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The relationship between depression and cognition in middle-aged adults is a topic of interest. Whether poor cognitive function exacerbates depression remains controversial. We clarified the association between cognitive decline and depression based on six nationwide cohorts. 89,056 participants were retrieved from six cohorts in Europe, North America, Asia and Africa. Each two consecutive interviews were collected as a sample set with a total of twenty-eight sample sets to assess changes in depression and cognitive function. Multiple linear regression was conducted within each sample set to evaluate the association between cognitive decline and depression. A two-stage meta-analysis was performed to obtain the average effect within each cohort and the overall effect excluding population and regional heterogeneity. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to explore heterogeneity and potential effect modifiers. Almost all sample sets indicated negative association between changes in cognitive function and depression scores. The average effects varied across regions: Korea (−0.150 [−0.175, −0.126]), Europe (−0.130 [−0.149, −0.112]), South Africa (−0.090 [−0.129, −0.060]), China (−0.083 [−0.137, −0.030]), Mexico (−0.063 [−0.084, −0.042]), and North America (−0.048 [−0.056, −0.040]). The overall effect excluding population and regional heterogeneity was −0.094 [−0.129, −0.060], and was robust across populations of different age, sex, alcohol consumption, daily living activities and marital status. The cross-sectional design limited our ability to determine causal relationships. Cognitive decline was associated with the exacerbation of depression status in middle-aged and older adults worldwide. Country-level factors, rather than individual-level factors, are more likely to modify this effect. • It is the first global study to examine the association between cognition and depression in middle-aged and older adults worldwide. • Declines in cognitive function are associated with the exacerbation of depression status. • This relationship is more likely to be modified by macro-level factors than by individual-level factors. • Cognitive training or cognitive therapy may be helpful to control or prevent depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the prevalence of clinically active disease in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and its associated factors in a large global sample of patients from the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS) study. IMAS is a cross-sectional online survey (2017–2022) of 5557 axSpA patients. Patients were divided between those with active disease (BASDAI ≥4) and without active disease (BASDAI <4). The factors evaluated were sociodemographic, lifestyle, patient-reported outcomes, employment, disease characteristics, extra-musculoskeletal manifestations, and treatment. Logistic regression analysis stratified by gender were used to evaluate the relationship between investigated factors and active disease. In the present study, 5295 patients who had responded to the BASDAI scale were included in the present study: 3231 were from Europe, 770 from North America, 600 from Asia, 548 from Latin America, and 146 from Africa. The mean age was 43.8 ± 12.9 years and 55.4% were females. Patients reported a mean BASDAI of 5.4 (±2.1) with 75% having active disease (BASDAI ≥4). In South Africa, 87.0% of patients reported having active disease, compared to 68.5% in Asia. Multivariable logistic regression showed an association of active disease with higher functional limitation, greater spinal stiffness, difficulty finding a job due to axSpA and worse mental health in both genders. For males, younger age and shorter diagnostic delay, and for females, no physical activity and presence of inflammatory bowel disease were associated with active disease. Three quarters of patients with axSpA reported clinically active disease, with higher proportion of patients with active disease in South Africa and lower proportion in Asia. Our results underline the complexity of the clinical disease activity concept in axSpA and the need for a holistic approach in the patient management, care and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feeding/swallowing and airway protection are complex functions, essential for survival, and continue to evolve throughout the lifetime. Medical and surgical advances across the globe have improved the long-term survival of medically complex children at the cost of increasing comorbidities, including dysfunctional swallowing (dysphagia). Dysphagia is prominent in children with histories of preterm birth, neurologic and neuromuscular diagnoses, developmental delays, and aerodigestive disorders; and is associated with medical, health, and neurodevelopmental problems; and long-term socioeconomic, caregiver, health system, and social burdens. Despite these survival and population trends, data on global prevalence of childhood dysphagia and associated burdens are limited, and practice variations are common. This article reviews current global population and resource-dependent influences on current trends for children with dysphagia, disparities in the availability and access to specialized multidisciplinary care, and potential impacts on burdens. A patient example will illustrate some questions to be considered and decision-making options in relation to age and development, availability and accessibility to resources, as well as diverse cultures and family values. Precise recognition of feeding/swallowing disorders and follow-up intervention are enhanced by awareness and knowledge of global disparities in resources. Initiatives are needed, which address geographic and economic barriers to providing optimal care to children with dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the effect of digital services on entrepreneurial activity in 153 countries during 2006–2019. Digital services are measured by the volume of the digital services that can be delivered over information and communication technologies (ICT) networks, including among others, sales and digital marketing. Entrepreneurship is measured by the number and density of new business registrations. Controlling for other economic, institutional, and technological factors, fixed effects regression was used to capture country heterogeneity. Our results show a significant positive association between the level of digital services and entrepreneurial activity across countries through ICT networks represented mainly by digital marketing, which is found to have a direct effect on new business opportunities. Our results remain robust after applying sensitivity tests and endogeneity analysis as well as using alternative control variables. These results have important implications for entrepreneurs and policymakers. Entrepreneurs are provided with insights about the importance of encouraging digital entrepreneurship by focusing on ICT infrastructure, mainly digital marketing. Second, governments need to pay more attention to promoting digitization policies to encourage entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australopiths are a group of early human ancestors that lived approximately 4 to 2 million years ago and are considered a key transitional form between apes and humans. Studying australopiths can help to understand the evolutionary processes that led to the emergence of humans and gain insights into the unique adaptations and characteristics that set humans apart from other primates. A bibliometric-based review of publications on australopiths contained in the Scopus database was conducted, analyzing approximately 2000 of them. The main authors, institutions, and countries researching this subject were identified, as well as their future development. The connections between authors, countries, and research topics were also analyzed through the detection of communities. The more frequent keywords in this subject are hominid, animal, human, South Africa, and Australopithecus afarensis. Four main research clusters were identified in the field of australopiths: palaeobiology, cranial evolution, locomotion, and mandible evolution and morphometry. The most important countries in terms of collaboration networks are South Africa, the UK, France, and Germany. Research on australopiths is ongoing, and new research clusters are expected to emerge, such as those focused on pre-australopiths and the molecular evolution and taxonomy of australopiths. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on australopiths and offers insights into the current direction of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 23, 2022, the growing global monkeypox outbreak was deemed a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since early May 2022, there has been an increase in monkeypox cases. The aim of this study was to explore the global epidemiology of monkeypox cases. This was a retrospective epidemiological study that reported all confirmed cases of monkeypox worldwide between May 6, 2022, and July 21, 2022. We extracted data from the publicly available Global Health platform. A total of 15, 510 confirmed cases of monkeypox were reported worldwide until July 21, 2022. The daily confirmed cases of monkeypox increased by 205-fold [from 1 case on May 6, 2022, to 206 cases on July 21, 2022]. The highest number of confirmed cases of monkeypox was seen in Spain which has reached 3, 125 cases on July 21, 2022, followed by the United States with 2, 316 cases, Germany with 2, 191 cases, the United Kingdom with 2, 142 cases, and France with 1, 448 cases. Monkeypox outbreak is on the rise and the regulations adopted so far are not proving effective enough to tackle the problem. To improve public understanding of this illness and their capacity for prevention, awareness campaigns should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) is a microwave (MW) radiometer that has near-global coverage and frequent revisit time. To date, operational total column water vapor (TCWV) data records from the GPM GMI sensor have been exclusively offered over oceanic regions. It is challenging to retrieve TCWV over land from satellite MW measurements because of varying land surface characteristics. In this paper, a novel Light Gradient Boosting Machine-based retrieval algorithm is proposed to derive TCWV over land from GMI-sensed MW brightness temperature (BT) observations. The GMI-observed MW BT at 18.7 GHz and 23.8 GHz, differential BT between 18.7 GHz and 23.8 GHz, latitude, longitude, and month are selected and utilized as the input variables of the retrieval approach, because of their strong correlation with satellite-sensed MW TCWV retrievals. Instead of surface emissivity data or radiative transfer model, we take into account the spatial and temporal elements, namely latitude, longitude, and month. The training of the retrieval method is performed based on ground-based TCWV estimates from worldwide 4,471 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations in 2017. The performance of the newly proposed retrieval algorithm is independently validated in a worldwide coverage using reference TCWV from additional 4,341 GNSS stations in 2018–2020 and 605 radiosonde stations in 2017–2020. The newly retrieved TCWV estimates over land have a correlation coefficient of 0.76 and 0.83, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 5.82 mm and 6.02 mm, a relative RMSE of 34.91% and 34.36%, and a mean bias of 0.02 mm and −0.42 mm compared to reference TCWV from GNSS and radiosonde, respectively. The performance of the retrieval algorithm is satisfactory when compared to that of land-purpose TCWV of other satellite missions, though we have not used either surface emissivity data or radiative transfer model. This result increases confidence in retrieving TCWV over land from satellite-sensed MW BT measurements based on machine learning using ground-based TCWV observations. The newly developed retrieval algorithm has the potential for integration into operational satellite missions or meteorological services, thereby enhancing weather forecasting, climate modeling, and other relevant applications.

Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released the latest estimates of the global burden of cancer. We present a comparison of cancer profiles between 2020 and 2022, leveraging data from the Global Cancer Statistics (GLOBOCAN). Methods: Cancer incidence and mortality data were sourced from two different years, 2020 and 2022, in the GLOBOCAN database. We tracked changes in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates, as well as estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths of the 15 most common cancer types globally and in China between 2020 and 2022. Additionally, we conducted comparisons to assess alterations in the cancer burden and variations in mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) across different regions and countries for both 2020 and 2022. Results: Lung cancer remained the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The new cases of thyroid cancer witnessed a sharp increase in 2022. Conversely, the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths from stomach and esophageal cancer decreased significantly in 2022. The geographic distribution of cancer incidence and mortality across six continents in 2022 largely mirrored that of 2020. Higher Human Development Index (HDI) levels in countries corresponded with elevated rates of cancer incidence and mortality, consistent with the previous year. Among 185 countries or territories, China's age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) ranked 64th and its age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) ranked 68th, aligning with global averages. Lung cancer continued to impose the greatest burden of incidence and mortality. Stomach, breast, and esophageal cancers showed declines in both case counts and ASIR. Noteworthy reductions in both ASMR and absolute mortality numbers were observed in liver, stomach, and esophageal cancers. The global MIR decreased from 0.516 in 2020 to 0.488 in 2022. MIR trends indicated an upward trajectory with decreasing HDI levels in both 2022 and 2020. While Canada, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom demonstrated increasing MIRs, China exhibited the most significant decrease, followed by Russia and the United States. Conclusions: The global landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in 2022 reflects ongoing trends observed in 2020. Cancer burdens vary notably across countries with differing socioeconomic statuses. Decreases in stomach, liver, and esophageal cancer cases and deaths signify progress in cancer control efforts. The decrease in the global MIRs highlights potential improvements in cancer management.

Abstract Introduction To assess differences in the diagnosis journey and access to care in a large sample of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) from around the world, included in the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS). Methods IMAS was a cross-sectional online survey (2017–2022) of 5557 unselected patients with axSpA from 27 countries. Across five worldwide geographic regions, the patient journey until diagnosis and healthcare utilization in the last 12 months prior to survey were evaluated. Univariable and multivariable linear regression was used to analyze factors associated with higher healthcare utilization. Results Of 5557 participants in IMAS, the diagnosis took an average of 7.4 years, requiring more than two visits to HCPs (77.7% general practitioner and 51.3% rheumatologist), and more than two diagnostic tests [67.5% performed human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27), 64.2% x-ray, and 59.1% magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans]. North America and Europe were the regions with the highest number of healthcare professional (HCP) visits for diagnosis, while the lowest number of visits was in the Asian region. In the previous 12 months, 94.9% (n = 5272) used at least one healthcare resource, with an average of 29 uses per year. The regions with the highest healthcare utilization were Latin America, Europe, and North America. In the multiple linear regression, factors associated with higher number of healthcare utilization were younger age (b = – 0.311), female gender (b = 7.736), higher disease activity (b = 1.461), poorer mental health (b = 0.624), greater functional limitation (b = 0.300), greater spinal stiffness (b = 1.527), and longer diagnostic delay (b = 0.104). Conclusion The diagnosis of axSpA usually takes more than two visits to HCPs and at least 7 years. After diagnosis, axSpA is associated with frequent healthcare resource use. Younger age, female gender, higher disease activity, poorer mental health, greater functional limitation, greater spinal stiffness, and longer diagnostic delay are associated with higher healthcare utilization. Europe and North America use more HCP visits and diagnostic tests before and after diagnosis than the other regions.

