedagogical thinking. The analysis revealed seven student themes, including positive outcomes and challenges associated with sketching. One positive outcome was that students felt empowered as the sketches gave them the opportunity to reflect back on their progress, both cognitively and emotionally, over their first year of doctoral studies. Sketching itself was a challenge for some, but all felt that it was a powerful experience. Sketching provided the instructors with insights they might not have gotten through words alone, enhancing their sense of teaching and learning, and gave them valuable information to support the students.

Visual representations are essential to scientific research and teaching, playing a role in conceptual understanding, knowledge generation, and the communication of discovery and change. Undergraduate students are expected to interpret, use, and create visual representations so they can make their thinking explicit when engaging in discourse with the scientific community. Despite the importance of visualization in the biosciences, students often learn visualization skills in an ad hoc fashion without a clear framework. We used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory study design to explore and assess the pedagogical needs of undergraduate biology students (n = 53), instructors (n = 13), and teaching assistants (n = 8) in visual science communication education. Key themes were identified using inductive grounded theory methods. We found that extrinsic motivations, namely time, financial resources, and grading practices, contribute to a lack of guidance, support, and structure as well as ambiguous expectations and standards perceived by students and instructors. Biology and science visualization instructors cite visual communication assessments as a way of developing and evaluating students' higher-order thinking skills in addition to their communication competencies. An output of this research, the development of a learning module, the Visual Science Communication Toolkit, is discussed along with design considerations for developing resources for visual science communication education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of self-image is part of being human. Human communication with the surrounding enviroment can occur in various ways. A specific kind of communication is the visual self-image. It is a specific kind of communication characteristic for visual arts and also for a group of young adult participants. This paper, on the theoretical and research levels, focuses on the presentation of young adults' self-image in their visual representations. The aim of the research was to explore self-image through portraiture in photography. The research was conducted not only through an analysis of visual data, i.e. photographs, but also through thematic analysis of the authentic reports given by the participants. The results highlight the self-image of young adults for whom the arts provide a medium for self-expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we define motor strength as the extent to which a concept is associated with body movements and the motor system that guides body movements. We extend this notion to one of the features of visual representations of some concepts and discuss the role of the motor system in understanding concepts and visual representations that have a significant degree of motor strength. It is suggested that when a concept is understood in its literal sense, the employment of the motor system and gestures in processing that concept depends on its degree of motor strength. If a concept is understood in its metaphorical sense, the employment of the motor system and gestures is dependent on the degree of motor strength of the base of the metaphor through which that concept is understood. The degree of motor strength of a concept relies on its motor affordances and its associations with people's past experiences. Because the motor system plays an essential role in the grounding of many abstract concepts in the physical environment, the notion of motor strength can help psychologists acquire a clearer understanding of how concepts with varying degrees of motor strength are grounded in the physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines representations of Greece featured in two articles published in 1908 in the Wide World Magazine, a British illustrated travel magazine. By focusing on photographs and illustrations in relation to text, the paper suggests that the articles demonstrate an effort to shift the attention from Greece's classical past to modern Greece and its subjects. Compared to earlier travel accounts, archaeological sites are no longer in the spotlight, and when depicted, they are not devoid of human presence. Moreover, both articles attribute a novel meaning to the experience of the sublime as directly related to interaction with the locals. Blurring the line between fact and fiction, the two authors are preoccupied more with the Self rather than the Other, which can be attributed to the complex British-Greek political relations. Ultimately, the travellers' dark visits seem to have a direct involvement in the cultural and political developments of modern Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks have a central role in chemistry education and represent the intended chemistry curriculum at the national level. This paper focuses on analysing the intended chemistry curriculum as represented by the visual representations and the activities for students in the textbook sets in relation to the topics of the Slovenian National Chemistry Curriculum both at the primary and secondary school levels. The analysis involved all textbook sets approved by the national representatives for the 2021/2022 school year. The results revealed that in most of the curriculum topics in the analysed Slovenian