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Background: Optimum postoperative pain management is vital in enhancing recovery and maternal comfort following cesarean delivery. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, a fascial plane block is an effective technique for managing postoperative pain after abdominal surgeries. Wound-site infiltration (WSI) is an established technique for analgesic management. Our research analyzes the pain-relieving effect of this fascial plane block vs WSI following cesarean delivery. Materials and Methods: This trial, a double-blinded randomized study performed at AIMS Hospital, Karnataka over 3 months included 60 parturients posted for elective surgical delivery under subarachnoid block (SAB) who were randomly allocated into: TAP block group A (n = 30) receiving 20 mL of 0.25% of ropivacaine on either side and WSI group B (n = 30) receiving 20 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine infiltrated along the incision. Primary outcome was to note the time to first rescue analgesia demand. Secondary variables evaluated visual analog score (VAS), total first rescue analgesic needed, total number of parturient's needing second rescue pain management in 24 hours following surgery, also sequelae correlated to TAP block and infiltration method. Results: The average time for initial rescue analgesic in group A is 13.03 ± 1.24 hours, whereas in group B is 3.23 ± 1.072 hours (p = 0.001). The VAS scores at intervals 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours were minimum in group A than in group B. In addition, group A had a considerably minimum analgesic demand in first 24 hours (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The TAP block with 0.25% ropivacaine provides superior postoperative analgesia compared with WSI in patients undergoing cesarean delivery under SAB. This approach should be used as part of a multimodal pain management for better postoperative recovery and patient comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective This study compared the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and wound infiltration (WI) for postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent lumbar spinal surgery with instrumentation. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were divided into two groups: ESPB (n = 40) and WI (n = 40). Postoperative pain intensity was assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS) at multiple time points within 24 h. Additionally, opioid consumption, time to first rescue analgesia, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and patient satisfaction were evaluated. Results Both ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, with no significant differences in VAS scores. However, the ESPB group demonstrated a significantly longer duration of analgesia, a shorter time to first rescue analgesia, and lower total tramadol consumption (50 ± 60 mg vs. 100 ± 75 mg; p = 0.010) than did the WI group. Furthermore, a trend toward reduced PONV incidence was observed in the ESPB group, likely due to its opioid-sparing effect. Conclusion While both ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, ESPB demonstrated a distinct advantage by offering a longer duration of analgesia and significantly reducing opioid consumption. These findings suggest that ESPB is more effective than WI for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spinal surgeries, providing prolonged pain relief and improving patient outcomes. Further studies are warranted to explore its long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.govPRS: NCT06567964 Date: 08/21/2024 Retrospectively registered.

Background: The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and local anesthetic wound infiltration have been used to relieve pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study investigated whether the subcostal transversus abdominis block was superior to traditional port-site infiltration of local anesthetic in reducing post-operative pain, opioid consumption, and time for recovery. Aim and Objectives: To investigated whether the subcostal transversus abdominis block is superior to traditional port-site infiltration of local anesthetic in reducing post-operative pain, opioid consumption, and time for recovery. Materials and Methods: All patients were randomly assigned to two equal groups (n=30) using computer-generated randomization. Patients in Group 1 (TAP group) received a TAP block by administration of 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine on each side just before completion of surgery, and patients in Group 2 (local wound infiltration [LWI] group) received 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine as a local infiltrate at the local site just before completion of surgery. The pain was measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at intervals of 30 min to 24 h after the procedure. Results: The mean VAS score was significantly lower in group 1 as compared to group 2 at 2 h and 4 h. Whereas the VAS score was not significantly different post-operative 30 min, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The mean first rescue analgesia was significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P