Simple Summary: The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is an important gene that can affect the growth and economic traits of sheep. This study first investigated the distribution of the MC4R gene's p.T117M mutation in sheep breeds worldwide. The results showed that the mutation's frequency was higher in European breeds compared with Chinese sheep breeds. The p.T117M mutation occurs in the first extracellular loop of MC4R. Mechanistically, the basal activity of the mutated receptor significantly increased. Specifically, upon treatment with α-MSH and ACTH ligands, the cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling activation of M117 MC4R was enhanced. These results indicate that the T117M mutation may change the function of the gene by increasing the constitutive activity and signaling activation of cAMP and MAPK/ERK, and, thus, may regulate the growth traits of sheep. This may provide effective assistance for improving the economic benefits of the sheep industry. The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis and food intake in livestock, thereby affecting their economic worth and growth. In a previous study, the p.T117M mutation in the sheep MC4R gene, which leads to the transition of threonine to methionine, was found to affect the body weight at six months and the average daily gain in Hu sheep. However, there are still limited studies on the frequency of the sheep p.T117M missense mutation globally, and the underlying cellular mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, this study first used WGS to investigate the distribution of the MC4R gene p.T117M mutation in 652 individuals across 22 breeds worldwide. The results showed that the mutation frequency was higher in European breeds compared with Chinese sheep breeds, particularly in Poll Dorset sheep (mutation frequency > 0.5). The p.T117M mutation occurs in the first extracellular loop of MC4R. Mechanistically, the basal activity of the mutated receptor is significantly increased. Specifically, upon treatment with α-MSH and ACTH ligands, the cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling activation of M117 MC4R is enhanced. These results indicate that the T117M mutation may change the function of the gene by increasing the constitutive activity and signaling activation of cAMP and MAPK/ERK, and, thus, may regulate the growth traits of sheep. In conclusion, this study delved into the global distribution and underlying cellular mechanisms of the T117M mutation of the MC4R gene, establishing a scientific foundation for breeding sheep with superior growth, thereby contributing to the advancement of the sheep industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, 3,900 gene therapy clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing or have been approved worldwide. Our database brings together global information on gene therapy clinical activity from trial databases, official agency sources, published literature, conference presentations and posters kindly provided to us by individual investigators or trial sponsors. This review presents our analysis of clinical trials that, to the best of our knowledge, have been or are being performed worldwide. As of our March 2023 update, we have entries on 3,900 trials undertaken in 46 countries. We have analyzed the geographical distribution of trials, the disease indications (or other reasons) for trials, the proportions to which different vector types are used, and which genes have been transferred. Details of the analyses presented, and our searchable database are on The Journal of Gene Medicine Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide website at https://a873679.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/GTCT. We also provide an overview of the progress being made around the world, and discuss key trends since the previous review, namely the unprecedented increase in gene therapy clinical trial activity, including the implementation of genome editing technology with the potential to transform the field moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To assess differences in the diagnosis journey and access to care in a large sample of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) from around the world, included in the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS). Methods: IMAS was a cross-sectional online survey (2017–2022) of 5557 unselected patients with axSpA from 27 countries. Across five worldwide geographic regions, the patient journey until diagnosis and healthcare utilization in the last 12 months prior to survey were evaluated. Univariable and multivariable linear regression was used to analyze factors associated with higher healthcare utilization. Results: Of 5557 participants in IMAS, the diagnosis took an average of 7.4 years, requiring more than two visits to HCPs (77.7% general practitioner and 51.3% rheumatologist), and more than two diagnostic tests [67.5% performed human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27), 64.2% x-ray, and 59.1% magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans]. North America and Europe were the regions with the highest number of healthcare professional (HCP) visits for diagnosis, while the lowest number of visits was in the Asian region. In the previous 12 months, 94.9% (n = 5272) used at least one healthcare resource, with an average of 29 uses per year. The regions with the highest healthcare utilization were Latin America, Europe, and North America. In the multiple linear regression, factors associated with higher number of healthcare utilization were younger age (b = – 0.311), female gender (b = 7.736), higher disease activity (b = 1.461), poorer mental health (b = 0.624), greater functional limitation (b = 0.300), greater spinal stiffness (b = 1.527), and longer diagnostic delay (b = 0.104). Conclusion: The diagnosis of axSpA usually takes more than two visits to HCPs and at least 7 years. After diagnosis, axSpA is associated with frequent healthcare resource use. Younger age, female gender, higher disease activity, poorer mental health, greater functional limitation, greater spinal stiffness, and longer diagnostic delay are associated with higher healthcare utilization. Europe and North America use more HCP visits and diagnostic tests before and after diagnosis than the other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eimeria is a protozoan parasite that affects poultry, particularly chickens, causing a disease known as coccidiosis. This disease imposes substantial significant economic challenges to the poultry sector. Objectives: The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria in domestic chickens. Methods: Multiple databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published until June 2023. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random‐effects model with a 95% confidence interval. The statistical analysis was conducted using meta packages in R version (3.6.1). Results: In total, 41 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The global pooled prevalence was 44.3% (36.9%–51.8%) with Eimeria tenella (38.7%, 30.1%–47.7%) as the most prevalent species. The highest pooled prevalence was related to the Western Pacific Region (80.5%, 72.6%–87.3%) and urban areas (44.4%, 36.5%–52.6%). Moreover, areas with humid subtropical climates represent the highest overall prevalence (75.8%, 46.6%–95.9%). Conclusion: The necessity for robust and innovative strategies for preventing and managing this disease cannot be overstated. Addressing Eimeria impact is crucial not only for safeguarding poultry health but also for sustaining the economic viability of the poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As cochlear implant (CI) criteria widen, more candidates with usable residual hearing are being considered for a CI. Unlike children, adults mostly receive only one implant. The aim of this survey was to determine bimodal-hearing and bilateral CI service provision for adults around the world. This survey offers the backdrop against which future clinical practice and service delivery can be considered. Methods: CI professionals from across the world were invited to participate in an international multicentre survey. The online questionnaire was circulated to CI professionals in 75 countries. There were 64 respondents, representing 25 countries across five world regions. Results: In this sample, adult CI users most had unilateral CI (74.5%) and only 25.5% were bilateral CI users. Some 54% of unilateral CI users used a hearing aid (HA) in the non-implanted ear. Funding for a second implant or HA was not well supported for adult unilateral CI users, and there was no clear practice guidance for fitting and maintaining the contralateral HA in most regions. Conclusions: CI professionals recognised the value of fitting contralateral HAs at CI services, with audiology departments and private HA dispensers playing an ongoing role in general maintenance and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The management of gastric cancer has long been debated, particularly the extent of lymph node (LN) dissection required during curative surgery. LN invasion stands out as the most critical prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Historically, Japanese academic societies were the pioneers in defining a classification system for regional gastric LN stations, numbering them from 1 to 16. This classification was later used to differentiate between different types of LN dissection, such as D1, D2 and D3. However, these definitions were often considered too complex to be universally adopted, resulting in wide variations in recommendations from one country to another and making it difficult to compare published studies. In addition, the optimal extent of LN dissection remains uncertain, with initially recommended dissections being extensive but associated with significant morbidity without a clear survival benefit. The aim of this review is to make a case for extending LN dissection based on the existing literature, which includes a comprehensive examination of the current definitions of lymphadenectomy and an analysis of the results of all randomised controlled trials evaluating morbidity, mortality and long-term survival associated with different types of LN dissection. Finally, we provide a summary of the various recommendations issued by organizations such as the Japanese Gastric Research Association, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the French National Thesaurus of Digestive Oncology.

