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Confession and repentance, being the sacrament of the Church, constitute a place of meeting between God’s grace and human freedom, which is thus transformed into the true freedom of God’s sons and daughters. A man who loves the beauty and purity of graceful, sacramental, and virtuous life cannot live without confession. Just like any Christian who does not participate in the communion of Christ, in the liturgical gifts of Christ’s Body and Blood, cannot call himself by this holy name, the neglect of the grace by which those who confess educate themselves represents spiritual death. The correct and salvific life in freedom, as given in the Church, cannot actualize if one neglects repentance and confession. Modern man, sick from the consequences of sin, cannot get better without the salvific confession. Many psychological and somatic disorders stem from reducing the confession to mere “custom” and obligation. Rediscovering the pure spring of the graceful life in Christ and renovating graceful freedom through the tears of repentance and honest confession represent a way threaded by the Church’s Fathers. If we want to show the graceful perspective of freedom and God’s love to modern humanity, we are obliged to personally and communally approach Christ through confession and repentance, so we might be transformed into gods by grace. A cleansed and Christ-bearing man is truly free and capable of living as God has intended – in eternal joy and grace of God’s Kingdom. This cleansing and transfiguration begin in time and continue in eternity. The education for eternal life is based on confession and our decision to follow Christ and fulfill his commandments. We rise if we fall and stumble, all thanks to Christ, who brings us into eternal life.

Rastući pritisci na prirodu globalni su trend koji rezultira povećanjem broja ugroženih vrsta i staništa, kao i smanjenjem kapaciteta ekosistema da ljudima pruže koristi od prirode. U radu su prikazani prostorni raspored, intenzitet, trendovi i pokretači pojedinih pritisaka na prirodu u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), kao i njihov kombinovani efekat. U cilju što preglednijeg predstavljanja pritisaka na prirodu u BiH, svi ekosistemi su kategorisani u 16 široko prepoznatljivih grupa ekosistema. U svrhu analize pojedinih kategorija pritisaka u BiH, izvršena je ekspertska procjena njihovih intenziteta i trendova na svaku pojedinačnu grupu ekosistema. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su u BiH pod najvećim pritiskom urbani ekosistemi, ekosistemi tekućih voda i poljoprivredni ekosistemi, dok su najmanji pritisci prepoznati u podzemnim i kanjonskim ekosistemima. Direktni pritisci su generalno ocijenjeni kao intenzivniji u odnosu na indirektne. Ova procjena bi trebalo da pruži donosiocima odluka i naučnoj zajednici naučno utemeljene argumente, te preciznija usmjerenja za donošenje odluka i provođenje budućih istraživanja u oblasti prirodnih resursa i njihovog održivog korišćenja.

Abstract One promising area in understanding the responses of plants to ongoing global climate change is the adaptative effect of polyploidy. This work examines whether there is a coupling between the distribution of cytotypes and their biogeographical niche, and how different niches will affect their potential range. The study uses a range of techniques including flow cytometry, gradient and niche analysis, as well as distribution modelling. In addition, climatic, edaphic and habitat data was used to analyse environmental patterns and potential ranges of cytotypes in the first wide-range study of Festuca amethystina—a mixed-ploidy mountain grass. The populations were found to be ploidy homogeneous and demonstrate a parapatric pattern of cytotype distribution. Potential contact zones have been identified. The tetraploids have a geographically broader distribution than diploids; they also tend to occur at lower altitudes and grow in more diverse climates, geological units and habitats. Moreover, tetraploids have a more extensive potential range, being six-fold larger than diploids. Montane pine forests were found to be a focal environment suitable for both cytotypes, which has a central place in the environmental space of the whole species. Our findings present polyploidy as a visible driver of geographical, ecological and adaptive variation within the species.

