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Chaetorellia acrolophi sp. n. is associated with some European species of the subgenus Acrolophus of Centaurea. It is a potential biocontrol agent of some Acrolophus species that are adventive noxious weeds in North America. Ch. acrolophi sp. n. is described, and a key is provided to all nine species. The confirmed host-plants, knapweed, starthistles and related plants, belong to the genera Centaurea, Carthamus and Chartolepis (Asteraceae), and these are listed. Available biological data are reviewed, and some details of egg, larval and pupal morphology are described. Host-plant choice tests and canonical variates analysis were used to justify the separation of some species and to help identify some populations. The following nomenclatural changes are made (junior synonyms in brackets): Chaetorellia conjuncta (Becker) is removed from synonymy with Ch. succinea (Costa); Ch. hexachaeta australis Hering is raised to specific status; Ch. hestia Hering (=Ch. nigropicta Hering); Ch. loricata (Rondani) (= Ch. mara Hering and Ch. loricata septentrionalis Hering). Questionable synonyms include: Ch. australis Hering (?=Trypeta hexachaeta Loew); Ch. hestia (?= T. vittata Rondani); Chaetostomella cylindrica (Robineau-Desvoidy) (?= Tephritis algira Macquart, which is removed from Chaetorellia)

Host plants including a total of 22 families representing 45 species were recorded for 16 fruit flies of the tribe Dacini in Sri Lanka. Bactrocera kandiensis was found to be highly polyphagous, and its host range was as wide as that of B. dorsalis. Some host plants of B. dorsalis, B. kandiensis, B. correcta, B. cucurbitae, and B. trilineata were newly recorded. In addition, host plants of B. gavisa, B. sp. near nigrotibialis, B. sp. near tau, Dacus discophorus, and D. keiseri were recorded for the first time. Host plants of 46 % Sri Lankan Dacini are now known.

International audience; Multiple decision makers and managers, competing interests and values, scarcity of resources, complex legislative requirements, and vast uncertainties about the future due to a more connected and rapidly changing world and the impacts of climate change, are just some of the issues that impact upon the capacity to carry out effective water planning and management. Throughout the world these issues are becoming increasingly difficult to handle, and there have been calls for more adapted approaches to aid the decision making processes required for water planning and management. Participatory risk management approaches appear appropriate to such situations as they can be designed to increase collaboration and manage conflict, explicit uncertainties, and structure complexity in more understandable forms. This paper will outline some insights and lessons learnt from the design and implementation of two different participatory risk management processes for water planning and management: a values-based method based on the Australian and New Zealand Standard for Risk Management for the development of the Lower Hawkesbury Estuary Management Plan in Australia; and a participatory modelling approach to manage the risks of living with floods and droughts in the Iskar basin in Bulgaria. Both processes were designed and implemented with the aid of researchers, local managers, government representatives at various levels of jurisdiction, community stakeholders and external legislative, scientific or engineering experts. The Australian process was an initiative driven and funded by the Hornsby Shire Council, a peri-urban municipality of Sydney. It consisted of three interactive stakeholder workshops with an average of 20 participants, held over a period of four months, as well as an external scientific and legislative review. The workshops focussed on establishing estuarine values, issues and current management practices; performing a risk assessment based on the stakeholder defined values (assets) and issues (risks); and formulating strategies to treat the highest prioritised risks as input to the estuary management "risk response" plan. The Bulgarian process in the region of Sofia formed part of the European Project "AquaStress", funded by the European Union, and was primarily driven from a research perspective. The participatory process was more elaborate in design than the Australian process with around 60 stakeholders divided into 6 groups taking part in a series of 15 workshops, individual interviews and evaluation exercises over a one year period. The process included cognitive mapping of the current management context and physical system, values, visions and preference elicitation for actions, strategy development and evaluation. Both cases provided rich insights into the value and constraints of participatory risk management approaches in different regulatory and political environments, as well as some important recurrent issues that organising teams of participatory approaches need to appreciate including: impacts of last minute process changes; how to deal with divergent objectives in a multi-institutional organising team; and the unintended ethical issues that can arise when working in "real-world" management situations. Increasing awareness of the value and potential issues associated with participatory risk management approaches should aid their adoption and the subsequent improvement of water planning and management around the world.

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have been developed to study the interaction between societies and the environment. Here we use MAS in conjunction with a Companion Modelling (ComMod) approach to develop a Negotiation Support System for groundwater management in Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati. In agreement with the complex and dynamic nature of the processes under study, the ComMod approach requires a permanent and iterative confrontation between theories and field circumstances. Therefore, it is based on repetitive back and forth steps between the model and the field situation. The methodology applied in Tarawa relies on 3 successive stages. First, a Global Targeted Appraisal focus on social group leaders in order to collect different standpoints and their articulated mental models. These collective models are partly validated through Individual Activities Surveys focusing behavioural patterns of individual islanders. Then, these models are merged into a single conceptual model that is further simplified in order to create a role-playing game. This game is played during iterative sessions, generating innovative rules and scenarios. Finally, when the rules become too complex, a computer based version of the game replaces the board version. Stakeholders can explore the possible futures of freshwater management in Tarawa and eventually agree on an equitable collective solution.