Background: Canine babesiosis is a clinically significant tick‐transmitted disease caused by several species of the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia, which result in a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild, transient infection to serious disease and even death. Objectives: The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Babesia in dogs. Methods: Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant literature published from January 2000 up to December 2022. The statistical analyses were performed based on the R software (version 3.6) meta‐package. Results: Out of 23,864 publications, 229 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of canine babesiosis was 0.120 (95% CI; 0.097–0.146). The highest pooled prevalence was found in Europe (0.207, 95% CI; 0.097–0.344). Among several species, Babesia canis was the most prevalent parasite (0.216, 95% CI; 0.056–0.441). The highest pooled prevalence of Babesia in dogs was observed in the summer season (0.097, 95% CI; 0.040–0.174). Conclusions: Regular screening and appropriate control strategies are recommended for the prevention of transmission of tick‐borne disease transmission among dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of gastric cancer has long been debated, particularly the extent of lymph node (LN) dissection required during curative surgery. LN invasion stands out as the most critical prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Historically, Japanese academic societies were the pioneers in defining a classification system for regional gastric LN stations, numbering them from 1 to 16. This classification was later used to differentiate between different types of LN dissection, such as D1, D2 and D3. However, these definitions were often considered too complex to be universally adopted, resulting in wide variations in recommendations from one country to another and making it difficult to compare published studies. In addition, the optimal extent of LN dissection remains uncertain, with initially recommended dissections being extensive but associated with significant morbidity without a clear survival benefit. The aim of this review is to make a case for extending LN dissection based on the existing literature, which includes a comprehensive examination of the current definitions of lymphadenectomy and an analysis of the results of all randomised controlled trials evaluating morbidity, mortality and long-term survival associated with different types of LN dissection. Finally, we provide a summary of the various recommendations issued by organizations such as the Japanese Gastric Research Association, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the French National Thesaurus of Digestive Oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Survey Objective: In March of 2020, an original study by Louie et al investigated the impact of COVID-19 on 902 spine surgeons internationally. Since then, due to varying government responses and public health initiatives to the pandemic, individual countries and regions of the world have been affected differently. Therefore, this follow-up study aimed to assess how the COVID-19 impact on spine surgeons has changed 1 year later. Methods: A repeat, multi-dimensional, 90-item survey written in English was distributed to spine surgeons worldwide via email to the AO Spine membership who agreed to receive surveys. Questions were categorized into the following domains: demographics, COVID-19 observations, preparedness, personal impact, patient care, and future perceptions. Results: Basic respondent demographics, such as gender, age, home demographics, medical comorbidities, practice type, and years since training completion, were similar to those of the original 2020 survey. Significant differences between groups included reasons for COVID testing, opinions of media coverage, hospital unemployment, likelihood to be performing elective surgery, percentage of cases cancelled, percentage of personal income, sick leave, personal time allocation, stress coping mechanisms, and the belief that future guidelines were needed (P<.05). Conclusion: Compared to baseline results collected at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, significant differences in various domains related to COVID-19 perceptions, hospital preparedness, practice impact, personal impact, and future perceptions have developed. Follow-up assessment of spine surgeons has further indicated that telemedicine and virtual education are mainstays. Such findings may help to inform and manage expectations and responses to any future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) is an important invasive species that is recorded in more than 60 countries worldwide and feeds on nearly 91 families and 259 genera. However, the potential distribution range and management strategies for this pest are still poorly understood. Based on historical distribution data and environmental factors, the present study obtained the potentially suitable areas of P. viburni under different climate change scenarios by MaxEnt. The total area of suitable habitat areas will also show an increased trend in future climatic conditions. In order to control the spread of P. viburni, we need to strengthen the monitoring and quarantine measures at the Southern ports. The potential distribution range and management strategies for P. viburni are poorly understood. Based on historical distribution data and environmental factors, the present study predicted the potentially suitable areas for P. viburni spread under different climate change scenarios using MaxEnt (maximum entropy). The results showed that precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), precipitation seasonality (Bio15), and mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8) were the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of P. viburni. Under the current climate conditions, its potential suitable areas are southern China, the whole of Japan, North America (especially the eastern part of the United States), the southwestern part of South America, the Mediterranean coast and most of Europe, the central part of Africa, i.e., the south of the Sahara Desert, and most of the southern coast of Australia. The total area of habitats suitable for this insect pest is predicted to be increased in the future. In order to prevent P. viburni transmission and spread, there is a need to strengthen the monitoring and quarantine measures against this pest at the Southern ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disparities in the availability of reperfusion services for acute ischemic stroke are considerable globally and require urgent attention. Contemporary data on the availability of reperfusion services in different countries are used to provide the necessary evidence to prioritize where access to acute stroke treatment is needed. Aims: To provide a snapshot of published literature on the provision of reperfusion services globally, including when facilitated by telemedicine or mobile stroke unit services. Methods: We searched PubMed to identify original articles, published up to January 2023 for the most recent, representative, and relevant patient-level data for each country. Keywords included thrombolysis, endovascular thrombectomy and telemedicine. We also screened reference lists of review articles, citation history of articles, and the gray literature. The information is provided as a narrative summary. Results: Of 11,222 potentially eligible articles retrieved, 148 were included for review following de-duplications and full-text review. Data were also obtained from national stroke clinical registry reports, Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) and PRE-hospital Stroke Treatment Organization (PRESTO) repositories, and other national sources. Overall, we found evidence of the provision of intravenous thrombolysis services in 70 countries (63% high-income countries (HICs)) and endovascular thrombectomy services in 33 countries (68% HICs), corresponding to far less than half of the countries in the world. Recent data (from 2019 or later) were lacking for 35 of 67 countries with known year of data (52%). We found published data on 74 different stroke telemedicine programs (93% in HICs) and 14 active mobile stroke unit pre-hospital ambulance services (80% in HICs) around the world. Conclusion: Despite remarkable advancements in reperfusion therapies for stroke, it is evident from available patient-level data that their availability remains unevenly distributed globally. Contemporary published data on availability of reperfusion services remain scarce, even in HICs, thereby making it difficult to reliably ascertain current gaps in the provision of this vital acute stroke treatment around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that in African countries the health condition is problematic, both from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. Patients have to travel long distances to access medical care. Many cannot afford the cost of transportation to a medical facility. Ultrasound its into the scenario of healthcare imaging with limited resources, as an effective, economical, repeatable diagnostic tool, requiring low maintenance. Ultrasound tools in fact are relatively cheap and machines are easy to move, making them adapt to be taken to a rural setting where they are most needed. However ultrasound exams are not easy to perform and they need an adequate training. The spread of POCUS (point-of-care “focused” ultrasound) worldwide could be useful in Africa to identify high-risk patients. These cases selected in rural setting by POCUS can be referred to hospitals for further treatment. To deal with these situations it is necessary to form doctors and/or paramedical staff capable of guaranteeing a qualitatively adequate service. Therefore the need for basic training is greater in developing countries. Sharing successful educational strategies should advance the integration of ultrasound into the university medical school curricula. This will ensure that recently qualified doctors can practice their basic skills accurately and independently.

Abstract Background Patients with mental disorders have a high risk of intestinal parasitic infection due to poor hygiene practices. Hence, to better clarify this overlooked phenomenon, the current study is conducted to determine the global prevalence of protozoan parasite infections in patients with mental disorders and investigate the associated risk factors. Methods Several databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) were searched for papers published until December 2022. The fixed effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the overall odds ratio (OR) and pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Totally, 131 articles (91 case–control and 40 cross-sectional studies) met the eligibility criteria. Patients with mental disorders were significantly at higher risk for protozoan parasites than healthy controls (OR: 2.059, 1.830–2.317). The highest pooled OR (2.485, 1.413–4.368) was related to patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, and the highest pooled prevalence was detected in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (0.341, 0.244–0.446), followed by bipolar and related disorders (0.321, 0.000–0.995). Toxoplasma gondii was the most prevalent protozoan parasite (0.343, 0.228–0.467) in cross-sectional studies and the highest pooled OR was related to Cyclospora cayetanensis (4.719, 1.352–16.474) followed by Cryptosporidium parvum (4.618, 2.877–7.412). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that individuals afflicted with mental disorders are significantly more susceptible to acquiring protozoan parasites in comparison to healthy individuals. Preventive interventions, regular screening, and treatment approaches for parasitic diseases should be considered for patients with mental disorders.

Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often considered the gold standard and the cornerstone for clinical practice. However, bibliometric studies on worldwide RCTs of ophthalmology published in the 21st century have not been reported in detail yet. This study aims to perform a bibliometric study and visualization analysis of worldwide ophthalmologic RCTs in the 21st century. Methods: Global ophthalmologic RCTs from 2000 to 2022 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection. The number of publications, country/region, institution, author, journal, and research hotspots of RCTs were analyzed using HistCite, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Excel software. Results: 2366 institutions and 90 journals from 83 countries/regions participated in the publication of 1769 global ophthalmologic RCTs, with the United States leading in the number of volumes and research field, and the Moorfields Eye Hospital contributing to the most publications. Ophthalmology received the greatest number of publications and co-citations. Jeffrey S. Heier owned the most publications and Jost B. Jonas owned the most co-citations. The knowledge foundations of global ophthalmologic RCTs were mainly retinopathy, glaucoma, dry eye disease (DED), and cataracts, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy (ranibizumab), topical ocular hypotensive medication, laser trabeculoplasty. Anti-VEGF therapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), DME (diabetic macular edema), and DED, the use of new diagnostic tools, and myopia were the hottest research highlights. Anti-VEGF therapy, prompt laser, triamcinolone, and verteporfin photodynamic therapy for AMD, DME, and CNV (choroidal neovascularization), DED, myopia, and open-angle glaucoma were the research hotspots with the longest duration. The future research hotspots might be DED and the prevention and control of myopia. Conclusions: Overall, the number of global ophthalmologic RCTs in the 21st century was keeping growing, there was an imbalance between the regions and institutions, and more efforts are required to raise the quantity, quality, and global impact of high-quality clinical evidence in developing countries/regions.

We introduce a new framework of the functions of direct democracy within a democratic political system. These are: (1) channeling political input into the decision-making arenas by circumventing organized interests (input function), (2) channeling political issues out of the representative decision-making system (exit function), and (3) producing decisions about political questions (decision function). Based on the analysis of 277 instruments of direct democracy on the national level in 103 countries around the world, we find that the input and exit functions are rather unbalanced in their dynamics. The exit function shows a tendency to strengthen the concentration of power, whereas the input function rarely allows for access to both decision-making arenas. However, once issues reach the referendum, the impact is often strong, and only a small minority of states conduct referendums without any formal consequences. Beyond these results, the presented approach allows to start long-time observations of the state of direct democracy in democratic systems.

Recent geological, hydrochemical, and mineralogical studies performed on hypersaline salt flats have given insights into similar geo-morphologic features on Mars. These salt-encrusted depressions are widely spread across the Earth, where they are characterized by high salt concentrations, intense UV radiation, high evaporation, and low precipitation. Their surfaces are completely dry in summer; intermittent flooding occurs in winter turning them into transitory hypersaline lakes. Thanks to new approaches such as culture-dependent, culture-independent, and metagenomic-based methods, it is important to study microbial life under polyextreme conditions and understand what lives in these dynamic ecosystems and how they function. Regarding these particular features, new halophilic microorganisms have been isolated from some salt flats and identified as excellent producers of primary and secondary metabolites and granules such as halocins, enzymes, carotenoids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and exopolysaccharides. Additionally, halophilic microorganisms are implemented in heavy metal bioremediation and hypersaline wastewater treatment. As a result, there is a growing interest in the distribution of halophilic microorganisms around the world that can be looked upon as good models to develop sustainable biotechnological processes for all fields. This review provides insights into diversity, ecology, metabolism, and genomics of halophiles in hypersaline salt flats worldwide as well as their potential uses in biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with mental disorders have a high risk of intestinal parasitic infection due to poor hygiene practices. Hence, to better clarify this overlooked phenomenon, the current study is conducted to determine the global prevalence of protozoan parasite infections in patients with mental disorders and investigate the associated risk factors. Methods: Several databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) were searched for papers published until December 2022. The fixed effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the overall odds ratio (OR) and pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Totally, 131 articles (91 case–control and 40 cross-sectional studies) met the eligibility criteria. Patients with mental disorders were significantly at higher risk for protozoan parasites than healthy controls (OR: 2.059, 1.830–2.317). The highest pooled OR (2.485, 1.413–4.368) was related to patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, and the highest pooled prevalence was detected in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (0.341, 0.244–0.446), followed by bipolar and related disorders (0.321, 0.000–0.995). Toxoplasma gondii was the most prevalent protozoan parasite (0.343, 0.228–0.467) in cross-sectional studies and the highest pooled OR was related to Cyclospora cayetanensis (4.719, 1.352–16.474) followed by Cryptosporidium parvum (4.618, 2.877–7.412). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that individuals afflicted with mental disorders are significantly more susceptible to acquiring protozoan parasites in comparison to healthy individuals. Preventive interventions, regular screening, and treatment approaches for parasitic diseases should be considered for patients with mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common complaint in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Despite the fact that the estimated prevalence of RLS among HD patients is widely reported, these results varied significantly in the relevant literature. Due to this limitation, the aim of this study was to determine the global prevalence of RLS among HD patients. Methods: This systematic review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses 2020 statement. We searched the electronic databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database, and Weipu Database. A random effects model was employed to calculate pooled prevalence rates. Results: The global pooled prevalence of RLS in HD patients was 27.2% (95% CI: 24.8–29.7). Stratified analyses demonstrated that included studies with sample size <100 had the highest pooled prevalence of RLS. The prevalence of RLS using clinical interviews and questionnaires was 28.7% (95% CI: 25.2–32.2) and 25.9% (95% CI: 22.8–29.1), respectively. RLS prevalence is higher in females (29.7%, 95% CI: 26.2–33.2) HD patients than in males (23.5%, 95% CI: 20.9–26.0), and the African region has the highest prevalence in the world when the diagnostic criteria were restricted to the 2003 version of International RLS Study Group criteria, the prevalence of RLS was highest (28.9%, 95% CI: 25.9–31.9). Conclusion: Our results revealed a high RLS prevalence in HD patients worldwide. However, the prevalence of RLS among HD patients varied significantly based on sample size, data collection method, gender, diagnostic criteria, and geographical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducts a critical analysis of gender disparities worldwide, delving into the multifaceted dimensions of inequity that persist across various societies and cultures. From economic inequalities and educational challenges to healthcare disparities and political underrepresentation, the examination encompasses the pervasive impact of cultural biases and violence. Recognizing the intersectionality of gender identities, the analysis explores how race, ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation intersect with gender, shaping unique challenges for diverse groups of women. The abstract underscores the importance of understanding the root causes of gender disparities for the development of targeted and effective strategies. By scrutinizing global initiatives and Sustainable Development Goals related to gender equality, the