Aristolochia clematitis L. is a perennial herbaceous plant distributed throughout Europe, Asia Minor and Caucasus. It has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity but not in recent times because it contains poisonous aristolochic acid, causing progressive kidney failure. The aim of this work was to study Aristolochia clematitis ecology on the basis of vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive, and to investigate the differentiation of its ecological niche using a co-occurrence-based measure of ecological specialization (ESI). The ecological niche was studied on three spatial scales: on the entire distribution area, its differentiation across 200 × 200 km grid cells and the differences between three central and three marginal regions. Our results suggest that Aristolochia clematitis has a very broad ecological niche occurring in a range of different habitats and climatic conditions, with a trend of a niche width decrease with the distance from the geographical center. The plant prefers more stable communities with less anthropogenic influence moving towards the margin of the distribution area. Specialization towards the marginal area is a result of evolutionary history, which refers to the recent anthropogenically induced spread from its original home range. A high incidence of Aristolochia clematitis in the vegetation of arable lands and market gardens as well as anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation in the distribution center corresponds to the geographical incidence of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy.

Wetland forests and scrub (WFS) are conditioned by the strong impact of water. They consist of various vegetation types, depending on many factors such as type and duration of flooding, water table level and its fluctuation, river current strength, substrate ability to retain water, etc. WFS vegetation has been insufficiently studied in the Balkan Peninsula, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By means of numerical classification, we aimed to classify Western Balkans WFS at the alliance level, and to identify the main underlying ecological gradients driving the variation in species composition. The dataset containing all published and available unpublished relevés from Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was first classified using the EuroVegChecklist Expert System in Juice software in order to assign the corresponding class to each of the relevés. Relevés were subsequently analyzed within each of the four WFS classes (Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae, Salicetea purpureae, Alnetea glutinosae and Franguletea). Cluster analysis resulted in eight alliances, Salicion albae, Salicion triandrae, Salicion eleagno-daphnoidis, Alno-Quercion, Alnion incanae, Alnion glutinosae, Betulion pubescentis and Salicion cinereae, while one cluster could not be assigned with certainty. Edafic factors were found to be the most important factors determining the floristic composition and syntaxa differentiation of WFS in the study area.

Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto) has dominant or co-dominant role in many thermophilous deciduous forest communities in the Balkan Peninsula. However, recent field research in the north-western margin of its range has revealed that some stands have a pronounced mesophilous character, which was also supported by data from the literature. This paper aims to analyze this mesophilous community of Hungarian oak which is found in north-western Serbia, north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and eastern Croatia. Numerical analysis, which included classification and ordination of all 474 available relevés of Hungarian oak forests from the western and central Balkans, along with the 43 relevés of mesophilous forests of oak-hornbeam from B&H, have shown that 83 mesophilous Hungarian oak relevés are floristically and ecologically more similar to mesophilous forests of sessile oak-hornbeam (Erythronio-Carpinion) than to xero-thermophilous forests of Qeurcion confertae. The new association Carpino betuli-Quercetum frainetto ass. nova hoc loco was described, floristically and ecologically characterized and assigned to mesophilous oak-hornbeam forests of Erythronio-Carpinion. The study also discusses the syntaxonomical issues of Quercion confertae and its central association Quercetum frainetto-cerridis, considering the problem of the lack of good diagnostic species for both syntaxa, and introduces possible ways of dealing with these issues.

The deification, as a reality of ecclesial life, becomes the realized pedagogy of the Church in the experience of sacramental unity with Christ. The activity of the Holy Spirit in the Church always leads toward Christ. Thus, the sanctified persons in Church discover the secret of freedom as a communal event in church worship, and especially in Holy Liturgy, showing us that the deification is final goal of both our life and our union with God.

The repentance is the basis of the lives of Saints, and therefore the basis of lives of all those who strive to reach the mystery of freedom and love as ways of existing. Services in Srbljak point towards repentance as a way of deification in sacramental unity with Christ, calling the believers to follow that way. These services are paradigms of the prayer, repentance, and living in Christ, uncovering the eschatological truth that the life with Holy Trinity and with Saints is the precondition for eternal life. The church pedagogy is evident in the practice of repentance as a love for God and neighbor here and now, and not just as an eschatological truth of deified persons in unity with Christ.