Low, small islands have water supply problems amongst the most critical in the world. Fresh groundwater, the major source of water in many atolls, is vulnerable to natural and human-induced changes. Storm surges, droughts and over-extraction cause seawater intrusion. Settlements and agricultural activities can rapidly pollute shallow groundwaters. Limited land areas restrict freshwater quantities, which are especially vulnerable during frequent ENSO-related droughts. Demand for freshwater is increasing due to population growth and urbanisation. Water use for traditional crops often competes with water supplies for communities. This paper analyses the impact of frequent severe droughts on the quality and quantity of fresh groundwater in a low, atoll, Tarawa, in the Republic of Kiribati. We also examine the impacts of groundwater harvesting on traditional subsistence crops such as coconuts and of landuse on water quality. Strategies for reducing risks from climate variations and human impacts and increasing resilience are discussed.

This paper uses examples from the Pacific to discuss sustainable water management in small islands. Population centres in small islands have water supply problems that are amongst the most critical in the world. Limited land areas severely restrict surface water storages. Freshwater is extremely vulnerable to natural processes and human activities. Limited land areas also restrict freshwater quantities, particularly in frequent ENSO-related droughts. Demand for water is increasing due to both natural population growth and to growing urbanisation. There are few water professionals in many small island nations, policy and institutional frameworks are deficient and community participation in water management is minimal. Water use for agriculture competes with community water supplies. Limited resources and geographic isolation restrict the potential for irrigated crop exports so that reliance on aid is systemic. At the core of water management problems are land tenure and the conflict between the requirements of urbanised societies and the traditional values and rights of subsistence communities. Reforms of governance and the provision of knowledge to communities are critical. Long-term partnerships are needed which promote self-reliance. Multi Agent Systems offer potential for reducing conflicts over water. Regional organisations, able to foster self-support, can play a crucial role in developing island-adopted and owned solutions.

Groundwater has long been ranked as a high priority research area by small island nations in the Pacific. It is the major source of freshwater on the atoll of Tarawa (Rep.of Kiribati) and its availability, quality, management and allocation are central to the atoll¿s sustainable development and poverty alleviation. From a modeling perspective, simulating freshwater lens behavior represents a challenge, as it requires sophisticated numerical models. Such models can hardly fit within an integrated management framework taking into account spatially distributed water use (e.g. wells, trees) and social interactions. Simple analytical solutions exist but they apply for steady-state conditions, verified only on an annual basis. Recent advances in the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence have permitted the development of a Multi Agent System (MAS) approach, closely related to the problem of complexity. AtollScape uses MAS techniques to simulate water management and freshwater lens behavior on the Tarawa atoll. A distributed and nested structure is used to represent local inputs and uptakes, along with freshwater lens adjustments on a 10 day time steps.

Groundwater is the major freshwater source in coral islands. Its availability, quality, and management are central to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Increasing populations, growing per capita demand and restricted land areas limit water availability and generate conflicts. Shallow groundwater in the Pacific is vulnerable in ENSO-related droughts and over-extraction causes seawater intrusion. Human settlements, animal production, and agro-chemicals coupled to very permeable soils, with limited water-holding capacity, result in rapid impacts on groundwater quality and human health. Coconuts, breadfruit, papaws, bananas and crops such as swamp taro, decrease groundwater supplies through direct evapotranspiration from the watertable. The trade-off between maximising and protecting groundwater resources and maximising overlying crop production presents a dilemma for island communities as does the tensions between the demands of an urbanised society and traditional cultural practices. This paper describes an UNESCO IHP project on the hydrology and hydrodynamics of shallow groundwater and the socio-cultural aspects of groundwater use in coral islands. The study was in Tarawa atoll, Kiribati in the central Pacific. A simple daily water balance model was used to suggest groundwater extraction strategies and management options. The lack of comprehensive water legislation and legal agreements between the government and landowners, combined with confusion over the responsibilities of government agencies and community vandalism to water supply infrastructure, are indicators of the tensions between the subsistence past and the urban future faced by many small island communities. The potential for using multi-agent systems to reduce conflicts is discussed.

Le présent article fournit des données sur les plantes hôtes de toutes les espèces afrotropicales du genre Ceratitis MCLEAY (Diptera, Tephritidae). Les données sont basées sur des spécimens de muséums, sur de récents travaux de collecte et sur la littérature existante. Elles sont groupées selon les espèces de mouches des fruits et les espèces de plantes hôtes, et classées selon le degre de confiance pouvant leur être attribué. Lorsque nécessaire, des précisions particulières sont apportées pour certaines données individuelles.