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Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy has been applied to a study of prostate cancer cell lines derived from different metastatic sites and to tissue from benign prostate and Gleason-graded malignant prostate tissue. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were analysed by FTIR, after mounting onto a BaF(2) plate and subsequent removal of wax using Citroclear followed by acetone. Cell lines were analysed as aliquots of cell suspension held between two BaF(2) plates. It was found that the ratio of peak areas at 1030 and 1080 cm(-1), corresponding to the glycogen and phosphate vibrations respectively, suggests a potential method for the differentiation of benign from malignant cells. The use of this ratio in association with FTIR spectral imaging provides a basis for estimating areas of malignant tissue within defined regions of a specimen. Initial chemometric treatment of FTIR spectra, using the linear discriminant algorithm, demonstrates a promising method for the classification of benign and malignant tissue and the separation of Gleason-graded CaP spectra. Using the principle component analysis, this study has achieved for the first time the separation of FTIR spectra of prostate cancer cell lines derived from different metastatic sites., (Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Atomic force microscopy has been used to image the various facets of two morphologically distinct samples of silicalite. The smaller (20 microm) sample A crystals show 1 nm high radial growth terraces. The larger (240 microm) sample B crystals show growth terraces 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the terraces on sample A with growth edges parallel to the crystallographic axes. Moreover, the terraces on the (010) face are significantly higher than the terraces on the (100) face - inconsistent with the previously proposed 90 degrees intergrowth structure. Sample A highlights that under certain synthetic conditions, silicalite grows in a manner akin to zeolites Y and A, via the deposition of layers comprising, in the case of silicalite, pentasil chains. It is probable that the rate of terrace advance is identical on the (010) and (100) faces, and it is the rate of terrace nucleation that dictates the overall growth rate of each facet and hence the relative size expressed in the final crystal morphology. Analysis of the growth terraces of sample B and detailed consideration of the structures of both MFI, and a closely related material MEL, lead to the proposal of a generalized growth mechanism for silicalite including the incorporation of defects within the structure. These defects are thought to be responsible for both the relative and the absolute terrace heights observed and may also explain the hourglass phenomenon observed by optical microscopy. The implications of this growth mechanism, supported by results of infrared microscopy, generate a new dimension to the continuing debate on the existence of intergrowths within one of the most important structures relevant to zeolite catalysis.

Simplex optimization was used to efficiently delineate the optimum experimental conditions to be used for the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric analysis of arsenic in a standard reference material of marine origin. Four experimental variables, were considered: ashing temperature, atomization temperature, modifier concentration, and atomization ramping time. This combination of methods and materials provides a powerful means of rapidly improving the experimental conditions used for analysis of arsenic in a wide variety of samples of environmental origin. Excellent recoveries of arsenic were obtained when using the optimum electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry conditions to analyze standard solutions of arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium iodide.

A manual colorimetric method for determination of sulfide has been adapted to flow injection, systematically optimized, and more fully characterized. Its intended application is for measurement of sodium sulfide reagent strength in pulp process streams, and sulfide contamination in effluent from Kraft pulp mills. In the flow-injection method developed, a sample solution containing sulfide is reacted with a mixture of iron(III) and nitrilotriacetic acid under ammoniacal conditions. The absorbance of the intensely-colored green product of this reaction is measured at 636 nm. Excess sulfite is present as a color stabilizer. A linear dynamic range of 20-100 ppm sulfide is readily achieved; the relative standard deviation is less than 1.2% (n = 10) throughout this range, and 0.37% (n = 10) midrange at 60 ppm. The usable dynamic range is 8-250 ppm sulfide. Long-term stability of the method is ensured by periodically performing an automatic cleaning cycle using a hydrochloric acid wash solution. This prevents tube discoloration and removes any precipitates which are formed under strongly alkaline conditions. The sample throuhput rate is at least 30/hr, given alternate acid wash cycles.