Objective: This study compared the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and wound infiltration (WI) for postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent lumbar spinal surgery with instrumentation. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were divided into two groups: ESPB (n = 40) and WI (n = 40). Postoperative pain intensity was assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS) at multiple time points within 24 h. Additionally, opioid consumption, time to first rescue analgesia, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and patient satisfaction were evaluated. Results: Both ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, with no significant differences in VAS scores. However, the ESPB group demonstrated a significantly longer duration of analgesia, a shorter time to first rescue analgesia, and lower total tramadol consumption (50 ± 60 mg vs. 100 ± 75 mg; p = 0.010) than did the WI group. Furthermore, a trend toward reduced PONV incidence was observed in the ESPB group, likely due to its opioid-sparing effect. Conclusion: While both ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, ESPB demonstrated a distinct advantage by offering a longer duration of analgesia and significantly reducing opioid consumption. These findings suggest that ESPB is more effective than WI for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spinal surgeries, providing prolonged pain relief and improving patient outcomes. Further studies are warranted to explore its long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.govPRS: NCT06567964 Date: 08/21/2024 Retrospectively registered. Key Points: 1. Study Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with that of wound infiltration (WI) for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spinal surgeries involving instrumentation. 2. Primary outcome: Postoperative pain intensity was measured via the visual analog scale (VAS) at multiple time points. The VAS scores were comparable between ESPB and WI at all assessed time points, indicating no significant differences in pain scores. However, both techniques still played a role in postoperative pain management. 3. Opioid consumption: ESPB was associated with a significant reduction in total tramadol consumption compared with WI, indicating that an opioid-sparing effect that could reduce the risk of opioid-related side effects. 4. Duration of Analgesia: Patients in the ESPB group experienced a longer duration before requiring rescue analgesia, suggesting that ESPB provides more prolonged pain relief than WI does. 5. Side Effects and Patient Satisfaction: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was lower in the ESPB group, potentially due to reduced opioid consumption. These findings suggest that ESPB may increase patient satisfaction and comfort during the postoperative period. 6. Clinical Implications: These findings support the integration of ESPB into multimodal analgesia protocols for lumbar spinal surgeries, given its potential advantages in reducing opioid consumption and providing extended pain relief. 7. Limitations: This study has several limitations. First, although the sample size was calculated based on a power analysis and was sufficient to detect significant differences in the primary outcomes, a larger sample size might provide more robust insights into secondary outcomes or less common side effects. Additionally, the study was conducted at a single center, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future multicenter studies are needed to validate these results across diverse patient populations and clinical practices. Lastly, the follow-up period was limited to 24 h, which does not allow for the assessment of long-term outcomes such as chronic pain development or functional recovery. 8. Future research: Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term benefits of ESPB, its cost-effectiveness, and its potential integration into enhanced recovery protocols (ERASs) for surgical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and local anesthetic wound infiltration have been used to relieve pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study investigated whether the subcostal transversus abdominis block was superior to traditional port-site infiltration of local anesthetic in reducing post-operative pain, opioid consumption, and time for recovery. Aim and Objectives: To investigated whether the subcostal transversus abdominis block is superior to traditional port-site infiltration of local anesthetic in reducing post-operative pain, opioid consumption, and time for recovery. Materials and Methods: All patients were randomly assigned to two equal groups (n=30) using computer-generated randomization. Patients in Group 1 (TAP group) received a TAP block by administration of 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine on each side just before completion of surgery, and patients in Group 2 (local wound infiltration [LWI] group) received 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine as a local infiltrate at the local site just before completion of surgery. The pain was measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at intervals of 30 min to 24 h after the procedure. Results: The mean VAS score was significantly lower in group 1 as compared to group 2 at 2 h and 4 h. Whereas the VAS score was not significantly different post-operative 30 min, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The mean first rescue analgesia was significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P<0.001). Conclusion: The TAP block patients had significant VAS scores at 2 and 4 h postoperatively compared to the LWI patients. The TAP group had a significantly longer median time to first emergency analgesia compared to the LWI group, with a higher proportion of patients requiring only one dose of emergency analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Surgical wound analgesia has been analyzed in many studies, but few have focused on its relationship with inflammatory markers. As such, we aimed to determine the influence of analgesic surgical wound infiltration in open colorectal surgery on the seric levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and the associated efficacy in postoperative pain control. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent open colorectal surgery were prospectively randomized: group 0, epidural analgesia; group 1, intravenous analgesia (control), group 2, preincision and prelaparoraphy infiltration; and, group 3, prelaparoraphy infiltration. Wound infiltration was performed with ropivacaine. We analyzed the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines before and 6 h after surgery and their correlation with pain scores. Results: The postoperative Il-6 levels were significantly lower in group 0 than in the control (p = 0.041). The postoperative Il-10 levels were significantly higher in group 3 (p = 0.029) than in the control. Six hours after the operation, the pain scores were significantly lower in all groups than in the control (p = 0.005, p = 0.022, and p = 0.017 for groups 0, 2, and 3, respectively). Pain scores were significantly correlated with Il-10 levels in group 2 (p = 0.047); in group 3, IL-10 levels directly correlated with those of Il-6 (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The analgetic effect of preincisional and prelaparoraphy analgetic infiltration was efficient. The analgetic infiltration of the surgical wound prior to closure stimulates both the inflammatory activator and regulator interleukins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A novel external oblique intercostal block (EOIB) might have analgesic effects on T6-10 and be indicated for laparoscopic gastrectomy. However, EOIB effects on postoperative pain are unknown. We aim to generate evidence to support such EOIB application. We will compare the efficacy of EOIB and wound infiltration (WI) in a single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Methods: We will assess plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine after EOIB, its pharmacokinetics, and the pinprick test in patients randomly assigned to receive EOIB or WI before laparoscopic or robot-assisted gastric distal or total gastrectomy. The EOIB and WI will start after general anesthesia induction with 20 and 40 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine per side, respectively, before skin closure. The outcomes will be numeric rating scale (NRS) scores at 12 h postoperatively (primary) and postoperative NRS scores at 2, 24, and 48 h; fentanyl application; QoR-15 scores on postoperative days 1, 2, and 7; and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 scores at 3 months (secondary). Conclusions: We hope that our study will provide evidence to support EOIB application in laparoscopic surgery. Plasma concentrations will help determine levobupivacaine pharmacokinetics, which if similar to conventional nerve blocks, will indicate EOIB's safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure. Traditional options for pain management, such as analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), are limited by their side effects. Surgical wound infiltration with local anesthetics has the potential to reduce the need for analgesics in a number of surgical procedures. This systematic review and meta-analysis wanted to resolve these concerns and assess the efficacy of WI in the management of postoperative pain after thyroidectomy. The review adhered to Cochrane Collaboration and PRISMA standards. RCTs comparing WI with no infiltration or placebo were included. Patients with benign or malignant thyroid disease who underwent open thyroidectomy were eligible. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) as the primary outcome. Time to first rescue dose, the need for analgesic rescue in the first 24 h, and total opioid analgesic consumption were secondary outcomes. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) were used to analyze the data. 16 randomized controlled trials involving 1202 patients were included. At 6 and 8 h postoperatively, WI exhibited a statistically significant impact on pain management. In the WI group, the need for analgesic rescue was significantly reduced. At 4 h postoperatively, non-anesthetic medications demonstrated a significant analgesic effect. This systematic review and meta-analysis support the use of WI with local anesthetics for postoperative pain management after thyroidectomy. These findings have significant implications for improving perioperative care, especially in ambulatory settings where effective pain management is essential. • Thyroidectomy is common, therefore postoperative pain treatment must be maximized. • Wound infiltration reduces postoperative analgesics. • A meta-analysis examined thyroidectomy wound infiltration efficacy. • The study included 1202 individuals in 16 randomized controlled trials. • Local anesthetic wound infiltration significantly decreased pain and analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgery still has a pivotal role in the management of breast cancer & surgery is invariably associated with pain. Present study was aimed to compare post-operative analgesic effects of wound infiltration of equivalent doses with Ropivacaine (0.75%) versus Levobupivacaine (0.5%) in Modified Radical Mastectomy. Material and Methods: Present study was single-center, prospective, comparative study, conducted in patients aged between 20-65 years, belonging to ASA physical status grade I and grade II, weight between 50-70 kg, underwent Modified Radical Mastectomy. At the end of the surgery, before closing the surgical incision, as per the randomization, group R was infiltrated with 0.75% Ropivacaine 20 ml, 13.3 ml of Ropivacaine (0.75%) while Group L was infiltrated with 0.5% Levobupivacaine 20 ml (100 mg). Results: Our study included 60 patients undergoing elective modified radical mastectomy belonging to ASA grade 1 and 2. In the study, there was no significant difference in mean pulse rate between two groups at different time intervals. At 15 minutes, 30 minutes, at 45 minutes, the average MAP was significantly higher in ropivacaine group when compared with that of levobupivacaine group. Despite of being statistically insignificant, the VAS scores at initial intervals (15min, 30mins, and 45mins) were low in group R when compared to group L. At 60 mins and 90 minutes, there was a marked increase in VAS score in group R and thereafter it was akin in two groups. We found that the maximum analgesic effect after wound infiltration was up to 6hrs in both the groups and thereafter the study was terminated. Conclusion: Ropivacaine infiltration provided rapid onset and adequate depth of analgesia in the immediate postoperative hours especially during the initial 90 minutes, whereas levobupivacaine had a slow and constant depth of analgesia. The maximum duration of analgesia noted in our study was 6 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoffrey Bloy,1 Amelie Jurine,1 Yann Chaussy,2 Frederic Auber,2 Pierre-Gregoire Guinot,3 Belaid Bouhemad,3 Michel Francois,4 Lucie Vettoretti,1 Sebastien Pili-Floury,5 Maxime Nguyen,3 Guillaume Besch5 1CHU Besançon, Département d’Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Besançon, F-25000, France; 2Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, SINERGIES, Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Besançon, F-25000, France; 3University of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, Dijon University Hospital, INSERM LNC UMR1231, FCS Bourgogne Franche-Comté LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, F-21000, France; 4Université de Bourgogne, CHU Dijon, Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Dijon, F-21000, France; 5Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, SINERGIES, Département d’Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, Besançon, F-25000, FranceCorrespondence: Guillaume Besch, Département d’Anesthésie Réanimation Chirurgicale, CHU Besançon, 3 bvd Alexandre Fleming, Besançon, 25030, France, Tel +3381218958, Fax +3381669331, Email gbesch@chu-besancon.frPurpose: Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic appendicectomy is a key determinant of early rehabilitation in children. Recent guidelines recommend performing either a transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block or local anesthesia (LA) wound infiltration as part of multimodal postoperative analgesia after appendectomy. To date, the clinical effectiveness of TAP block versus LA wound infiltration has never been compared. The hypothesis of this study is that the TAP block may provide a greater opioid-sparing effect after laparoscopic appendicectomy in children than LA wound infiltration.Study Design and Methods: We designed a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled phase III trial and aim to include 110 children who undergo laparoscopic appendicectomy. Children are randomized to receive either TAP block (TAP group) or LA wound infiltration (infiltration group). Multimodal analgesia is standardized in the two groups using the same protocol, which includes the stepwise prescription of paracetamol, phloroglucinol, ketoprofene, and nalbuphine according to the hetero-evaluation of pain performed by the nurses who were blinded to the treatment allocated using the validated FLACC scale. The primary outcome is the total dose of nalbuphine administered within 24 hours after surgery.Discussion: No study has specifically compared the clinical effectiveness of TAP block versus LA wound infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic appendectomy in children. This paper describes the protocol for a randomized trial that addresses this issue. The results of this trial will be useful for editing guidelines with a higher level of evidence on this topic.Keywords: laparoscopic appendectomy, TAP block, wound infiltration, analgesia, children