chemistry textbook sets, the curriculum orientation structure of the discipline prevails and the everyday life orientation is present for both primary and secondary schools. To improve the relevance of the textbook sets for students, the currently rare presence of history of chemistry, environmental orientation, and technology and industry orientation and the lack of the use of socio-scientific orientation should be overcome. It would be valuable if further studies in textbook sets would also address the intended chemistry curriculum from a more holistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study sheds light on how political leaders engage in visual meaning-making on social media during a major crisis. In addition, it explores which kinds of visual messages by political leaders on social media drive high popular engagement in times of crisis. The study employs content analysis, including automatic facial expression analysis, to investigate visual communication on the Instagram accounts of three Nordic prime ministers (PMs) during the critical initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis covers visual personalization, depicted individuals, national symbols and facial expressions. Furthermore, the study explores the visual elements within the posts that garnered the highest public engagement, as measured by the number of likes and comments. The findings indicate that the PMs primarily projected an image of professional, capable and credible crisis leadership through their visual content. However, the potential for leaders to convey compassion, empathy and authenticity through visual imagery is also evident, particularly exemplified by the Danish PM. The visual content that generated the most significant public engagement predominantly consisted of videos featuring the PMs in formal professional settings, directly addressing the audience about serious matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most primary school students, although they grasp the scientific concepts of heat convection at the macroscopic level, commonly fail to visualize those concepts. Therefore, our research aims to enact a constructivist teaching sequence (CTS) to restructure students' visualization changes, ultimately enabling them to synergize macroscopic and sub-microscopic levels of understanding and visual representation. This study has employed a case study, combining qualitative and quantitative data to obtain an in-depth explanation. The quantitative data represent the percentage of the students' visual representation category and their understanding of pattern changes before and after the intervention. Meanwhile, the ways students presented their thoughts about a concept based on their visual representation are presented via qualitative data. All data come from the participants, comprising 69 fifth-grade elementary school students at one public school in Indonesia. Our research findings show that students' understanding of heat convection at both macroscopic and sub-microscopic levels improved to scientific conception, after undertaking the learning process using CTS. In addition, the use of CTS fostered a level of visual representation change regarding "construction" that dominated compared with other approaches: students shifted their visual representations from the varying styles of undefined drawing (UD), non-microscopic drawing (NMD), or no drawing (ND), to partial drawing (PD) and scientific drawing (SD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty (35 girls) ninth graders were assessed on measures of algebraic reasoning and usage of visual and symbolic representations (with a prompt for visual use) to solve equations and inequalities. The study grouped visual representations into two categories: arithmetic-visual, which entailed the use of real-world objects to represent specific values of variables, and algebraic-visual, which involved formal representations like the number line and the coordinate plane. Symbolic representations, on the other hand, encompassed the use of standard algorithms to solve equations, such as changing the place of terms in an equation. The results reveal that the use of algebraic visuals, as opposed to arithmetic visuals, was associated with enhanced algebraic reasoning. Further, although the students initially relied on standard algorithms to explain equations and inequalities, they could produce accurate algebraic-visual representations when prompted. These findings suggest that students have multiple representations of equations and inequalities but only express visual representations when asked to do so. In keeping with the general relationship between visuospatial abilities and mathematics, self-generated algebraic-visual representations partially mediated the relation between overall mathematics achievement and algebraic reasoning.

Serial killers have been a popular topic in literature for centuries, appearing in works of fiction, non-fiction, and even poetry. In literature, serial killers often represent the dark side of human nature, and their stories often explore the depths of depravity and the psychological motivations behind their heinous acts. Examples of serial killers can be found throughout history and mythology. With all that the public’s attention is usually focused on the serial murders of the latest decades, with the historical cases still generally remaining in the obscure. The reason for that lack of publicity is that serial killers in antiquity are difficult to identify, because the concept of serial killing is a relatively modern one. One of the pleasant exceptions is a book by Debbie Felton “Monsters and Monarchs: Serial Killers in Classical Myths and History” published by University of Texas Press, 2021, 235 pp., ISBN: 978-1-4773-2357-1 (paperback edition). This article reviews the book and comments on its contents and style.