Substructure identification rules for phenothiazine and barbiturate substructures were generated by using a new version of the Method for Analyzing Patterns in Spectra (MAPS) software. This software uses tandem mass spectra and known substructure content of reference compounds to provide "feature-combination" rules. A feature-combination is a series of tandem mass spectral features which are completely unique to compounds containing a specified substructure. The current reference databases contain over 11,000 daughter spectra of 100 compounds acquired at two different collision gas pressures (i.e., single- and multiple-collision conditions). The results of rule evaluation procedures are presented and include a comparison of the spectral features developed in rule generation to those identified in documented fragmentation pathways of the indicated substructure. Two potential sources of error due to spectral feature and substructure "cross-correlation" were identified. If errors occur, they can be detected by calculating cross-correlation coefficients and edited from the rules. A beneficial cross-correlation involving feature-combinations was also discovered. The rules obtained by using single- and multiple-collision data were further evaluated by applying them to tandem mass spectra of 20 test compounds (compounds not in the reference database). The results of these evaluations give a good indication of the utility of the rules for use in an automated structure elucidation system for tandem mass spectrometry data.

The UV-visible diode array spectrophotometer is a work-horse instrument for many laboratories. This article provides simple data acquisition and control routines in Microsoft QuickBasic for a HP-8452A diode array spectrophotometer interfaced to an IBM PC/XT/AT, or compatible, microcomputer. These allow capture of full spectra and measure absorbance at one or several wavelengths at preset time intervals. The variance in absorbance at each wavelength is available as an option.

A logical analysis of mass spectrometric scan modes is performed that reveals the full set of experiments available in multidimensional mass spectrometry. The analysis utilizes a symbolism that helps provide an organizational scheme for the representation and classification of the wide variety of experiments that exist. In general, for an n-stage experiment, there is a closed set of experimental modes producing spectral types that vary in mass dimensionality from 0 to n. There is a total of 2n experiments that have 1 or 0 mass dimensions, along with an increasing number of experiments of higher mass dimensionality. There also exists a set of 2n fundamental scan modes, viz., experiments in which only mass-to-charge ratios of individual ions, but not their interrelationships, are specified. Scans in which functional relationships between ion masses are defined (e.g., neutral loss scans) introduce complexity into the total number of scan types available in an MSn experiment, giving a total of 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, and 203 experiments of 0 through 5th order, respectively. It is shown that combinations of data from lower order experiments can be used to construct higher order spectra. Extraction of data of lower mass dimensionality from data of higher dimensionality is also demonstrated. A different method of reducing dimensionality, projection of dispersed data back into a smaller number of mass dimensions, is also introduced and characterized. The analysis reveals several new types of scan modes including an MS/MS/MS scan having unit mass dimensionality, referred to as the selective neutral-loss scan, and several new MS/MS/MS scans that are two-dimensional in mass. Examples of these new experiments are provided, and their potential value is discussed.

A thermosonimetric study has shown that the Phase II/III polymorphic transition of hexachloroethane emits acoustic signals. This solid-solid phase transition is known to occur by a nucleation-growth process during which a nucleus of the new phase, once formed, grows at the expense of the mother phase to form a complete crystal without fracture. Acoustic emissions from a conditioned multi-crystal sample have been used to study the transition. Acoustic activity correlated well with dilatometric measurements. Frequency analysis on waveforms of many hundreds of individual acoustic emissions revealed marked differences between individual signals. Principal-components analysis on 24 signal features revealed a single dispersed cluster with a highly non-uniform distribution of signals. These experiments provided highly reproducible average power spectra. Time-resolved acoustic power spectra were also generated. These additional types of information cannot be obtained by other techniques.

Sulfochlorophenolazorhodanine (as its sodium salt) has been used in the automated development of a sensitive flow-injection procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of palladium. The resulting method has high sample throughput, good precision, and low consumption of both sample and reagents. The optimum pH for the reaction is 5.0 and the response is constant at pH between 4.7 and 5.3. The sensitivity (calibration slope) of the procedure is 4.4 x 10(3) l./mole. The linear dynamic range is 0.045-30.0 mug/ml. The sample throughput is at least 120/hr. An automated procedure for optimization of analytical variables is described and a two-variable response surface for the system is given. Interference studies on 19 metal ions show that the method has good selectivity.