Background: Pain management postoperatively for such a common condition plays an important role, as unmanaged pain may cause behavioral and sleep changes, and parental distress. Objective: To compare regional block, caudal block, and wound infiltration for post-operative pain management in pediatric inguinal herniotomy. Methods: A randomized, controlled trial (NCT 05969613) was carried out in Pediatric Surgery Department, KEMU from January till December 2019, and 300 patients undergoing inguinal herniotomy were enrolled after informed consent. They were randomly allocated in 3 groups and underwent regional block in Group A, wound infiltration in Group B, and caudal block in Group C using Bupivacaine. Rescue analgesia was given if pain scores were =4. Postoperative pain scores, duration of analgesia and complications like urinary retention and wound infection were compared. Results: Postoperative FLACC scores revealed need of rescue analgesia in 9(9%) patients at 2nd hour in Group C (p value <0.001), and at 8th hour, 12(12%) in Group A, 19(19%) in Group B, and 30(30%) in Group C had score =4 (p value 0.000). Wong Baker Score also revealed higher scores and need of rescue analgesia in Group C than Group A or B after 4 hours postoperatively (p value <0.001). Duration of analgesia was 288.16±23.7 min in Group A, 338.55±19.79 min in Group B, and 262.43±15.4 min in Group C (p value <0.001). Urinary retention was present in 9 (9%) children in Group C (p value <0.001). Six (6%) children had wound infection in Group A, three (3%) in Group B, and 15 (15%) in Group C (p value 0.005). Conclusion: Regional block and wound infiltration were more effective as compared to caudal block in terms of pain control. Caudal block also had more complication rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a meta‐study, we evaluated the effectiveness and security of the combination of topical anaesthetic and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of postoperative pain in patients with lumbar disease. Four databases were systematically searched for possible related articles. Only English‐language research was taken into account on the Internet. Furthermore, we only took into account the studies that were published prior to 2023. Only those that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were considered: (1) in adults who were about to undergo spine operation, (2) dexmedetomidine combined with local anaesthesia, (3) Visual Analog Scale scores at 4 and 24 h after the event and (4) this was a randomized or nonrandomized, controlled study. The meta‐analysis was carried out with Revman 5.3 software. A ROBINS‐I‐based instrument was used to evaluate controlled studies. All trials were synthesized by computing the end results with either a fixed or a random effect model, which was dependent on statistical diversity. Five trials showed a marked reduction in wound pain at 4 h after the operation in patients who were treated with dexmedetomidine for lumbar spinal surgery (MD, −0.81; 95% CI, −1.24, −0.35; p = 0.0005). In the case of lumbar spinal operations, the addition of dexmedetomidine to the postoperative treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the pain at 24 h post‐operation (MD, −0.64; 95% CI, −0.79, −0.48; p < 0.0001). The quality of the data we evaluated was 'moderate' to 'good'; thus, we have limited confidence in the impact estimation, and the actual impact might be significantly different from what we had expected. Additional studies should concentrate on practices that are well known to cause severe postoperative pain, especially for cases where the improvement of pain management may lead to substantial clinical benefits in terms of reduction of morbidity or cost‐effectiveness in terms of quicker healing and release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nerve blocks in inguinal hernia repair will provide analgesia and lessen the requirement of iv. analgesics thereby minimizing side effects and improve VAS score. Materials and Method: The SA block were administered using standard technique. Patient were divided into three groups. Group T: Tap block using ultrasound. Group I: Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block using ultrasound. Group L: Infiltration of incision site. VAS scores and hemodynamics were assessed at different time interval. Results: The comparison of Mean among Three group-I, L and T of hemodynamic parameters were found not Significant and VAS score were found Significant. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks provided better post-operative pain relief than ultrasound-guided TAP block and wound infiltration at the proposed site of incision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Surgical wound analgesia has been analyzed in many studies, but few have focused on its relationship with inflammatory markers. As such, we aimed to determine the influence of analgesic surgical wound infiltration in open colorectal surgery on the seric levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers and the associated efficacy in postoperative pain control. Materials and Methods: Forty patients who underwent open colorectal surgery were prospectively randomized: group 0, epidural analgesia; group 1, intravenous analgesia (control), group 2, preincision and prelaparoraphy infiltration; and, group 3, prelaparoraphy infiltration. Wound infiltration was performed with ropivacaine. We analyzed the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines before and 6 h after surgery and their correlation with pain scores. Results: The postoperative Il-6 levels were significantly lower in group 0 than in the control (p = 0.041). The postoperative Il-10 levels were significantly higher in group 3 (p = 0.029) than in the control. Six hours after the operation, the pain scores were significantly lower in all groups than in the control (p = 0.005, p = 0.022, and p = 0.017 for groups 0, 2, and 3, respectively). Pain scores were significantly correlated with Il-10 levels in group 2 (p = 0.047); in group 3, IL-10 levels directly correlated with those of Il-6 (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The analgetic effect of preincisional and prelaparoraphy analgetic infiltration was efficient. The analgetic infiltration of the surgical wound prior to closure stimulates both the inflammatory activator and regulator interleukins.