U radu je prikazano 13 novih nalazišta crnjuše (Erica carnea L.) u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Prikupljeni su svi literaturni navodi za ovu vrstu u BiH i zajedno sa novim nalazištima prikazani na MGRS mreži kvadrata veličine 10x10 km. Podaci su prikazani posebno za svaki tip geološke podloge: dolomiti, serpentiniti, krečnjaci, silikati i posebno visokoplaninski karbonati. Prikazan je i raspon visina nalazišta za pojedine grupe geoloških podloga. Pored novih nalazišta na dolomitnim i silikatnim staništima, u radu se skreće pažnja na nalazišta crnjuše u krečnjačkim kanjonima Vrbasa, Bistrice i Drine, što predstavlja i novo stanište ove vrste u BiH, koje je u radu detaljnije opisano.

The experience of life with the Holy Trinity inside Church’s sacraments is realized as an inspiration or grace of the Holy Spirit. The Church builds her identity upon the acts of the Holy Spirit who makes Christ present in Liturgy and personal experience of the faithful, while realizing freedom, love, and life in Eucharistic unity with the Holy Trinity, with the world, and amongst ourselves. In this way, it is not only the eschatological truth of the deified man that is being uncovered, but also the truth of the Triune God as the God of Love.

The man, created in the image of God, realizes his existence in the world in two ways. One way is through Liturgy, which sanctifies and deifies him, while the other way is non-liturgical that separates him from God and nullifies his freedom. The fullness of Godlikeness is a fullness of freedom in the communion with God. The goal of Church’s pedagogy is a deification of man, so that he may exist as a person in the communion of freedom and love of the Holy Spirit’s grace, i.e. in the liturgical communion of the Holy Trinity and the entire creation.

The paper deals with the floristic and ecological diversity of the riparian forest and scrub communities of the Sutjeska National Park in SE Bosnia and Herzegovina. Watercourses of the NP are represented by montane to submontane small rivers and creeks with fast-flowing water and frequent strong but short floods. This caused specific types of riverine forest vegetation to develop along their banks. Classification and ordination methods of numerical analysis were applied on 42 relevés sampled in the field. The classification has revealed five ecologically interpretable relevé groups: (1) willow scrub of Salix eleagnos and S. caprea on fertile fine grained deposits; (2) forests of Alnus glutinosa and Salix alba also on finer deposits; (3) narrow strips of Alnus glutinosa along the low banks of smaller streams; (4) narrow strips of Alnus glutinosa along the steep banks of wider streams; (5) thermo-mesophilous scrub of Salix eleagnos and Ostrya carpinifolia on gravel beds. All five groups are floristically and ecologically well distinguished. While groups 1 and 3 are similar to already described communities from Central Europe (Salicetum eleagno-purpureae and Stellario nemorum-Alnetum glutinosae, respectivelly), groups 4 and 5 most probably present, up to date, undescribed associations. Group 2 is rather floristically and ecologically heterogeneous, and as such possess transitional character (between Salicion albae and Alnion incanae alliances). Ordination revealed ecological gradient from nutrient rich (groups 1 and 2) to less nutrient rich communities (groups 4 and 5).

U radu iznosimo istorijat zaštite prirode na području Nacionalnog parka „Sutjeska“, od samih početaka, koncem XIX vijeka, do danas. Kao jedno od najočuvanijih prirodnih područja u BiH, Nacionalni park je u prošlosti bio predmet brojnih naučnih istraživanja koja su ukazala na potrebu njegovog proširenja na okolne vrijedne i značajne predjele, što je tokom godina dovelo do više različitih prijedloga proširenja. Na ovom mjestu vršimo sistematski pregled i analizu tih prijedloga te na kraju dajemo svoje viđenje potencijalnih granica Parka. Rad treba da posluži kvalitetnijoj zaštiti prirodnih vrijednosti, pokretanju jače inicijative za proširenje granica Nacionalnog parka i ostvarivanje ideje o prekograničnom zaštićenom području Sutjeska-Piva-Durmitor.

