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Background: HIV-related stigma has significant adverse impacts on people living with HIV/AIDS, such as psychological distress, decreased quality of life, a reluctance to get screened and treated, and a reluctance to disclose their status due to fear of stereotypes or rejection. Objectives: To determine the pooled prevalence and factors associated with HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa. Methods: Articles that assessed the prevalence and associated factors of HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma were reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, African Journal Online, CINAHL, and Science Direct were the databases used to search the primary studies. The data was extracted through a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA version 14 for further analysis. The I2 test was applied to test heterogeneity, whereas Egger's test and funnel plot were used to check publication bias. Results: In this study, the total sample size was 28,355 (for perceived stigma) and 22,732 (for internalized stigma). The overall pooled prevalence of HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma was determined to be 41.23% and 35.68%, respectively. Based on the subgroup analysis results, the highest pooled prevalence of perceived stigma was observed in Nigeria (50.04%), followed by Ethiopia (41.72%), while the highest prevalence of internalized stigma was observed in Ethiopia (56.13%), followed by Cameroon (44.66%). Females (OR = 1.63: 1.31, 2.02) and rural dwellers (OR = 1.93: 1.36, 2.74) had more odds of experiencing HIV-related perceived stigma. Conclusion and recommendation: This study concluded that four in ten and more than one-third of people living with HIV/AIDS suffered from perceived and internalized stigma. Thus, special considerations must be given to women and rural dwellers. It is recommended to implement multi-level interventions and foster empowerment and support for individuals living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual dysfunction is the most frequent health problem among psychiatric patients. This could be the result of both the nature of the illness itself and the side effects of prescribed psychotropic medications. It also significantly affects an individual's general well-being, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and treatment outcomes. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the combined prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its correlated factors among people with mental illness. Methods: We retrieved eligible primary studies using various search databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, African Journal Online, Google Scholar, and Psychiatry Online. The report of this systematic review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We used standardized data extraction checklists and STATA version 14 for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The I-squared statistics test was used to check statistical heterogeneity within the included articles. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and the Egger test. To estimate the overall prevalence and correlated factors of sexual dysfunction, a random effects model meta-analysis was employed. Results: In this meta-analysis, a total of 15 primary studies with 2849 psychiatric patients were included. The overall pooled prevalence of sexual dysfunction among psychiatric patients in Africa was 58.42% (95% CI: 49.55, 67.28). Having older age (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.87), longer duration of illness (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.14, 5.93), history of relapse (OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.47, 8.43), poor quality of life (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 2.15, 7.05), and antipsychotic medications (OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.84, 4.86) were significantly associated with sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that approximately two-thirds of psychiatric patients in Africa are affected by sexual dysfunction. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend that when evaluating psychiatric patients, health professionals should focus more on sexual dysfunction. It is also essential to promote awareness and incorporate sexual health assessment and intervention into mental health services to reduce the overall burden of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Currently, the problem of cancer has been increasing around the world, predominantly in middle- and low-income countries. Anemia, a major and often overwhelming health burden for cancer patients, significantly distorts their quality of life. It is well-established that the length of treatment increases the frequency of anemia, with hematological malignancies experiencing nearly double the rate compared to solid tumors. Despite this established knowledge, data on the prevalence of anemia among cancer patients in Ethiopia remains scarce, according to the investigators. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of baseline anemia and associated factors among adult cancer patients at Northwest Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, oncology treatment units, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2021. Methods: This study employed an institutional-based cross-sectional design and was conducted in Northwest Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 315 participants. The data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews of existing medical records using a structured and pretested questionnaire format. The data were entered into Epi. Data version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were carried out to identify factors associated with anemia. Adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with anemia. Results: The prevalence of baseline anemia among adult patients with cancer was found to be 34.84%. Being a woman (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.00-3.87), being underweight (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.09-3.52), and having stage III cancer (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.12-3.01) were significantly associated with anemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of baseline anemia among adult cancer patients