In this article, we define motor strength as the extent to which a concept is associated with body movements and the motor system that guides body movements. We extend this notion to one of the features of visual representations of some concepts and discuss the role of the motor system in understanding concepts and visual representations that have a significant degree of motor strength. It is suggested that when a concept is understood in its literal sense, the employment of the motor system and gestures in processing that concept depends on its degree of motor strength. If a concept is understood in its metaphorical sense, the employment of the motor system and gestures is dependent on the degree of motor strength of the base of the metaphor through which that concept is understood. The degree of motor strength of a concept relies on its motor affordances and its associations with people’s past experiences. Because the motor system plays an essential role in the grounding of many abstract concepts in the physical environment, the notion of motor strength can help psychologists acquire a clearer understanding of how concepts with varying degrees of motor strength are grounded in the physical environment.

Visual art and music art are two typical media, and the progress of multimedia technology has prompted the cross-border integration between them. This paper tries to visualize the visual translation of music acoustic information and emotional experiences through audiovisual mapping design. The extraction and analysis of musical and visual elements in the music visual mapping model are summarized and analyzed. Combined with the visual expression method, a mapping pattern framework that can be reused in music visualization design is proposed, and two types of mapping patterns are classified on top of it. Based on the four basic attributes of pitch, chord, tone, and timbre of popular music, corresponding visual elements are designed. Finally, the impact of the two mapping modes on the functional and aesthetic effects of music visualization is experimentally demonstrated and evaluated, and it is found that the mean value of the scaling index of the original HCR sequence of the pop music clip is close to 0.864, while the mean value of the disturbed sequence is 0.504, which is a referable evaluation result for determining the appropriate mapping type when designing music visualization.

One of the most important fundamental mathematical concepts for both students and teachers is mathematical representation. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to examine aspiring teachers use visual and symbolic representations when addressing geometry problems. The participants in this study were 27 pre-service teachers from Indonesian Christian University (UKI) Toraja who were in their fourth semester. The processes of data reduction, data presentation, conclusion-making, and verification were applied to the data. The results of this study demonstrated that the pre-service teachers still lacked as they were provided inaccurate and non-detailed representations in symbolic imagery. Even though the responses are only half correct, the teachers with average academic competence have a semi-detailed symbolic visualization of capturing good visualization skills. Students with strong academic aptitudes have detailed representations in their symbolic representations, as well as great visual and symbolic representation skills. In order to assist students in teaching and studying geometry and resolve difficulties requiring mathematical expressions, pre-service teachers should have strong visual and symbolic representation skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a 1960 book project on the Japanese Imperial Palace and Garden complex Katsura, entitled Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture (1960), in collaboration with Walter Gropius, Kenzo Tange, Yasuhiro Ishimoto, and Herbert Bayer, as an experience of modernism and modernity. Through photography and written records, this article traces the rediscovery of the villa by modern architects since the 1930s, from Bruno Taut to Walter Gropius to appreciate the beauty of Katsura and, finally, Yasuhiro Ishimoto's photographic rendering in 1983, to understand the visual interpretation of authenticity and objectivity through developing perspectives of observation. The 1960 book project was a modernist reinvention on the traditional architectural and garden landscape of Katsura. Through Ishimoto's lens, a series of observations and impressions were projected in the modernist eyes that were distinct from traditional experiences of the villa. The meticulous capture of spatial dynamics and layered material presented in this visual tour have provided a new perspective of interpreting the Katsura Palace, which is fundamentally different from traditional ways of documentation and continues in Ishimoto's visual reinterpretation in 1983, mirroring a developing conversation of cultural exchange between Japanese tradition and the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to present several methods of visualizing student activity and collaboration in problem-based learning (PBL) in ways that can augment understanding of the complexity within PBL classrooms as well as to provide insights into the use of specific visual representations to address research questions in PBL. Grounded in sociocultural theory, we consider these representations to be an aid to mediate researchers' interpretation of the multiple data streams generated in PBL. For quantitative analysis, we introduce social network system (SNA), structural