Rad obrađuje šumsku vegetaciju potencijalnog Natura 2000 područja „Trešnjik” na Starčevici kod Banje Luke. Iako područje leži nadomak glavnog grada Republike Srpske, šumska vegetacija do sada nije bila istraživana. Istraživanje je ukazalo na veliki diverzitet šumskih staništa na relativno malom prostoru. Utvrđeno je ukupno sedam stanišnih tipova, klasifikovanih u dvije ekološki i floristički jasno definisane grupe: (i) Grupa stanišnih tipova bukovih šuma: (1) stanišni tip Athyrium filix-femina-Fagus sylvatica (čiste šume bukve); (2) stanišni tip Fagus sylvatica-Tilia tomentosa (šume bukve i srebrnolisne lipe); (3) stanišni tip Quercus petraea-Tilia tomentosa (degradacija prethodnog tipa, sa dominacijom lipe); (ii) Grupa stanišnih tipova kitnjakovih šuma: (4) stanišni tip Carpinus betulus-Quercus petraea (klimatogena šuma kitnjaka i graba); (5) stanišni tip Vaccinium myrtillus-Quercus petraea (acidofilna kitnjakova šuma); (6) stanišni tip Carpinus orientalis-Quercus petraea (termofilne kitnjakove šume); (7) stanišni tip Fraxinus ornus-Carpinus orientalis (šikare bjelograbića i crnog jasena).

Rad razmatra problematiku ispunjavanja obaveza Bosne i Hercegovine u oblasti zaštite prirode na njenom evropskom putu. Naročita pažnja pridaje se analizi rezultata četiri do sada sprovedena projekta koja se tiču procesa uspostavljanja evropske ekološke mreže Natura 2000 u BiH. Na bazi svih relevantnih naučnih i stručnih podataka rad daje reviziju referentne liste vrsta sa Aneksa II Direktive o staništima i Aneksa I Direktive o pticama, kao i reviziju liste staništa sa Aneksa I Direktive o staništima, značajnih za izdvajanje budućih Natura 2000 područja na teritoriji države. Biljna vrsta Himantoglossum adriaticum Baumann, značajna za Evropsku uniju, prikazuje se kao nova za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Predložena revidirana referentna lista vrsta broji 238 vrsta od čega 11 nije pominjano ni u jednoj dosadašnjoj referentnoj listi, a neki ranije razmatrani taksoni i stanišni tipovi su izbrisani sa liste. Na kraju, rad ustanovljava neke nedostatke prijedloga mreže Natura 2000 u BiH i daje glavne smjernice kako bi ovaj važan proces trebao biti nastavljen.

U radu je sistematski prikazana flora planine Klekovača u zapadnoj Bosni i Hercegovini na osnovu objedinjenih višegodišnjih istraživanja autora i dostupne te kritički obrađene literaturne građe. Osim prikupljanja i obrade ovih podataka važan dio metodologije istraživanja sastojao se u rekonstrukciji puteva svih botaničara i fitocenologa, koji su od kraja 19. vijeka istraživali ovu planinu i ostavili pisanu dokumentaciju. Na ukupno 174 lokaliteta, na kojima je bilježena flora i sakupljen obilan herbarski materijal, utvrđeno je da vaskularna flora planine Klekovače na prikazanom obuhvatu broji 812 taksona do nivoa podvrste, svrstanih u 97 familija. Od ukupnog broja taksona 503 je bilo od ranije poznato iz literature, od čega 21 nije potvrđeno, dok je 309 prvi put registrovano za područje Klekovače. Vrsta Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. navodi se kao nova pridošlica u flori Bosne i Hercegovine, dok je za vrstu Monarda didyma L. prvi put registrovano da se subspontano širi na teritoriji Balkanskog poluostrva. Za svaki zabilježeni takson navedeni su svi lokaliteti sa koordinatama. Posebna pažnja posvećena je problematici taksonomije nekih kompleksnih rodova (Aconitum, Campanula, Eleocharis, Festuca, Heliosperma i Potentilla), kao i najznačajnijim rijetkim i ugroženim biljnim vrstama.