The first few hours following thyroidectomy are the most crucial for pain management. Adequate postoperative pain control, reduction in opioid abuse and the possibility of implementing one-day operations are the considered parameters when developing the postoperative analgesic strategy. A study of the available literature was conducted, exploring the efficacy of (open) thyroidectomy wound infiltration. Seventeen full-text RCTs were extracted. Local anesthetics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were infiltrated. Emphasis was given to postoperative pain scores and requirements for rescue analgesia with opioids. Most authors agree that local wound infiltration for thyroidectomized patients is effective in the management of postoperative pain parameters. In the era of multimodal analgesia, thyroidectomy wound infiltration could represent an essential adjunct contributing to lower VAS scores and reduced opioid requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Regional anesthesia techniques are commonly used for postoperative pain management during laparoscopic surgery. Our aim was to compare the analgesic efficacy of pre-incisional subcutaneous wound infiltration (WI) with that of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block as part of a multimodal analgesic approach in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Methods In this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 patients were assigned to either TAP or WI group. The main outcome was acute postoperative pain control assessed using the mean numeric rating scale (NRS) at the 24 hours postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were opioid requirements, procedure-related complications, overall complications, and length of stay. Results In this study, 60 patients were randomized: 30 to TAP group and 28 to WI (two were excluded due to conversion to open surgery). We found no significant difference in the median (1Q, 3Q) NRS scores during the 24 h postoperatively neither at rest (TAP, 0 (0, 1) vs. WI, 0 (0, 1), P = 0.812), nor during movement (TAP, 1 (0, 2) vs. WI, 1 (0, 2), P = 0.708). There were no statistical differences in the postoperative intravenous morphine requirements in the TAP vs. WI groups during the same period (1.7 ± 3.1 vs. 1.8 ± 4.1 mg; P = 0.910). Only one patient in the TAP group presented with postoperative nausea and vomiting. Conclusions Both pre-incisional subcutaneous WI and TAP blockade were associated with very low pain scores as part of a non-opioid multimodal analgesic regimen in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. This study did not demonstrate the benefits of WI over TAP.

Background: This systematic review explored the efficacy of different analgesic modalities and the impact on perioperative outcome in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library Database using the PRISMA framework. The primary outcome was pain scores on postoperative day one (POD1) and postoperative day two (POD2). The secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS) and specific procedure-related complications. Results: Five randomized controlled trials and ten retrospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review. Studies compared epidural analgesia (EA), patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), continuous wound infiltration (CWI), continuous bilateral thoracic paravertebral infusion (CTPVI), intrathecal morphine (ITM), and sublingual sufentanil. The pain scores on POD1 (p < 0.001) and POD2 (p = 0.05) were higher in the PCA group compared with the EA group. Pain scores were comparable between EA and CWI plus PCA or CTPVI on POD1 and POD2. Pain scores were comparable between EA and ITM on POD1. The procedure-related complications and length of hospital stay were not significantly different according to the type of analgesia. Conclusions: EA provided lower pain scores compared with PCA on the first postoperative day after pancreatoduodenectomy; the length of hospital stay and procedure-related complications were similar between EA and PCA. CWI and CTPVI provided similar pain relief to EA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain increases the risk of postoperative complications and may predispose patients to chronic post-surgical pain. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ketamine wound infiltration versus placebo at the end of thyroid surgery on postoperative pain and analgesic requirements. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we prospectively studied patients who underwent thyroid surgery. Patients were randomized into two groups: group S, where local infiltration was performed using 10 ml of a physiological saline solution; and group K, where 10 ml of a solution containing 2 mg/kg ketamine was infiltrated. Standardized thyroidectomies were performed in the 2 groups. Pain perception was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) every 10 minutes in the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) for 2 hours and thereafter every 6 hours during the first 24 hours. The opioid requirement in the PACU was evaluated. A comparison between the 2 groups was carried out. Results: Postoperatively, the mean VAS was higher in group S compared to group K during all PACU stay periods and the first 24 hours. Pain scores during swallowing were significantly lower for group K in the PACU at 0, 10, and 20 minutes. The mean morphine consumption in the PACU was 0.71 mg and 0 mg respectively in group S and group K (p=0.03). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar in both groups. Conclusions: Ketamine wound infiltration is an efficient modality to reduce postoperative opioid consumption compared to a placebo after thyroid surgery.

Abstract Background Postoperative pain after a cesarean section has negative consequences for the mother during the postoperative period. Over the years, various postoperative pain management strategies have been used following cesarean section. Opioid-based analgesics and landmark approaches have negative side effects, while ultrasound-based regional analgesia necessitates resources and experience, but various wound infiltration adjuvants are innovative with few side effects and are simple to use. The efficacy and safety of each adjuvant, however, are unknown and require further investigation. Objective This network meta-analysis is intended to provide the most effective wound infiltration drugs for postoperative management after cesarean section. Method A comprehensive search will be conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, CINHAL, and LILACS without date and language restrictions. All randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of wound infiltration drugs for postoperative pain management after cesarean section will be included. Data extraction will be conducted independently by two authors. The quality of studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the overall quality of the evidence will be determined by GRADEpro software. Discussion The rate of postoperative acute and chronic pain is very high which has a huge impact on the mother, family, healthcare practitioners, and healthcare delivery. It is a basic human right to give every patient with postoperative pain treatment that is realistic in terms of resources, technique, cost, and adverse event profile. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021268774