equation model (SEM) and path modeling. In terms of qualitative analysis, we exhibit chronologically-ordered representation of discourse and tool-related activity (CORDTRA), event maps, and spatial representations of physical activity. By reviewing articles that utilized these representations in PBL, we present several examples of how these visualizations were helpful in interpreting complex data and illuminating how students learn in PBL and other forms of collaborative inquiry. Although such visual representation methods enable us to visualize and trace complex dynamics and communicate findings with readers, they are not selfexplanatory. We further discuss potential pitfalls of using visualizations and how to fully take advantage of those tools in PBL research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uncovers routine and individual-level influences upon the content of US front-page images. This examination is justified by a news-image environment increasingly dominated by a small number of central agencies and with a lack of photojournalist diversity. At the routine level, differences are assessed based on whether images are taken by an on-staff photojournalist or a wire photographer. At the individual level, differences are assessed based on the photographer's race and gender. The visual content studied includes three general categories: photojournalistic news values (presence of people, activity of persons of people in the image, whether eye contact is portrayed, emotional hierarchy, and topic), representation (race and gender of people or persons in the image), and visual elevation (circulation of the image in which the image appears, image usage, and image topic). Results of the study show a number of significant routine-level differences, but fewer differences based on the individual characteristics of the photojournalist, which primarily pertain to the representation of subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines whether different disciplinary backgrounds influence the development of design students’ visual literacy. A compulsory first-year course in Chinese design degree programmes was selected for this research, as such a course is designed to develop students’ spatial literacy and visual expression during the discovery design process phase and to facilitate the development of students’ cognitive skills in defining and solving problems. An analysis of 16 students’ assignments from eight universities indicates that students’ disciplinary backgrounds play an important role in the development of their cognition performance related to visual literacy. The results indicate that the disciplinary subject background (i.e. arts or engineering) is an important factor affecting the development of students’ design literacy, specifically their spatial visual cognitive and problem-solving skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street art is a complex and diverse art form. Its presence in the urban environment makes it possible for the public to see it quickly. Sometimes, the controversial approach to street art and how it is reported can lead to an attitude of rejection, especially from the resident population. However, the creativity and ingenuity shown within the street art movements have led some cities to implement legislation and urban planning rules facilitating a medium for such creations, aiming to beautify or even promote specific neighbourhoods and their cultural landscapes. In the Municipality of Bucharest, artistic street representations have recently exploded in frequency and size, even in areas previously dominated by socio-economic landscapes undergoing reconversion. In this context, this study aims to emphasise street art's influence on the socio-cultural space, both from its aesthetic contribution as well as the resident population's perception. The study's objectives consist of analysing the significance and purpose of the main artistic operas in their artists' opinions (motifs, colours, paintings) and the population's perception of street art. The research methodology comprised direct observations and the use of the inquiry method (semi-structured interview and questionnaire). The study's results compare the opinion of the artists who create specific street art and that of the residents as a direct result of a perception change about the city's aesthetics. A visual representation coexisting with local architecture is a modern trend that makes the city space attractive and adds cultural value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hall's encoding/decoding model has been widely used in mass media, but its potential in social media studies has not been explored thoroughly. To this end, this paper aims to broaden the fundamental principles and assumptions of the model and apply them to audience engagement and interaction in constructing cultural meaning through social media. By analysing the YouTube channel of Liziqi (Vlogger), this study adopts a two-stage content analysis to investigate the possibility of textual coding frameworks and audience engagement processes in the construction of cultural narratives. The study reveals that Liziqi represents Chinese culture through various symbols and constructs a micro-narrative coding framework that influences audience perceptions. The audience interprets the content in proactive and diverse ways, resulting in four types of decoding: pleasuring, reflective, empathic, and questioning. This research expands Hall's encoding/decoding model by exploring the production and reception processes in a multicultural context, revealing a shared cultural