article contributes to the ongoing dialogue aimed at fostering a world where gender equality is not merely an aspiration but a tangible reality. The journey towards dismantling gender disparities requires collective commitment, informed interventions, and a resolute pursuit of justice for all individuals, regardless of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges to medical training worldwide. Many studies examining barriers, such as student safety concerns and technological issues for adaptability to a virtual learning mode, were conducted during social distancing and described the pandemic's impact on medical education. This narrative sought to review how medical schools adapted to the pandemic and to provide a unique analysis of the challenges faced in delivering medical curricula worldwide. A search of the medical education literature yielded articles describing methods employed by medical colleges from locations worldwide. All articles that met search parameters were archived on PubMed. Of 109 manuscripts, 12 describe strategies adopted by 10 countries. They support the discussion of teaching and learning at the pre-clerkship and clerkship levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online learning became the method adopted by medical schools worldwide to address hurdles during the pandemic. Access to technology, the internet, and appropriate infrastructure, resulted in solid indicators of medical education success. From the student's perspective, the most significant advantage of this strategy was flexibility. The compiled reports are representative approaches used during the pandemic and may serve as guidelines for medical colleges when strategic change is needed during pre-clerkship and clerkship education. Strategies based on information technology proved successful; however, more equitable access is necessary. It is crucial to consider the complexities of syndemic conditions when adjusting the curriculum in challenging situations such as a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken meat and meat products are considered as significant sources of high quality animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Besides, chicken meat is regarded as alternative cheap source of protein compared with the red meat. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with a vast array of microorganisms, and subsequently it can be implicated in many biological hazards such as bacterial food poisoning. The latter can be divided into bacterial foodborne infections including E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Shiegella spp., and Yersinia spp. Bacterial foodborne intoxication including Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium botulinum. The third class of the bacterial food poisoning is foodborne toxicoinfection which involves Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. This review threw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with some bacterial hazards in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such hazards was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of arboviruses is increasing worldwide. Their vectors are widely distributed in different continents of the world. Despite the importance of the phleboviruses, unfortunately data about the spread of the viruses in human and animal communities is very limited.Methods: This study is a systematic review of phlebovirus and its vectors worldwide, with emphasis on Middle East countries including Iran. Accordingly, all English language articles which were conducted up to the end of 2020 were found by searching the databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. Furthermore, the authors used the Strobe checklist to evaluate the quality of the articles.Results: Phlebotomus perniciosus was the main vector of the Tosca virus in the Mediterranean regions such as Italy, France, and Greece. In African counties, Aedes species were more important vectors of phleboviruses, especially Rift Valley fever. As these diseases can easily spread to even uninfected areas of Asia, permanent monitoring is needed to control phleboviruses.Conclusion: Practical methods have been used to control the vectors and hosts of phleboviruses. Some important methods are listed as follows: impregnated bed nets/curtains, residual spraying, repellents, establishment of the robust surveillance of animal and their products, and limited movement of livestock during outbreak time. These methods can minimize the risk of transmission of phleboviral diseases, especially RVF infection.

Abstract Background Sanitation or sanitary workers are exposed to hepatitis virus infections because of filthy and dangerous working conditions. The current global systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled sero-prevalence of occupationally associated hepatitis virus infection among them. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA), and Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and study design (PICOS) were used for flow diagram, and review questions, respectively. Four databases other methods were used published articles from 2000 to 2022. Boolean logic (AND, OR), MeSH, and keywords were used: (Occupation *OR Job *OR Work) AND (Hepatitis A *OR Hepatitis B virus *OR Hepatitis C virus *OR Hepatitis E virus) AND (Solid waste collectors [SWCs] *OR Street sweepers [SS] *OR Sewage workers [STWs] *OR health care facilities cleaners [HCFCs)) AND (Countries). Stata MP/17 software was used for pooled prevalence analysis, meta-regression analysis (Hedges) at a 95% confidence interval (CI:95%). Results A total of 182 studies were identified studies, a total of 28 studies were included from twelve countries. Of these, from developed (n = 7) and developing countries (n = 5). From total a of 9049 sanitary workers, 5951(66%), 2280 (25%) and 818 (9%) were STWs, SWCs and SS, respectively. Globally, the pooled sero-prevalence of occupational-related hepatitis viral infections among sanitary workers was 38.06% (95% CI: 30–0.46.12). Of this, it was 42.96% (95% CI: 32.63–53.29) and 29.81% (95% CI: 17.59–42.02) for high-income and low-income countries, respectively. Meanwhile, by sub-analysis, the highest pooled sero-prevalence of hepatitis viral infections by categories, type and year were 47.66% (95%CI: 37.42–57.90), 48.45% (95% CI: 37.95–58.96), and 48.30% (95% CI: 36.13–60.47) for SWTs, HAV, and 2000 to 2010 year, respectively. Conclusion The consistency of the evidence suggests that sanitation workers, particularly sewage workers, are susceptible to occupationally acquired hepatitis regardless of their working conditions, necessitating significant changes to occupational health and safety regulations from governmental policies and other initiatives to reduce risks among sanitary workers.

Rotavirus (RV) causes the loss of numerous children’s lives worldwide each year, and this burden is particularly heavy in low- and lower-middle-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. RV epidemiology exhibits a diverse range of genotypes, which can vary in prevalence and impact across different regions. The human genotypes that are most commonly recognized are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G8P[8], G9P[8], and G12P[8]. The diversity of rotavirus genotypes presents a challenge in understanding its global distribution and developing effective vaccines. Oral, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines have undergone evaluation in various contexts, encompassing both low-income and high-income populations, demonstrating their safety and effectiveness. Rotavirus vaccines have been introduced and implemented in over 120 countries, offering an opportunity to assess their effectiveness in diverse settings. However, these vaccines were less effective in areas with more rotavirus-related deaths and lower economic status compared to wealthier regions with fewer rotavirus-related deaths. Despite their lower efficacy, rotavirus vaccines significantly decrease the occurrence of diarrheal diseases and related mortality. They also prove to be cost-effective in regions with a high burden of such diseases. Regularly evaluating the impact, influence, and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, especially the newly approved ones for worldwide use, is essential for deciding if these vaccines should be introduced in countries. This is especially important in places with limited resources to determine if a switch to a different vaccine is necessary. Future research in rotavirus epidemiology should focus on a comprehensive understanding of genotype diversity and its implications for vaccine effectiveness. It is crucial to monitor shifts in genotype prevalence and their association with disease severity, especially in high-risk populations. Policymakers should invest in robust surveillance systems to monitor rotavirus genotypes. This data can guide vaccine development and public health interventions. International collaboration and data sharing are vital to understand genotype diversity on a global scale and facilitate the development of more effective vaccines.