Background: Regional anesthesia techniques are commonly used for postoperative pain management during laparoscopic surgery. Our aim was to compare the analgesic efficacy of pre-incisional subcutaneous wound infiltration (WI) with that of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block as part of a multimodal analgesic approach in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Methods: In this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 patients were assigned to either TAP or WI group. The main outcome was acute postoperative pain control assessed using the mean numeric rating scale (NRS) at the 24 hours postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were opioid requirements, procedure-related complications, overall complications, and length of stay. Results: In this study, 60 patients were randomized: 30 to TAP group and 28 to WI (two were excluded due to conversion to open surgery). We found no significant difference in the median (1Q, 3Q) NRS scores during the 24 h postoperatively neither at rest (TAP, 0 (0, 1) vs. WI, 0 (0, 1), P = 0.812), nor during movement (TAP, 1 (0, 2) vs. WI, 1 (0, 2), P = 0.708). There were no statistical differences in the postoperative intravenous morphine requirements in the TAP vs. WI groups during the same period (1.7 ± 3.1 vs. 1.8 ± 4.1 mg; P = 0.910). Only one patient in the TAP group presented with postoperative nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: Both pre-incisional subcutaneous WI and TAP blockade were associated with very low pain scores as part of a non-opioid multimodal analgesic regimen in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. This study did not demonstrate the benefits of WI over TAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: To compare local anesthetic wound infiltration with intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetic for analgesia after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Methods: This study was conducted on 150 pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 7 mg isobaric bupivacaine and 15 μcg fentanyl. The patients were randomized into three groups of 50 patients each: Group local anesthetic wound infiltration (LWI): 20 ml local anesthetic solution (10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and 10 ml 2% lidocaine mixture) was administered subcutaneous wound infiltration at the end of surgery prior to skin closure and 20 ml saline was instilled into the uterine peritoneal area before fascia closure. Group intraperitoneal local anesthetic (IPLA): 20 ml local anesthetic solution (10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and 10 ml 2% lidocaine mixture) was instilled into the uterine peritoneal area and 20 ml saline was administered subcutaneous wound infiltration. Group Placebo: 20 ml saline was instilled into the uterine peritoneal area and 20 ml saline was administered local subcutaneous wound infiltration. Pain scores at rest and on movement, total fentanyl consumption at 24 h, maternal satisfaction, and the time to first analgesic request were recorded. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the postoperative pain scores at rest at 2, 12, and 24 h (p = 0.314, 0.343, and 0.735, respectively) and on movement at 12 and 24 h (p = 0.318 and 0.642, respectively) between the groups. The pain scores on movement at 2 h were significantly lower in Group IPLA compared with Group Placebo (p = 0.047). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of total fentanyl consumption and the time to first analgesic request. Conclusion: The use of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine and lidocaine reduces early the pain score on movement in women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Both erector spinae plane block and wound infiltration are used to improve analgesia following spinal fusion surgery. Herein, we compared the analgesic effect of bilateral erector spinae plane block with wound infiltration in this patient population. Methods: In this randomized trial, 60 patients scheduled for elective open posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery were randomized to receive either ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block before incision (n = 30) or wound infiltration at the end of surgery (n = 30). Both groups received standardized general anesthesia and postoperative analgesia, including patient-controlled analgesia with sufentanil and no background infusion. Opioid consumption and pain intensity were assessed at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery. The primary outcome was cumulative opioid consumption within 24 h after surgery. Results: All 60 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The equivalent dose of sufentanil consumption within 24 h was significantly lower in patients given erector spinae plane block (median 11 μg, interquartile range 5–16) than in those given wound infiltration (20 μg, 10 to 43; median difference − 10 μg, 95% CI − 18 to − 3, P = 0.007). The cumulative number of demanded PCA boluses was significantly lower with erector spinae plane block at 6 h (median difference − 2, 95% CI − 3 to 0, P = 0.006), 12 h (− 3, 95% CI − 6 to − 1, P = 0.002), and 24 h (− 5, 95% CI − 8 to − 2, P = 0.005) postoperatively. The proportion given rescue analgesia was also significantly lower in patients given erector spinae plane block group within 48 h (relative risk 0.27, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.96, P = 0.037). There were no statistical differences in pain intensity at any timepoints between groups. No procedure-related adverse events occurred. Conclusions: Compared with wound infiltration, bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block decreases short-term opioid consumption while providing similar analgesia in patients following lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100053008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor pain control after cardiac surgery can be associated with postoperative complications, longer recovery, and development of chronic pain. The authors hypothesized that adding liposomal bupivacaine (LB) to plain bupivacaine (PB) will provide better and long-lasting analgesia when used for wound infiltration in median sternotomy. Prospective, randomized, and double-blinded clinical trial. Single institution, tertiary care university hospital. Adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. A single surgeon performed wound infiltration of LB plus PB or PB into the sternotomy wound, chest, and mediastinal tube sites. Patients were followed up for 72 hours for pain scores, opioid consumption, and adverse events. Sixty patients completed the study for analysis (LB group [n = 29], PB group [n = 31]). Patient characteristics, procedural variables, and pain scores measured at specific intervals from 4 hours until 72 hours postoperatively did not reveal any significant differences between the groups. Mixed-model regression showed that the trend of mean pain scores at movement in the LB group was significantly (p = 0.01) lower compared with the PB group. Opioid consumption over 72 hours was not significantly different between the 2 groups (oral morphine equivalents; median [interquartile range], 139 [73, 212] mg in LB v 105 [54, 188] mg in PB, p = 0.29). Recovery characteristics and adverse events were comparable. LB added to PB for sternotomy wound infiltration during elective cardiac surgery did not significantly improve the quality of postoperative analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain remains a significant problem in patients undergoing donor nephrectomy despite reduced tissue trauma following laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy (LLDN). Inadequately treated pain leads to physiological and psychological consequences, including chronic neuropathic pain., Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled double-blinded trial was conducted in sixty-nine (n = 69) participants who underwent LLDN under general anesthesia. Participants were randomized into Group B (n = 34) and Group C (n = 35). Group B received ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with bupivacaine 0.125% 20 ml on the surgical side and 10 ml on the contralateral side before extubation, while Group C received wound infiltration with bupivacaine 0.125% 15 ml. The primary objective of the study was to compare cumulative 24-hour morphine consumption postoperatively. The secondary objectives were time to first rescue analgesia, visual numeric rating scale (VNRS) pain scores at rest and during movement, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and complications associated with ESPB., Results: Participants in Group B required significantly less median (IQR) 24-hour morphine compared to Group C [6 (6-9) mg vs. 15 (12-15) mg; median difference 9; 95% CI in median difference 6-12; p < 0.001), longer median (IQR) time to first rescue analgesia [6 (6-8) hours vs. 1 (1-2) hours; p < 0.001], and lower VNRS at rest and during movement at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours., Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided ESPB provided effective pain relief compared to wound infiltration with local anaesthetic in patients who underwent LLDN., Trial Registration: INT/IEC/2021/SPL-514; CTRI/2021/07/045909., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Institute Ethics Committee PGIMER Chandigarh approval was obtained wide ref no: INT/IEC/2021/SPL-514. A written informed consent was obtained from all the study participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Objective: Postoperative pain management significantly influences recovery speed, hospital stay duration, and healthcare costs. In light of inconsistencies in clinical trial outcomes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of the Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block compared to local anesthetic wound infiltration (WI) for postoperative pain management in gynecological surgery., Data Sources: Systematic searches were conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to identify all randomized controlled trials comparing TAP block and WI in adult patients undergoing gynecological surgical procedures. Additionally, the reference lists of the identified studies were manually reviewed. Only studies published in English were eligible for inclusion in the analysis., Methods of Study Selection: The Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome framework for the review included: (1) adult patients who underwent gynecological surgical procedures; (2) postoperative TAP block as the intervention; (3) comparison with local anesthetic WI; (4) primary outcome: postoperative pain at 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours; secondary outcomes: postoperative opioid consumption, opioid-related side effects, and patient satisfaction. STATA software, version 18 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA), was used for the analysis., Tabulation, Integration, and Results: A total of 213 papers were initially identified. Of these, 10 randomized controlled trials encompassing a total of 604 patients met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis studying minimally invasive surgery showed that TAP block was associated with lower pain scores at rest and 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours compared to the WI group. Furthermore, the TAP block resulted in a reduction in opioid consumption at 24 hours, although there was no significant difference in opioid-related adverse effects. Two studies presented data on patient-reported satisfaction, and a pooled analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity., Conclusion: TAP block seems to provide better postoperative pain control after laparoscopic gynecologic procedures and reduces opioid use compared to WI in gynecologic surgery., (Copyright © 2024 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