framework between sender and receiver. This paper provides a tool for scholars to use new conceptual tools for encoding/decoding to explore the meaning dimensions of social media interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will develop a gender critique of scientific and medical idealizations of the human body and its health, which was performed out of gender and feminist studies, pointing also to women's art. In the discourses of medicine, healthy and beautiful human - and especially the female human - body is revealed as an ideological construction, an affective agent and a biopolitical ideal that controls and regulates gender differences. My intention is to demonstrate that the discourses of medicine, feminism, and art are in a dialogue historically in relation to these topics. Following Tasha N. Dubriwny's discussion of medical discourse and practice, I will map three phases in the development of Western medical discourses and point to the fact that they are in dialogue with feminist discourses and with the way how art treats and represents beautiful bodies, and/or sick bodies, with particular focus on female bodies. Discussion of the first phase of medical development points to the fact that visual art and photography were used to performatively help doctors to construct the female body as sick and deviant, as Didi Huberman showed. The second phase was the medicalization era, in which human bodies are expected to adhere to a standardized norm. In this period, within the framework of second wave feminism, feminist health activists appeared, forming the women's movement for health. Special attention will be directed to the third phase, the biomedicalization era or inclusion-and-difference paradigm, in which postfeminist discourses appeared and in relation to which I will discuss artworks by Hannah Wilke, Katarzyna Kozyra, and Orlan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop an assessment instrument to measure students' critical thinking and visual representation abilities in optical instrument material. This research and development (RD) employed the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) instructional model. This research develops a test instrument that has more specific stages so the ADDIE development stage is integrated with the development stage of the test instrument developed by Mardapi. The subjects in this study are grade XI students of State Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) 4 Bantul. This study produced a test instrument for measuring students' critical thinking and visual representation abilities, with high validity,and analyzed using Aiken's V. The items for assessing critical thinking and visual representation abilities were analyzed using the QUEST program with the following findings. (1) The analysis results of instrument validation using Aiken's V obtained an average Aiken's Value above 0.4 with high validity and moderate validity criteria so all items are valid. (2) The pre-test analysis on item estimates obtained MNSQ Infit in the range 0.77-1.30 and the value of outfit t ≤ 2 and in the MNSQ Infit case estimates in the range 0.77-1.30, so overall, the items matched to Rasch models. (3) Post-test analysis on item estimates obtained MNSQ Infit in the range 0.77-1.30 and outfit t value ≤ 2 and in case estimates MNSQ Infit in the range 0.77-1.30 so, overall, items are in accordance with Rasch models. (4) The reliability of the pre-test items is 0.92 while the reliability of the post-test items is 0.76. (5) The difficulty level of the items in the pre-test results shows that Question 10 is the most difficult while number 3 is the easiest, and in the post-test results, Question 8 is the most difficult while Question 6 is the easiest.

Until recently, the study of language and meaning of cartoons, the media discourses they generate, and their analysis as a creative means of exploring meaning-making processes as semiotic resources have not received much scholarly attention in Nigeria. Although cartoons that involve the use of satire and humour as visual representations of reality have gained prominence across many media platforms in Nigeria, only a few scholars have examined this from a social semiotics perspective. This has created a gap in the literature, thus creating room for a paradigm shift in the field of social semiotics. This study explores the semiotics of cartoons in selected Nigerian newspapers to examine the meaning-making resources employed in the visual representation of ASUU strikes in Nigeria. The study, therefore, examines how cartoonists manipulate symbols, signs, and other semiotic resources to convey specific meanings through visual and textual representations. The study adopts a qualitative research design; data comprising cartoons sourced from selected Vanguard Newspapers and websites are analyzed using Kress and Van Leeuwen’s visual semiotics and interpreted from the standpoints of Halliday’s Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach and O’Halloran’s position on metaphorical constructions of meaning. Here, metaphorical manipulation and representation of visual elements in the selected cartoons are interrogated. Findings from the study show the use of semiotic resources in the portrayer of reality in the context of the seemingly intractable ASUU strikes and their consequences on academic activities in Nigeria. This scholarly intervention deserves attention as it significantly contributes to the field of social semiotics through its visual representation in portraying challenges faced by the educational systems in Nigeria vis-à-vis poor government funding.