U radu je prikazana fitocenološka analiza mezofilnih šuma pitomog kestena (Castanea sativa Mill.) u Privrednoj jedinici “Pastirevo” kod Kostajnice. Istraživane sastojine su degradirane, izdanačkog porijekla. Floristička analiza je pokazala da pripadaju mezofilnoj asocijaciji Aposeri foetidae-Castaneetum sativae Medak 2011 sveze Aremonio-Fagion i to njenoj degradiranoj varijanti var. Rubus hirtus. Ovaj osnovni tip se dalje raščlanjuje na mezofilniju varijantu bez kitnjaka (subasocijacija typicum) i acidotermofilniju varijantu sa kitnjakom. Prva dolazi pretežno na hladnijim, a druga na toplijim ekspozicijama.

O prisustvu petoigličavog bora, najvjerovatnije molike, na jednom lokalitetu planine Jadovnik u zapadnoj Bosni prvi put je pisano 1977. godine. Kasnije je potvrđeno da je to zaista Pinus peuce Griseb. U ovom radu su ustanovlјene karakteristike poloŽaja i staništa, vegetacijske i florističke karakteristike, uzrast, zdravstveno stanje, vitalnost stabala i kvalitet debala ove populacije, te razmotrene pretpostavke o njenom porijeklu. Kao takav, ovaj rad daje detalјan prikaz sadašnjeg (nultog) stanja populacija molike i predstavlјa osnovu za dalјi uspješan monitoring (praćenje stanja) ovog značajnog fenomena.

The paper deals with the current situation within the sector of nature conservation in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Historical review is given, as well as review of legislative and institutional frameworks. Current challenges regarding the approaching of the B&H towards the international standards in area of nature protection were discussed. Causes for such a poor situation in sector were indicated and possible ways for overcoming the present situation were given.

The paper shows the distribution of autochthonous dendro-species in the Management unit „Ozren“ of the Forest office „Petrovo“ in the northern Bosnia. Species were mapped using the GIS technology, with the square network 1x1 km, which was laid into the National Cartesian coordinate system, in zone 6. In the total of 109 squares, 93 species of trees and shrubs were recorded. Using the GIS software the spatial database was made, which as the main output gave the distribution maps of those species in the research area. This work should contribute to the knowledge of the horology of dendrospecies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to start the unique database, which would, using the method proposed, be filled up by data on distribution of dendro-species in this country.

U radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja dendrofl ore parka „Univerzitetski grad“ u Banjoj Luci. Rezultati su prikupljani na terenu od septembra 2007. do maja 2008. godine u okviru izrade studije „Ocjena zdravstvenog stanja dendrofonda parka „Univerzitetski grad“ i prijedlog mjera sanacije“. U ovom radu su iznešeni rezultati u vezi strukture i sastava dendrofonda, kao i neki taksacioni elementi. Posebno je dat prijedlog mjera rekonstrukcije dendrofonda.

U radu se navode nova nalazišta vrste Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb., koja na prijedlogu bilјnih vrsta za Crvenu knjigu Bosne i Hercegovine ima status vjerovatno iščezle vrste. Utvrđena su četiri nova nalazišta na kojima ova vrsta raste u većim ili manjim populacijama. U radu je dat prijedlog novog statusa vrste na listi za crvenu knjigu Bosne i Hercegovine.

U radu je prikazano rasprostranjenje dendrotoponima zapadnog dijela Republike Srpske, sa osvrtom na realnu i potencijalnu vegetaciju. Podaci su dobijeni sa Vojnih topografskih karata razmjere 1:25000, i obrađivani su u GIS softveru. Konstatovano je 1380 dendrotoponima vezanih za ukupno 54 dendrološka termina. Preklapanjem karata dendrotoponima sa kartama realne i potencijalne vegetacije došlo se do zanimlјivih zaklјučaka vezano za vegetaciju ovog prostora.