WHO recommends infiltration of rabies immunoglobulins/rabies monoclonal antibodies as anatomically possible, into or close to all category III animal bite wound(s)/exposures for post exposure prophylaxis. The volume required for wound infiltration depending upon the site/size/severity of wound is yet to be defined for guiding the treating physicians. This study aimed to determine the volume of rabies immunoglobulin/rabies monoclonal antibody required for wound infiltration depending upon the site, size, and severity. A prospective cohort study was conducted including category III animal exposures at the anti-rabies clinic, KIMS hospital and Research Center, Bangalore, India. The volume of rabies immunoglobulins/rabies monoclonal antibodies required for wound infiltration, depending on site, severity, and size was determined. All the subjects were followed for 6 months to demonstrate the safety and clinical efficacy of post exposure prophylaxis. The present study included 717 subjects having 1428 bite wounds. There was a significant difference in the median volume required for wound infiltration based on site, size, and severity of bite wounds. However, on pairwise comparison; the median volume among all the pairs for only wound size was found to be statistically significant. Supportively, a strong positive correlation was seen with the size of wound and volume infiltrated. The volume of rabies immunoglobulin/rabies monoclonal antibodies required for wound infiltration shall be determined according to size of wounds, i.e. 1 ml for 5 cm wound.

The first few hours following thyroidectomy are the most crucial for pain management. Adequate postoperative pain control, reduction in opioid abuse and the possibility of implementing one-day operations are the considered parameters when developing the postoperative analgesic strategy. A study of the available literature was conducted, exploring the efficacy of (open) thyroidectomy wound infiltration. Seventeen full-text RCTs were extracted. Local anesthetics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were infiltrated. Emphasis was given to postoperative pain scores and requirements for rescue analgesia with opioids. Most authors agree that local wound infiltration for thyroidectomized patients is effective in the management of postoperative pain parameters. In the era of multimodal analgesia, thyroidectomy wound infiltration could represent an essential adjunct contributing to lower VAS scores and reduced opioid requirements.

In low-income settings, postoperative pain relief could be challenging as a high patient/nurse ratio limits pain assessment and adequate analgesics administration. The multi-center prospective double-blinded parallel randomized controlled trial was done to compare lidocaine, tramadol, and placebo (saline) intraoperative wound infiltration to relieve post-cesarean section wound pain during the first 24 h. Ninety-nine cases were equally randomized into three groups, each containing 33 pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under general anesthesia. During operation, the wound was infiltrated subcutaneously with 20 mL of 2% lidocaine solution in the first group, 2 mg/kg tramadol in the second group, and saline in the third group. The primary outcome was to assess the postoperative pain at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h by the Yes-No-Don't Know (YNDK) Scale, while the secondary outcome was to assess the need for further postoperative analgesia. Wound infiltration with lidocaine or tramadol was effective in pain relief, and both were superior to placebo. Wound infiltration with tramadol was superior to lidocaine in pain relief at 2 h and up to 24 h. Wound infiltration with tramadol has a more prolonged pain relief effect than lidocaine in post-cesarean section pain relief in patients performing cesarean section under general anesthesia lasting up to 24 h, and both are superior to placebo in pain relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain after a cesarean section has negative consequences for the mother during the postoperative period. Over the years, various postoperative pain management strategies have been used following cesarean section. Opioid-based analgesics and landmark approaches have negative side effects, while ultrasound-based regional analgesia necessitates resources and experience, but various wound infiltration adjuvants are innovative with few side effects and are simple to use. The efficacy and safety of each adjuvant, however, are unknown and require further investigation. Objective: This network meta-analysis is intended to provide the most effective wound infiltration drugs for postoperative management after cesarean section. Method: A comprehensive search will be conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, CINHAL, and LILACS without date and language restrictions. All randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of wound infiltration drugs for postoperative pain management after cesarean section will be included. Data extraction will be conducted independently by two authors. The quality of studies will be evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the overall quality of the evidence will be determined by GRADEpro software. Discussion: The rate of postoperative acute and chronic pain is very high which has a huge impact on the mother, family, healthcare practitioners, and healthcare delivery. It is a basic human right to give every patient with postoperative pain treatment that is realistic in terms of resources, technique, cost, and adverse event profile. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021268774 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design This study enrolled patients in from a single center who underwent primary spinal fusion procedure and divided them into two groups (group-control study). Purpose Good local infiltration can reduce postoperative analgesic requirements and enable expedited discharge. Administration of a combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg/100 mL, 0.9% normal saline), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg) as a wound infiltrate is recommended at an optimum combination. Overview of Literature There is currently no consensus on the optimum intraoperative local infiltration of spinal surgery patients undergoing operative fusion. Methods Patients who were enrolled in two spinal centers (over 24 months) undergoing primary spinal fusion procedures were allocated into two groups, comparing the type of local infiltration used at the time of the procedure. Group 1 received the combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg), while group 2 received other types of local anesthetics. Primary outcome measures include patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use, morphine consumption, and length of hospital stay. Secondary outcome measure are as follows: days of physiotherapy, pain score, side effects, and complications. Results There are a total of 140 patients enrolled. Seventy-five patients enrolled were allocated to group 1, receiving the study combination, and 65 patients were assigned in group 2, receiving other local infiltrations. All primary outcome measures (consumption of morphine, use of PCA, and length of stay) were significantly higher in group 2 than the study combination (p

Background: Cesarean delivery is a frequently obstetric operation in Egypt with a recently reported over all cesarean section rate of 54% and it causes moderate to severe postoperative discomfort. Infiltration of the wound site is a method to improve postoperative analgesia. The aim of the work: To compare the pain relief effects of ketamine versus dexmedetomidine combined to bupivacaine in local wound infiltration in patients underwent cesarean section and to estimate side effects of medications. Patients and Methods: This randomized, controlled study including 90 women were subjected for elective cesarean delivery under general anesthesia and were divided at random into 3 equal groups to receive 40 ml bupivacaine (0.25%) + either 2 mg/kg ketamine in (group A), 2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine in (group B) or 2 ml saline in (group C) via local wound infiltration. The primary outcome was time of the first analgesia requested. The secondary outcomes were total dose of analgesia per 24 hours, Visual analogue scale, time of starting movement, breast-feeding, passing flatus or stool, start of eating and adverse effects of medications. Results: A significant increase in time of the first analgesic request in group A (8.4 ±1.91) h. and group B (7.5±1.81) h. than group C (4.3±1.24) h. A significant decrease in pethidine consumption in group A (59 ± 28.93 mg) than group B (72 ± 23.1 mg) and group C (102 ±16 mg). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was significantly lower (p