was significant. Women, cancer patients with an underweight body mass index, and those diagnosed with clinical-stage III cancer were more likely to have baseline anemia. For health policymakers and healthcare providers, it is better to give special attention to female patients, patients who are underweight, and patients with advanced-stage cancer to reduce the risk of developing the outcome. This would allow for timely intervention to manage anemia and potentially improve treatment tolerance and quality of life for cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the most prevalent but neglected psychiatric disorder, with somatic symptoms that are severe enough to markedly affect usual daily activities and have a negative impact on mental health and quality of life by affecting female patients’ behavior and cognition. Studies regarding premenstrual dysphoric disorder and associated factors among high school students in low- and middle-income countries are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of PMDD among high school students, and this is pivotal in further investigation. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 25 to April 17, 2023 using a simple random-sampling technique to select a sample of 564 participants. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder was assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Selfadministered standardized questionnaires were used to collect data. Result: A total of 548 study participants participated, with a 97.2% response rate. The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among high school students was found to be 33.03% (95%CI: 29.20–37.09). In a multivariable analysis, irregular menstruation cycle (AOR = 4.242, 95%CI = 2.182–8.246), depression (AOR = 5.272, 95%CI = 2.779–10.002), having greater than 4 days of menstruation bleeding duration (AOR = 2.138, 95%CI = 1.105–4.138), and high perceived stress (AOR = 3.468, 95%CL = 1.217–9.880) were the factors significantly associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of PMDD which was one-third among high school students was high. Moreover, long duration of menstruation bleeding, depressive symptoms, irregular menstruation cycle, and high perceived stress were significant factors in PMDD. Therefore, it needs early screening and intervention in primary healthcare settings, especially for those who have high perceived stress, having depression, having a long duration of menstruation bleeding, and having an irregular menstruation cycle, so as to have good academic achievement and psychological wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preterm birth is the leading cause of both infant and neonatal mortality. It also had long-term consequences for the physical and neurological development of a growing child. The majority of these and related problems occur in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, due to resource scarcity to sustain the lives of premature babies. Despite this, there is a paucity of recent information on the pooled prevalence and factors associated with preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to update the pooled prevalence and determinants of preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa based on the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data. Methods: A cross-sectional study design using the most recent demographic and health survey data from eight sub-Saharan African countries was used. We included a total weighted sample of 74,871 reproductive-aged women who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey. We used a multilevel logistic regression model to identify associated factors of preterm birth in sub-Saharan Africa. The adjusted odds ratio at 95% Cl was computed to assess the strength and significance of the association between explanatory and outcome variables. Factors with a p-value of <0.05 are declared statistically significant. Results: In this study, the pooled prevalence of preterm birth among reproductive-aged women in eight sub-Saharan African countries was 3.11% (95% CI: 2.98–3.25). Working mothers (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.97), being married (AOR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40–0.99), and having media exposure (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.36–0.96) decrease the odds of preterm birth. On the other hand, being low birth weight (AOR = 17.7; 95% CI: 10.7–29.3), having multiple pregnancies (AOR = 3.43; 95% CI: 1.82–6.45), having a history of terminated pregnancies (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.01–2.41), being un-educated (AOR = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.12–8.93), being of a maternal age above 35 (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.08–2.45), maternal alcohol use (AOR = 19.18; 95% CI: 13.6–38.8), and being in the low socio-economic status (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.11–3.07) of the community increase the odds of preterm birth. Conclusion: The burden of preterm birth among reproductive-age women in sub-Saharan Africa showed improvements as compared to previous findings. To further lessen the burden, policymakers and other pertinent organizations must prioritize maternal health, expand media access, educate and empower women, and promote a healthy lifestyle for reproductive-age women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor sleep quality significantly impacts academic performance in university students. However, inconsistent and inconclusive results were found in a study on sleep among university students in several African nations. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, African Journal Online, and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles. A total of 35 primary articles from 11 African countries were assessed and included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Data were extracted by using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. The I2 test was used to assess the statistical heterogeneity. A random effect metaanalysis model was employed with 95% confidence intervals. Funnel plots analysis and Egger regression tests were used to check the presence of publication bias. A subgroup analysis and a sensitivity analysis were done. Results: A total of 16,275 study participants from 35 studies were included in this meta-analysis and systematic review. The overall pooled prevalence of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa was 63.31% (95% CI: 56.91-65.71) I2 = 97.2. The subgroup analysis shows that the combined prevalence of poor sleep quality in East, North, West, and South Africa were 61.31 (95% CI: 56.91-65.71), 62.23 (95% CI: 54.07-70.39), 54.43 (95% CI: 47.39-61.48), and 69.59 (95% CI: 50.39-88.80) respectively. Being stressed (AOR= 2.39; 95% CI: 1.63 to 3.51), second academic year (AOR= 3.10; 95% CI: 2.30 to 4.19), use of the electronic device at bedtime (AOR= 3.97 95% CI: 2.38 to 6.61)) and having a comorbid chronic illness (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.08, 6.82) were factors significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a high prevalence of poor sleep quality among university students in Africa. Being stressed, in the second year, using electronic devices at bedtime, and having chronic illness were factors associated with poor sleep quality. Therefore, addressing contributing factors and implementing routine screenings are essential to reduce the burden of poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In low- and middle-income countries where vaccination rates are low, tetanus is still an important threat to public health. Although maternal and neonatal tetanus remains a major global health concern, its magnitude and determinates are not well studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the number of tetanus toxoid injections and associated factors among pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries., Methods: Data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys, which covered 60 low- and middle-income countries from 2010 to 2022, was used for secondary data analysis. The study included a total of 118,704 pregnant women. A statistical software package, STATA 14, was used to analyze the data. A negative binomial regression of a cross-sectional study was carried out. Factors associated with the number of tetanus vaccinations were declared significant at a p-value of < 0.05. The incidence rate ratio and confidence interval were used to interpret the results. A model with the smallest Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion values and the highest log likelihood was considered the best-fit model for this study., Results: In low- and middle-income countries, 26.0% of pregnant women took at least two doses of the tetanus toxoid vaccine. Factors such as maternal education, primary (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.26), secondary (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.23), higher (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.20), employment (IRR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.13), 1-3 ANC visits (IRR = 2.49, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.57), ≥4 visits (IRR = 2.94, 95% CI: 2.84, 3.03), wealth index (IRR = 1.06; 95% CI: 11.04, 1.08), ≥birth order (IRR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.27), distance to health facility (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03), and health insurance coverage (IRR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.10) had a significant association with the number of tetanus vaccinations among pregnant women., Conclusions and Recommendations: This study concludes that the number of tetanus toxoid vaccinations among pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries is low. In the negative binomial model, the frequency of tetanus vaccinations has a significant association with maternal employment, educational status, wealth index, antenatal care visits, birth order, distance from a health facility, and health insurance. Therefore, the ministries of health in low and middle-income countries should give attention to those women who had no antenatal care visits and women from poor wealth quantiles while designing policies and strategies.

Background: Pregnancy termination is one of the common causes of maternal mortality, particularly in developing countries, and remains a global public health concern despite the efforts made to enhance maternal healthcare services. Maternal mortality is still the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, due to pregnancy termination., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the current burden of pregnancy termination and its determinants among reproductive-age women in Kenya., Design: A cross-sectional study design with multilevel analysis., Methods: The total weighted samples of 19,530 women of reproductive age were included in this study. The data were taken from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey 2022. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the determinant factors of pregnancy termination. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to declare significant determinants of pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age., Results: The overall prevalence of pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age in Kenya was 14.19%. The determinant factors associated with pregnancy termination were the age of the women; as age increased, the risk of pregnancy termination increased, 25-29 years (AOR = 2.23; 95 CI (1.08-4.60)), 30-34 years (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI (1.43-6.18)), 35-39 years (AOR = 3.24; 95% CI (1.55-6.76)), 40-44 years (AOR = 4.57; 95% CI (2.16-9.68)), 45- 49 years (AOR = 5.16; 95% CI (2.33-9.98)); marital status: married (AOR = 5.63; 95% CI (3.08-10.29)), ever married (AOR = 5.05; 95% CI (2.74-9.33)); wealth index: richest (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI (1.05-1.63)); employment status: employed (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI (1.09-1.38)); preceding birth interval: greater than 24 months (AOR = 1.21; 95% CI (1.06-1.38)); urban residence (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI (1.06-1.46)); and Islamic followers (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI (1.31-2.06))., Conclusion: Pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age in Kenya has become an important public health concern. Policymakers and other stakeholders should focus on maternal healthcare service programs to prevent the termination of pregnancy. The determinant factors are an important input to developing strategies to improve the accessibility of maternal healthcare services in the country.