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The fracture toughness of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings in terms of critical strain energy release rate G Ic was investigated using a tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) approach. This approach makes the fracture toughness be measured only using the critical fracture load disregarding crack length during test. The Al2O3 coatings were deposited under different spray distances and plasma powers to clarify the effect of spray parameters on the G Ic of the coatings. The fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscope. On the basis of an idealized layer microstructure model for thermal sprayed coatings, the theoretical relationship between the cohesive fracture toughness and microstructure is proposed. The correlation between the calculated fracture toughness and observed value is examined. It was found that the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Al2O3 coatings is not significantly influenced by spray distance up to 110 mm, and further increase in spray distance to 130 mm resulted in large decrease in the fracture toughness of the coatings. The G Ic value predicted based on the proposed model using lamellar interface mean bonding ratio and the effective surface energy of bulk ceramics agreed well with the observed G Ic data. Such agreement evidently shows that the fracture toughness of thermally sprayed ceramic coatings at the direction along coating surface is determined by lamellar interface bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a debilitating chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, bones, enthesis, and skin. The pivotal role of interleukin-23 (IL-23) in the pathogenesis of PsA has become increasingly evident. This proinflammatory cytokine is markedly elevated in patients with PsA, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. Consequently, IL-23 inhibitors have emerged as promising first-line biologic treatments for PsA., Areas Covered: This review delves into the immunopathogenic mechanisms of IL-23 at the cellular and molecular levels in PsA. Furthermore, it provides the recent efficacy and safety profiles of IL-23 inhibitors. We conducted a literature search in PubMed for the following terms: 'IL-23 and psoriatic arthritis,' 'Ustekinumab,' 'Guselkumab,' 'Risankizumab,' and 'Tildrakizumab.' In addition, we retrieved clinical trials involving IL-23 inhibitors registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, EudraCT, and ICTRP., Expert Opinion: Despite the promising outcomes observed with IL-23 inhibitors, several challenges persist. The long-term effects of these agents require further investigation through prospective studies, and their limited accessibility worldwide necessitates urgent attention. Additionally, ongoing research is warranted to explore other potential drug targets within the IL-23/IL-23 R axis. The development of reliable biomarkers could greatly enhance early detection, tailored management strategies, and personalized treatment approaches for patients with PsA.