Background: A transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a fascial plane block performed to provide analgesia after surgeries with lower abdominal incisions. Ultrasound guidance has increased the success of TAP blocks. Our study compared wound infiltration, a time-tested method, with a TAP block for postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries. Methods: In this prospective, randomised double-blind study, 100 female patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries with a transverse incision under spinal anaesthesia received either wound infiltration (group A) or bilateral ultrasound-guided (USG) TAP block (group B) with 30 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine after the surgery. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess analgesia at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h and patient satisfaction was assessed at 0 and 24 h postoperatively. We recorded the total amount of analgesic consumed in 24 h postoperatively as well as complications. Results: There was significantly longer duration of analgesia in group B (19.12 ± 1.92 vs 3.02 ± 1.16 h; p < 0.001), and higher patient satisfaction at 24 h (7 [5-8] vs 6 [5-8]; p < 0.001). The VAS score for pain was lower in group B at 2 h (0 [0-0] vs 1 [0-5]; p < 0.001), 4 h (0 [0-1] vs 3 [2-4]; p < 0.001), 6 h (0 [0-1] vs 3 [2-5]; p < 0.001) and 12 h (1 [0-2] vs 3 [2-4]; p < 0.001). However, the scores were similar at 0 and 24 hours. The total amount of analgesic consumed in group A was significantly higher than group B. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was the most common event seen. Conclusion: USG TAP block reduces both postoperative pain scores and the amount of analgesic consumed while providing a longer duration of analgesia and better patient satisfaction compared with wound infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a relatively newer block that provides analgesia to the parietal peritoneum, skin and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. Aims: To determine the effectiveness of the TAP block over wound infiltration for hernia repair. Settings and Design: Randomized, double-blinded, prospective study in an academic teaching hospital. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups of 30 each. In Group T, patients received ultrasound-guided TAP block for inguinal hernia repair whereas in Group I, local anesthetic infiltration at the wound site was done. Primary outcome measure was pain relief as assessed by a numeric rating scale (NRS) whereas secondary outcome measures were duration (from the time at which TAP block or local anesthetic infiltration is given to the time at which patient first requests for rescue analgesic) of post-operative analgesia, patient satisfaction score, and complications, if any. Results: Mean NRS score at 0hr for a group I was 0.88±0.74 and for group T was 0.68±0.70 with a p-value of 0.28 and the mean NRS score at 24hr for the group I was 4.47±0.66 and for group T was 4.54±0.62 with a p-value of 0.68 but at 2hr, 6hr and 12hr, the NRS was significantly more in group I (p < 0.05). Mean time of 1st analgesic request in group I was 403.73 minutes as compared to group T where it was 711.33 mins (P

Background: In peripheral nerve blocks, magnesium sulfate is an excellent adjuvant to local anesthetics. The use of magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant in wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia needs to be investigated. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant when added to bupivacaine in wound infiltration technique in perianal surgeries. Settings and Design: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients undergoing perianal surgeries were randomly divided into two groups, Group M and Group C. Following perianal surgery, Group M patients received a local wound infiltration of injection magnesium sulfate 750 mg (1.5 mL of injection 50% magnesium sulfate) added to 0.5% bupivacaine 13.5 mL making a total volume of 15 mL, whereas Group C patients received a local wound infiltration of injection 0.5% bupivacaine 13.5 mL and 1.5 mL normal saline. Postoperative vitals and pain scores were assessed. Statistical Analysis Used: Student's t-test for normally distributed continuous data, Mann–Whitney U-test for ordinal data, and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, whichever is appropriate for categorical data, were used. Results: The magnesium sulfate group had a lower postoperative pain score, a longer duration of postoperative analgesia, and a lesser number of rescue analgesic doses in the first 24 h. Conclusion: We conclude that magnesium sulfate is an effective adjuvant to bupivacaine for wound infiltration in terms of postoperative analgesia quality and duration following perianal surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia / Journal Canadien d'Anesthésie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Surgical procedure usually causes serious postoperative pain and poor postoperative pain management negatively affects quality of life, function and recovery time. We aimed to investigate the role of wound infiltration with ropivacaine as an adjuvant to patient controlled analgesia (PCA) in postoperative pain control for patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Methods One hundred twelve patients undergoing lumbar fusion were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups (ropivacaine and control groups) according to whether received wound infiltration with ropivacaine or not. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, analgesics consumption, number of patients requiring rescue analgesic, hospital duration and incidence of complications were recorded. Surgical trauma was assessed using operation time, intraoperative blood loss and incision length. Results The amount of sufentanil consumption in ropivacaine group at 4 h postoperatively was lower than that of control group (24.5 ± 6.0 μg vs 32.1 ± 7.0 μg, P 0.05). Conclusion Wound infiltration with ropivacaine effectively reduces postoperative opioid consumption and PONV and may be a useful adjuvant to PCA to improve recovery for patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.

Purpose: Good local infiltration can reduce postoperative analgesic requirements and enable expedited discharge. Administration of a combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg/100 mL, 0.9% normal saline), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg) as a wound infiltrate is recommended at an optimum combination. Overview of Literature: There is currently no consensus on the optimum intraoperative local infiltration of spinal surgery patients undergoing operative fusion. Methods: Patients who were enrolled in two spinal centers (over 24 months) undergoing primary spinal fusion procedures were allocated into two groups, comparing the type of local infiltration used at the time of the procedure. Group 1 received the combination of levobupivacaine (200 mg), ketorolac (30 mg), and adrenaline (0.5 mg), while group 2 received other types of local anesthetics. Primary outcome measures include patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use, morphine consumption, and length of hospital stay. Secondary outcome measure are as follows: days of physiotherapy, pain score, side effects, and complications. Results: There are a total of 140 patients enrolled. Seventy-five patients enrolled were allocated to group 1, receiving the study combination, and 65 patients were assigned in group 2, receiving other local infiltrations. All primary outcome measures (consumption of morphine, use of PCA, and length of stay) were significantly higher in group 2 than the study combination ( p<0.05). The secondary outcomes of pain scores and days of physiotherapy values were also significantly higher in group 2 ( p<0.05). Patient satisfaction questionnaires gave significantly better results in group 1 ( p<0.05). There were no significant statistical differences with regard to any postoperative complications between the two groups. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the studied wound infiltration is a safe and feasible option that could provide good postoperative pain control without significant side effects. It also allowed to reduce dependence of opioids and PCA, earlier postoperative mobilization, lower pain scores postoperatively, and reduced hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Thyroidectomy is a common procedure that causes mild trauma. Nevertheless, postoperative pain remains a major challenge in patient care. Multimodal analgesia comprising a combination of analgesics and analgesic techniques has become increasingly popular for the control of postoperative pain. The present study tested the hypothesis that multimodal analgesia with combined ropivacaine wound infiltration and intravenous flurbiprofen axetil after radical thyroidectomy provided better analgesia than a single dosage of tramadol. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary hospital. Forty-four patients (age, 18–75 years; American Society of Anesthesiologists status I or II; BMI