We present a global experience‐sampling method (ESM) study aimed at describing, predicting, and understanding individual differences in well‐being during times of crisis such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. This international ESM study is a collaborative effort of over 60 interdisciplinary researchers from around the world in the "Coping with Corona" (CoCo) project. The study comprises trait‐, state‐, and daily‐level data of 7490 participants from over 20 countries (total ESM measurements = 207,263; total daily measurements = 73,295) collected between October 2021 and August 2022. We provide a brief overview of the theoretical background and aims of the study, present the applied methods (including a description of the study design, data collection procedures, data cleaning, and final sample), and discuss exemplary research questions to which these data can be applied. We end by inviting collaborations on the CoCo dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses usually provide direct patient care. However, they account for the majority of healthcare workers (HCWs) injured by needles or other sharp objects. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of needle stick injuries (NSI) among nurses worldwide; according to WHO regions, the socioeconomic development index (SDI) of countries, and the developmental status of individual countries, and in the Middle East. Design: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We calculated the pooled NSI prevalence estimates using a random‐effect meta‐analysis with the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis software. The report of the study was in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. Results: The overall worldwide NSI prevalence pooled from our analysis was 40.97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.29–50.63%, p =.00001). A subgroup analysis of NSI prevalence according to WHO regions revealed the highest prevalence in Southeast Asia (49.9%, 95% CI: [23.4–76.3%]) and the lowest in the United States of America (25.1%, 95% CI: [18.1–32.1%]), respectively. The pooled prevalence in developed and developing countries was 30.5% (95% CI: 27.3–33.8%) and 46.6% (95% CI: 33.7–59.5%), respectively. According to the SDI, NSI prevalence was highest in low‐middle SDI countries (48.9% [95% CI: 30.7–67.2%]). Conclusion: Our results showed a high NSI prevalence among nurses worldwide. Developing countries had a significantly higher NSI prevalence than developed countries, especially low‐middle SDI countries. Relevance to Clinical Practice: This study highlighted the prevalence of NSI risk among nurses practising in clinical settings worldwide. The study findings suggest that continuous training programs should be implemented for nurses to enhance their knowledge, performance and attitude toward NSI prevention in clinical settings. No Patient or Public Contribution: Contributions from patients or the public are irrelevant because the purpose of this study was to examine the global prevalence of NSIs in nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper aims to analyze the time trend of OCs incidence in 43 countries (1988–2012) and predict the incidence trend of OCs (2012–2030). Methods: In the database for Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, the annual data on OCs incidence grouped by age and gender were obtained from 108 cancer registries in 43 countries. The age‐standardized incidence rates were calculated, and the Bayesian age‐period‐cohort model was used to predict the incidence in 2030. Results: South Asia and Oceania had the highest ASR in 1988 (9.24/100 000) and 2012 (6.74/100 000). It was predicted that India, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Austria, and Japan would be the countries with an increased incidence of OCs in 2030. Conclusion: Regional custom is an important factor affecting the incidence of OCs. According to our predictions., it is necessary to control risk factors according to local conditions and enhance screening and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Both the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing worldwide. Updated evaluations of prostate cancer burden and its global, regional and national patterns are essential for formulating effective preventive strategies. Objective: To investigate prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2019 to facilitate preventive measures and control planning. Methods: Annual incident cases, deaths, DALYs, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), and age-standardized DALYs rates (ASDRs) of prostate cancer between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2019. Percentage changes in incident cases, deaths and DALYs and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in ASIRs, ASMRs and ASDRs were calculated to quantify temporal trends. Correlations between EAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) and universal health coverage index (UHCI) were evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses. Results: Globally, the number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs of prostate cancer increased by 116.11%, 108.94%, and 98.25% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The ASIR increased by an average of 0.26% (95% CI: 0.14%, 0.37%) per year between 1990 and 2019, while the ASMR and ASDR decreased by an average of – 0.75% (95% CI: – 0.84%, – 0.67%) and – 0.71% (95% CI: – 0.78%, – 0.63%) per year in this period, respectively. Epidemic trends in the burdens of prostate cancer were not uniform throughout different groups of SDI or geography. The burdens of prostate cancer varied across SDI regions, with an increasing trend in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR in low and low-middle SDI regions between 1990 and 2019. A significant positive correlation between the EAPC in ASIR and UHCI was observed in countries with a UHCI < 70 (ρ = 0.37, p < 0.001). Interpretation: Prostate cancer remains a major global health burden due to the increase in incident cases, deaths, and DALYs in the past three decades. These increases are likely to continue as the population ages, which indicates a potential talent gap in the trained healthcare workforce. The diversity of prostate cancer development models implies the importance of specific local strategies tailored for each country's risk factor profile. Prevention, early detection and more effective treatment strategies for prostate cancer are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Importance Both the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing worldwide. Updated evaluations of prostate cancer burden and its global, regional and national patterns are essential for formulating effective preventive strategies. Objective To investigate prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2019 to facilitate preventive measures and control planning. Methods Annual incident cases, deaths, DALYs, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), and age-standardized DALYs rates (ASDRs) of prostate cancer between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2019. Percentage changes in incident cases, deaths and DALYs and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in ASIRs, ASMRs and ASDRs were calculated to quantify temporal trends. Correlations between EAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) and universal health coverage index (UHCI) were evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses. Results Globally, the number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs of prostate cancer increased by 116.11%, 108.94%, and 98.25% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The ASIR increased by an average of 0.26% (95% CI: 0.14%, 0.37%) per year between 1990 and 2019, while the ASMR and ASDR decreased by an average of – 0.75% (95% CI: – 0.84%, – 0.67%) and – 0.71% (95% CI: – 0.78%, – 0.63%) per year in this period, respectively. Epidemic trends in the burdens of prostate cancer were not uniform throughout different groups of SDI or geography. The burdens of prostate cancer varied across SDI regions, with an increasing trend in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR in low and low-middle SDI regions between 1990 and 2019. A significant positive correlation between the EAPC in ASIR and UHCI was observed in countries with a UHCI

Objective: Mastocytosis is a complex disorder affecting various organs. The diagnostic workup can be challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach including the use of uncommon tests. To assess mastocytosis management around the globe, we conducted the first worldwide online survey for physicians. Methods: A 21-item questionnaire was sent out to the members of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN), the Urticaria (UCARE) and Angioedema (ACARE) Centers of Reference and Excellence, the German Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), and the European Mast Cell and Basophil Research Network (EMBRN) in April–June 2021. Results: Across 628 respondents from 79 countries 87.7% and 9.7% of physicians were allergists/clinical immunologists and/or dermatologists. Participating physicians were from all regions of the world (Europe, EU: 41.6%; North America, NA: 24.8%; Latin America, LA: 14.5%; Asia-Pacific, AP: 12.6%; and Africa/Middle East, AME: 6.5%). Only 2.2% of respondents worked at Specialized Mastocytosis Centers (SMCs) in North America or European Union. Physicians reported caring for 4 patients with mastocytosis per year, with higher numbers in European Union and Asia Pacific (5/year) compared to Latin America (2/year). Dermatologists and physicians who work at SMCs reported higher patient numbers (15/year and 80/year, respectively). Suspicion of mastocytosis in the allergology and dermatology community is commonly driven by anaphylaxis (82.9%), mastocytosis skin lesions (82.1%), or elevated tryptase levels (76.6%). Osteoporosis and gastrointestinal symptoms less often prompted suspicion of mastocytosis (21.4% and 49.9%, respectively). World Health Organisation (WHO)-diagnostic criteria and classification, regardless of the region, are only used by about 50% of physicians, with higher rates for SMCs (83.3%). Serum tryptase, bone marrow biopsy, and KIT D816V mutation analysis are included in the diagnostic workup by 90.9%, 61.5%, and 58.4% of physicians, respectively. The biggest challenges for the management of mastocytosis are the lack of more effective treatment options (51.1%), missing multidisciplinary networks (47.1%), and the lack of experience of specialists from other disciplines (39.0%). Conclusions: The diagnostic workup for mastocytosis differs from consensus recommendations and varies between regions. This may be improved by establishing active multidisciplinary networks, increasing access to diagnostic procedures, consistently applying WHO criteria, and developing new Mastocytosis Centers of Reference and Excellence.