Many existing video captioning methods capture action information in the video by exploiting features extracted from an action recognition model. However, directly using the action features without object-specific representation may not well capture the object interactions. Consequently, the generated captions may not be accurate enough in describing the action and the object in the scenes. To address this issue, we propose to incorporate the action features as the edge features in a graph neural network where the nodes represent objects, thereby capturing a finer visual representation of object-action-object relationships. Previous graph-based video captioning methods commonly relied on a pretrained object detection model to create the node representations. The object detection model, however, may miss detecting some important objects. To alleviate this problem, we further introduce a grid-based node representation where the nodes are represented by the features extracted from grids of video frames. Using this representation, the important objects in the scenes are captured more thoroughly. To avoid adding any complexity during inference, the knowledge of the proposed graph is transferred to another neural network via knowledge distillation. Our proposed method achieved state-of-the-art results on two popular video captioning datasets, i.e., MSVD and MSR-VTT, on all metrics. The code of our proposed method is available at https://github.com/Sejong-VLI/V2T-Action-Graph-JKSUCIS-2023.

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of a visual social media health campaign. The #1in10 campaign was co-created by the Danish Endometriosis Patient Association and women with endometriosis.MethodsSeven semi-structured interviews were conducted with campaign participants to evaluate their experience of participating. The interviews were then analyzed thematically. Social media metrics on the reach of the campaign were gathered to assess how the campaign had performed.ResultsSeven themes were identified in the interviews: (1) Taboo, (2) Visibility, (3) Awareness, (4) Acknowledgment, (5) Empowerment, (6) Patient Experts, and (7) Community. Throughout the interviews, the women conveyed that they found their participation in the campaign meaningful, as it contributed to creating awareness and recognition of a disease otherwise surrounded by taboo and stigma. Social media metrics show how the #1in10 campaign reached both people inside and outside the endometriosis community. Across the FEMaLe Project's three social media platforms, 208 (51.5%) of engagements were with patients with endometriosis, 96 (23.7%) were with FEMaLe employees and advisers, 94 (23.3%) were with the general public, and 6 (1.5%) were with policymakers. In the month the #1in10 campaign was released, the FEMaLe Project's Twitter and Instagram accounts had more impressions than almost any other month that year (except January on Twitter and November on Instagram). The FEMaLe Project's LinkedIn had the same number of impressions as in other months.DiscussionThe study shows that the #1in10 social media campaign had an impact on three levels: on an individual level for the participating patients, on a communal level for people with endometriosis, and on a wider societal level. The participating patients felt empowered by their involvement with the campaign and the act of coming forward. The participants acted on behalf of their community of people with endometriosis, in the hopes that it would raise awareness and acknowledgment. In return, the community engaged with the campaign and added significantly to the dissemination of its message. On a societal level the campaign has caught particular attention and engagement compared to other posts made on the same social media accounts.