A pattern-recognition/artificial-intelligence program, referred to as MAPS (Method for Analyzing Patterns in Spectra), was recently developed to identify the relationships that exist between substructures and the characteristic features they produce in the spectra from mass spectrometry (MS) and successive mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MAPS has been extended to utilize these relationships to formulate exclusion rules as well as inclusion rules, so that the absence of recognized substructures can be predicted as well as their presence. The potential usefulness of each MS and MS/MS spectral feature in such rule formulation is characterized by correlation and uniqueness factors. The correlation factor expresses the degree of correlation between a feature and a specific substructure; the uniqueness factor expresses the uniqueness of a feature with respect to that substructure. Features with high correlation factors are most use for predicting the absence of substructures, whereas features with high uniqueness factors are most useful for predicting their presence. Feature intensity-data have been found to improve the inclusion-rule performance and degrade the exclusion-rule performance. Criteria for optimizing the predictive abilities of both rule types are discussed.

An automated apparatus to assist in the development of analytical continuous flow methods is described. The system is capable of controlling and monitoring a variety of pumps, valves, and detectors through an IBM PC-AT compatible computer. System components consist of two types of peristaltic pumps (including a multiple pump unit), syringe pumps, electrically and pneumatically actuated valves, and an assortment of spectrophotometric and electrochemical detectors. Details of the interface circuitry are given where appropriate. To demonstrate the utility of the system, an automatically generated response surface is presented for the flow injection determination of iron(II) by its reaction with 1,10-phenanthroline.

A prospective randomized study was undertaken to determine whether prior bowel preparation improves the diagnostic quality of the excretory urogram. From August 1986 to May 1987, 107 outpatients having an excretory urogram on an elective basis were randomized into 3 groups: group 1 received castor oil, group 2 received x-ray preparation and group 3 received clear fluids 24 hours before the study. The quality of the bowel preparation and the excretory urogram was graded separately on a scale of 1 to 5. More than 71 per cent of the bowel preparations were graded as 4 (very good) or 5 (excellent) and more than 91 per cent of the films were graded as 4 or 5 in all 3 groups. The quality of the excretory urogram was graded as 5/5 in a greater number of group 3 cases. Patients reported a high incidence of side effects from both bowel preparations, while no adverse effects were reported from those in group 3. The administration of a bowel preparation compared to that of clear fluids alone made no difference to either the quality of the bowel preparation or the diagnostic quality of the film.

This paper discusses the details of the composite modified simplex, critically compares it with other simplex methods, and reviews the value of this type of optimization procedure.

Umbilical vein cortisol levels were assayed following spontaneous labour in 30 patients. Serum bilirubin was measured in the infants born at three days after delivery. No correlation was demonstrated between third day bilirubin concentration and the cord blood cortisol. The implications of this finding are discussed.

The modified simplex method is a well-known method of optimization. In this study several changes have been made to it. These include an adaptive weighted centroid and a Lagrange interpolation procedure. The latter is used to get a better value of the reflected point when a contraction succeeds or an expansion fails. The new method, called the composite modified simplex method (CMS) has been rigorously evaluated by means of mathematical functions, maps and chemical experimentation. The effect of the starting point and the size of the simplex have been investigated in detail. For flow-injection analysis it has proved possible to optimize 2-12 variables. The method has proved most suitable for rapid and effective optimization of polarography, flow-injection analysis and chemical synthesis. This paper describes the evaluation procedures and reviews the results obtained.