Liver disease accounts for two million deaths annually and is responsible for 4% of all deaths (1 out of every 25 deaths worldwide); approximately two-thirds of all liver-related deaths occur in men. Deaths are largely attributable to complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with acute hepatitis accounting for a smaller proportion of deaths. The most common causes of cirrhosis worldwide are related to viral hepatitis, alcohol, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatotropic viruses are the aetiological factor in most cases of acute hepatitis, but drug-induced liver injury increasingly accounts for a significant proportion of cases. This iteration of the global burden of liver disease is an update of the 2019 version and focuses mainly on areas where significant new information is available like alcohol-associated liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We also devote a separate section to the burden of liver disease in Africa, an area of the world typically neglected in such documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr‐free paints applied on different aluminum alloys were exposed for 5 years at different atmospheric weathering sites worldwide. By image analysis, the extent, and the type of corrosion (filiform or blistering) were determined after 1, 2, and 5 years. In that way, it was possible to rank the different systems as a function of their resistance to corrosion. The kinetics of degradation of each system at all sites was also determined. From the results, it is shown that the kinetics of degradation is system dependent. It is also shown that it is the combination of several climatic parameters which contributes to the corrosivity of the site and not only one single parameter such as chloride deposition, relative humidity, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease, COVID-19 pandemic, concern arose for those who might be at higher risk of a worse COVID-19 prognosis, such as those with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this context, we evaluated the features of hospitalized patients with CF due to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Brazil and we also performed a systematic review including all the studies published from the beginning of the first case of COVID-19 (17 November 2019) to the date of this search (23 May 2022) which included, concomitantly, patients with CF and COVID-19 in the worldwide population. In our Brazilian data, we evaluated the period from December 2019 to March 2022, and we included 33 demographical and clinical patients' features. We classified the patients into groups: (G1) SARI due to another viral infection than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (23; 5.4%), (G2) SARI due to an unknown etiological agent (286; 67.1%), and (G3) SARI due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (117; 27.5%). The individuals in G3 tended to be older, especially over 50 years old, and presented a higher prevalence of dyspnea, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) <95%, and cardiopathy. The highest prevalence for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment (52; 44.4%) and invasive mechanical ventilation (29; 24.8%) was for patients in G3. Almost half of the patients in G3 died (51; 43.6%); in contrast, none in G1 died. However, we observed 43 (15.0%) deaths in G2. In addition, 12 (4.2%) and one (0.9%) death not associated with SARI occurred, respectively, in the G2 and G3. The patients who died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection had a higher frequency of SpO2 <95% (46; 90.2%), ICU treatment (34; 66.7%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (27; 52.9%) when compared to those who recovered. The systematic review comprised a total of 31 papers published as observational studies. These studies comprised 661,386 patients in total, including children, adults, and elderly age groups. However, only 19,150 (2.9%) patients were diagnosed with CF and, from these patients, 2523 (0.4%) were diagnosed with both CF and COVID-19. It was observed that the most common outcome was the need for hospitalization (n = 322 patients with CF), and the need for oxygen support (n = 139 patients with CF). One hundred patients with CF needed intensive care units, fifty patients needed non-invasive mechanical ventilation support, and only three patients were described as receiving invasive mechanical ventilation support. Deaths were described in 38 patients with CF. Importantly, lung-transplanted patients with CF represented an increased risk of death in one publication; in accordance, another study described that lung transplantation and moderate to severe lung disease were independent risk factors for severe outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast with the literature, in conclusion, Brazilian patients in G3 presented a severe phenotype, even though most of the other studies did not observe worse outcomes in patients with CF and COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sanitation or sanitary workers are exposed to hepatitis virus infections because of filthy and dangerous working conditions. The current global systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled sero-prevalence of occupationally associated hepatitis virus infection among them. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA), and Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and study design (PICOS) were used for flow diagram, and review questions, respectively. Four databases other methods were used published articles from 2000 to 2022. Boolean logic (AND, OR), MeSH, and keywords were used: (Occupation *OR Job *OR Work) AND (Hepatitis A *OR Hepatitis B virus *OR Hepatitis C virus *OR Hepatitis E virus) AND (Solid waste collectors [SWCs] *OR Street sweepers [SS] *OR Sewage workers [STWs] *OR health care facilities cleaners [HCFCs)) AND (Countries). Stata MP/17 software was used for pooled prevalence analysis, meta-regression analysis (Hedges) at a 95% confidence interval (CI:95%). Results: A total of 182 studies were identified studies, a total of 28 studies were included from twelve countries. Of these, from developed (n = 7) and developing countries (n = 5). From total a of 9049 sanitary workers, 5951(66%), 2280 (25%) and 818 (9%) were STWs, SWCs and SS, respectively. Globally, the pooled sero-prevalence of occupational-related hepatitis viral infections among sanitary workers was 38.06% (95% CI: 30–0.46.12). Of this, it was 42.96% (95% CI: 32.63–53.29) and 29.81% (95% CI: 17.59–42.02) for high-income and low-income countries, respectively. Meanwhile, by sub-analysis, the highest pooled sero-prevalence of hepatitis viral infections by categories, type and year were 47.66% (95%CI: 37.42–57.90), 48.45% (95% CI: 37.95–58.96), and 48.30% (95% CI: 36.13–60.47) for SWTs, HAV, and 2000 to 2010 year, respectively. Conclusion: The consistency of the evidence suggests that sanitation workers, particularly sewage workers, are susceptible to occupationally acquired hepatitis regardless of their working conditions, necessitating significant changes to occupational health and safety regulations from governmental policies and other initiatives to reduce risks among sanitary workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CLABSI and VAP are independent risk factors for ICU mortality. • Female gender is an independent risk factors for ICU mortality. • Age increase risk of ICU mortality 1% per year of age. • TLength of stay increases the risk of ICU mortality by 1% per day of stay. • Central lines increase the risk of ICU mortality by 2% per day. The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium has found a high ICU mortality rate. Our aim was to identify all-cause mortality risk factors in ICU-patients. Multinational, multicenter, prospective cohort study at 786 ICUs of 312 hospitals in 147 cities in 37 Latin American, Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and European countries. Between 07/01/1998 and 02/12/2022, 300,827 patients, followed during 2,167,397 patient-days, acquired 21,371 HAIs. Following mortality risk factors were identified in multiple logistic regression: Central line-associated bloodstream infection (aOR:1.84; P <.0001); ventilator-associated pneumonia (aOR:1.48; P <.0001); catheter-associated urinary tract infection (aOR:1.18; P <.0001); medical hospitalization (aOR:1.81; P <.0001); length of stay (LOS), risk rises 1% per day (aOR:1.01; P <.0001); female gender (aOR:1.09; P <.0001); age (aOR:1.012; P <.0001); central line-days, risk rises 2% per day (aOR:1.02; P <.0001); and mechanical ventilator (MV)-utilization ratio (aOR:10.46; P <.0001). Coronary ICU showed the lowest risk for mortality (aOR: 0.34; P <.0001). Some identified risk factors are unlikely to change, such as country income-level, facility ownership, hospitalization type, gender, and age. Some can be modified; Central line-associated bloodstream infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, LOS, and MV-utilization. So, to lower the risk of death in ICUs, we recommend focusing on strategies to shorten the LOS, reduce MV-utilization, and use evidence-based recommendations to prevent HAIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]