Existing contrastive methods usually learn visual representations either by maximizing instance contrast or by minimizing dimension redundancy separately, and fail to make full use of data information. In this paper, we propose an instance-dimension dual contrastive method named IDDCLR to thoroughly mine the intrinsic knowledge underlying data. It jointly optimizes the instance contrast and the dimension redundancy to learn better visual representations. Specifically, we employ the normalized temperature scaled cross entropy (NT-Xent) to formulate the instance contrast loss, and propose a dimension contrast loss function that also takes the form of NT-Xent, resulting in symmetric form of the whole loss. The significance of minimizing the loss is twofold: On the one hand, it learns effective visual representations in the latent space, where the agreement between differently augmented views of the same instance is maximized. On the other hand, it minimizes the redundancy among feature dimensions, consequently being capable of avoiding trivial embeddings. Experimental results show that IDDCLR outperforms state-of-the-art self-supervised methods on classification tasks, and performs comparably on transfer learning tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are accepted academic traditions about how data is visually represented, most often in the form of graphs, tables and maps. To visually represent the findings of a study about quilt makers in New Zealand and be congruent with the research topic, the researcher made a quilt to represent the findings. While much of the existing research about quilts focuses on the analysis of meaning, this article is about encoding meaning in a quilt. The article describes the processes of design and making which drew on a diverse range of quilt making traditions and forms of data representation exemplified by the theory of social semiotics. Quilt design decisions were informed by pattern, symbolism and fabric choice and drew on traditions where quilts have been made to convey information such as quilts as signs for escaping slaves on the underground railroad, storytelling tivaevae quilts from the Cook Islands, and the contemporary temperature quilts where daily high and low temperatures are recorded. Data is also communicated in traditional ways such as through graphs made from fabric. This article describes the process of conceptualizing the design and includes photographs of the finished work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks use images, in addition to text, for delivering knowledge, thereby convey attitudes and values of students including those on gender bias. The gender bias presented in textbook images affects in subtle ways the students' learning outcomes, career choices, and how they perceive science. However, prior research has relied on explicit information presented by textbook images of several subjects to investigate gender representation, overlooking the implicit meaning behind images with a very limited attention to science textbooks. Therefore, this study uses the social semiotic framework to analyse the implicit meaning that images convey related to gender representation in Chinese and Egyptian science textbooks. Specifically, four (two for each country) science textbooks of grade nine were coded and analysed. The findings revealed that gender gap still exists in the images of both Chinese and Egyptian science textbooks. Specifically, females were less represented in the textbook images compared to males, and their role was mostly a caring role. Notably, unlike the Chinese females and the common gender stereotype, Egyptian females were represented in a more active and powerful way compared to males. The findings of this study could help in better designing science textbook images to reduce gender bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of visual media, cities, and society are represented, experienced, and interpreted through images. The need for interdisciplinary visual approaches, therefore, is indisputable. By focusing on cinema, this paper aims to develop a conceptual, methodological framework through which theory helps a broad range of researchers in social sciences, humanities, and arts interpret the represented phenomenon. Based on Peirce's model of signs, the framework provides the basis for a dynamic interpretation of the city and society. This paper shows that Peircean cinesemiotics takes advantage of theory in three ways: First, as the basis that provides scholars with clues necessary for identifying eligible "image-signs"; second, as the guiding framework that helps them reach a final interpretation; third, as ideas are being criticized from visual perspectives. As an example of its application, using Jane Jacobs' "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," the final part of the paper applies Peircean cinesemiotics to an image-sign from Death Wish (2018) and interprets it as the representation of safety/crime in a neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated radiology report generation can not only lighten the workload of clinicians but also improve the efficiency of disease diagnosis. However, it is a challenging task to generate semantically coherent radiology reports that are also highly consistent with medical images. To meet the challenge, we propose a Multimodal Recursive model with Contrastive Learning (MRCL). The proposed MRCL method incorporates both visual and semantic features to generate "Impression" and "Findings" of radiology reports through a recursive network, in which a contrastive pre-training method is proposed to improve the expressiveness of both visual and textual representations. Extensive experiments and analyses prove the efficacy of the proposed MRCL, which can not only generate semantically coherent radiology reports but also outperform state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its slow and ambivalent transformation, particularly after WWII, Greek society strived to present a novel and relatively modern face during the 1960s. While tradition in all its facets had been a long-lasting staple, even affecting critical aspects of everyday life, modernity began to take steps and seek changes: peasants left the countryside to explore new opportunities in the urban centers, immigration rose, education emerged as a means to escape poverty, while technology penetrated the Greek household slowly. Such urban shifts have been particularly documented in the popular Greek films of the 1960s, providing a rich framework to explore the notions of tradition and modernity in visual folklore. By employing a qualitative approach, this article focuses on how Greek popular film reflects the critical tensions surrounding everyday urban life by examining customs, rituals, identities, and material culture as represented in particular film case studies. It will argue that the popular Greek film of the 1960s documents glimpses of tradition still surviving in the city and presents to the Greek audience ways of handling, preserving, or even rejecting tradition, while flirting with modernity.