Following the incubation of human sperm and seminal plasma with 13C2-labelled testosterone, the main metabolite, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was 4-androstene-3,17-dione. In addition, 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxytestosterone were identified. The more common metabolites of testosterone were not detected, and it is possible that the high substrate-tissue ratio influenced the result. Incubation of individual sperm and seminal plasma specimens with [14C]testosterone resulted in the identification, by specific activity measurements, of 4-androstene-3,17-dione in almost every specimen but with a widely varying conversion rate. Dihydrotestosterone, which on general grounds was considered a likely metabolite, could not be positively confirmed as such, although in some samples its presence was suspected. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was also used to identify steroids in sperm and seminal plasma extracts. Some, but not all the steroids identified as present in such extracts by other investigators, were found. During the course of this work C18 Sep-Pak cartridges were successfully used to prepare fractions suitable for SP-Sephadex and TEAP-Lipidex chromatography and subsequent analysis by GC-MS. Their use eliminated the need for purification steps otherwise necessary.

Three patients, aged 14, 16, and 32 years respectively, with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency) are described. Excessive adrenal activity and ACTH secretion could not be suppressed with doses of corticosteroids sufficient to cause iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, even though part of the steroid dosage was administered in the late evening. The resistance to feed-back suppression was of the same order as that seen in Cushing's syndrome. Adrenalectomy was performed in the 16-year-old girl, and was followed by a menarche. Adrenalectomy was considered inadvisable in the other two patients.

Umbilical vein (UV) plasma cortisol levels were assayed at delivery after spontaneous labour, oxytocin-induced labour, prostaglandin E2-induced labour and after delivery by elective Caesarean section. Higher mean UV cortisol levels were observed after vaginal delivery than after delivery by elective Caesarean section. The highest mean UV cortisol level was observed in the PGE2 group which accords with the known ability of prostaglandins to increase steroid production. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Computer-assisted optimization of a high-performance liquid chromatograph and associated post-column reactor is reported for the determination of six amino-acids. First six, then seven, experimental variables were considered. Non-standard experimental conditions were found which gave significantly improved colour development in the ninhydrin reaction. The composite modified simplex method for experimental optimization and a novel system-response function facilitated rapid and simultaneous improvement of separation, sensitivity and analysis time. The approach described is directly applicable to many similar systems.

A simple method is described for the preparation of [6,7,7(-2)H3] sterols and steroids. The synthesis starts with a Δ(5)-sterol or steroid and involves preparation of the 6-oxo-3α,5α-cyclosteroid, base exchange in the presence of deuterium oxide to introduce two deuteriums at the C-7 position and sodium borodeuteride reduction of the 6-oxo group to introduce the third deuterium atom at C-6. Rearrangement of the [6,7,7(-2)H3]6α-hydroxy-3α,5α-cyclosteroid then gives the desired [6,7,7(-2)H3]-Δ(5) sterol or steroid. [6,7,7(-2)H3]Cholesterol, [6,7,7(-2)H3]pregnenolone and [6,7,7(-2)H3]3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one were synthesized in this fashion and [6,7,7(-2)H3]progesterone was prepared from the [6,7,7(-2)H3]pregnenolone. Three examples of the use of these deuchromatography-mass spectrometry. The chrysophyte alga,Ochromonas malhamensis, was shown to be capable of introducing an extra methyl or ethyl group at C-24 of the side chain of [6,7,7(-2)H3]cholesterol to yield brassicasterol and poriferasterol, respectively. The ovary of the echinoderm,Asterias rubens, was demonstrated to metabolize [6,7,7(-2)H3]progesterone to yield mainly the 5α-isomers of pregnane-3,20-dione and 3β-hydroxypregnan-20-one. However, the 5β-isomers of these compounds were also detected as minor products for the first time as progesterone metabolites in this animal. Isolated oocytes of the frog,Xenopus laevis, produced a number of metabolites of [6,7,7(-2)H3]progesterone. In this report, two of them were shown to be 17α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3,20-dione and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one.

Human urine is shown to contain, in a conjugated form, a compound of molecular formula C(10)H(18)O(2), which is named uroterpenol. Details are reported of the isolation procedure, the preparation of derivatives and the chemical and physical properties, together with a proof that the compound is p-menth-1-ene-8,9-diol.