Abstract Background Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and wound infiltration (WI) are common locoregional anesthesia techniques for pain management in patients undergoing colorectal laparoscopic surgery. Comparative data between these two practices are conflicting, and a clear benefit of TAP block over WI is still debated. The main purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy in pain control of WI compared with WI plus laparoscopic TAP block (L-TAP) in cases of laparoscopic colorectal resection. Secondary aims are to evaluate other short-term results directly related to pain management: the need for rescue analgesic drugs, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, the resumption of gut functions, and the length of hospital stay. Methods/design This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, two-arm, multicenter, single-blind study evaluating the efficacy of postoperative analgesic management of WI versus WI plus L-TAP in the context of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Randomization is at the patient level, and participants are randomized 1:1 to receive either WI alone or WI plus L-TAP. Those eligible for inclusion were patients undergoing laparoscopic resection for colorectal tumor or diverticular disease at the Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Verona University, Verona, Italy, and at the Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea. Fifty-four patients are needed in each group to evidence a difference greater than 1 of 10 according to the numeric rating scale for pain assessment to establish that this difference would matter in practice. Discussion The demonstration of a noninferiority of WI compared with WI plus L-TAP block would call into question TAP block usefulness in the setting of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03376048. Prospectively registered on 15 December 2017.

Objective: To compare the analgesic efficacy of tramadol wound infiltration with normal saline wound infiltration in patients undergoing Pyelolithotomy. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Anesthesia, ICU and Pain Medicine, DG Khan Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan. Period: July 2019 to September 2019. Material & Methods: Total 60 patients were included in this study. There were 30 patients in whom normal saline was used for wound infiltration and in other 30 patients tramadol was used for wound infiltration. Analgesic outcomes were noted in terms of Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of pain in the recovery room, at 06 hours and 24 hours after surgery, mean time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of tramadol within 24 hours after surgery. Results: Mean pain score in the recovery room was 5.20±2.10 in saline group versus 2.60±1.13 in tramadol group (p<0.001). Mean post-operative pain score after 06 hours of surgery was 5.43±1.45 in saline group versus 2.30±1.05 in tramadol group (p<0.001). Pain score was 3.63±1.40 in saline group versus 1.67±0.80 in tramadol group after 24 hours of surgery (p<0.001). Mean time of first rescue analgesia was 6.16±2.47hours in tramadol group versus 0.97±1.46hours in saline group (p<0.001). Total dose of tramadol used for analgesia within 24 hours after surgery was 56.67±70.38mg in tramadol group versus 253.33±73.02mg in saline group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Wound infiltration with tramadol provides better analgesia as compared to normal saline in patients undergoing Pyelolithotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is considered a reliable locoregional technique for pain control after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. However, no clear benefit of TAP block over wound infiltration has been demonstrated by the current literature. This multicenter randomized clinical trial tested the non-inferiority of wound infiltration (WI) compared to WI plus laparoscopic-assisted TAP block (L-TAP).Methods: All patients with colorectal cancer and diverticular disease scheduled for laparoscopic resection at the Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy and at the Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, between April 2018 and March 2019 were considered for the trial. Patients were randomly allocated to either the WI group or the WI plus L-TAP group in a 1:1 allocation ratio. In total, 108 patients entered the study and 102 patients were analyzed; 50 patients received WI plus L-TAP and 52 patients received WI. The primary end point was the efficacy in pain control at 6 h measured according to Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary aims evaluated pain control at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and other short-term results related to pain management.Results: Estimation of pain intensity at 6 h was comparable between the two groups (p = 0.16) with a mean (95% CI) difference in pain scores of 0.94 (- 0.13 to 2.02). No differences in pain scores were observed at other interval times or considering analgesic consumption, return of bowel function, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay.Conclusion: This study suggests that adding TAP block to WI does not affect pain control, amount of analgesics and other short-term outcomes.Trial Registration: NCT03376048 ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and wound infiltration (WI) with local anesthetics are used for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section (CS), reducing the need for administration of opioids. Objective: To compare the analgesic effect of TAP block related to WI. Search strategy: MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched from inception until April 2020. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about women who underwent TAP block or WI after CS. Data collection and analysis: Relevant data were extracted and tabulated. Review Manager 5.3 was used for data analysis. Primary outcome was cumulative opioid consumption (COC) 24 and 48 h after CS. Main results: Five RCTs, enrolling 268 women, were included. There were no significant differences between the interventions regarding COC at 24 (mean difference [MD] –1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] –6.29 to 2.93) and 48 hours (MD 1.28, 95% CI –10.44 to 13.00). Adverse effects (relative risk [RR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.75–1.16), gastrointestinal reactions (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.46–3.68), or mild‐moderate sedation (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.72–1.74), pain scores, satisfaction of women, and withdrawals were similar between groups. Conclusions: There might be no significant advantages selecting TAP block over WI for post‐CS analgesia. Synopsis: Transversus abdominis plane block and wound infiltration of local anesthetics after a cesarean delivery are similar regarding analgesic efficacy, side effects, and satisfaction of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pain has a huge impact on the patients, families, healthcare practitioners, and healthcare delivery. Pain management with opioid-based analgesics and blind techniques have certain limitations, and ultrasound-based regional analgesia necessitates resources and experience, but ketamine wound infiltration is innovative with few side effects. However, its effectiveness is still uncertain., Methods: A thorough search was carried out across various databases including PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, and LILACS, with no limitations on date or language. Only randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of ketamine wound infiltration for managing postoperative pain were considered for inclusion. Two authors independently conducted data extraction, and the quality of evidence was assessed using GRADEpro software. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was utilized to ascertain the conclusiveness of the findings., Results: The review showed that the first analgesic request was higher in the control group as compared to ketamine standard mean difference (SMD)=1.68 (95% CI: 0.95-2.41). The TSA revealed that the cumulative Z -curve crosses both alpha-spending boundaries and reaches the required information size threshold, revealing strong power for current evidence. However, the quality of evidence was moderate., Conclusion: Despite available evidence, the provision of a firm conclusion is less optimal with current evidence as the included studies were unpowered with low to very low quality of evidence., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The object of this study is to determine which local wound analgesic option is superior, local anaesthetic infiltration or intercostal nerve block, by combined local anaesthetic agents (0.5% bupivacaine + 2% lidocaine) and to detect which option can best alleviate the post-operative pain management and significantly prolong the time to the first rescue analgesic requirement and the total consumption of opioids in the first post-operative 72 hrs. The medical records of 1458 patients who underwent flank incision procedures by two different surgeons in our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Each surgeon used a different type of local incisional pain management; the first one used infiltration of flank incision routinely, the second surgeon used an intercostal block with all his patients. These elective procedures were carried out in our Urology Centre between June 2007 and June 2019. The duration of follow-up was from the recovery transfer until the end of the third post-operative day. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (729 patients-infiltration of flank incision) and group 2 (729 patients-intercostal nerve block). Patients were aged between 19-78 years. No significant differences were seen regarding the demographic data between both groups, P = 0.05. On the other hand, there were significant differences between group 1 and group 2 according to the mean visual analogue scale score (lower in group 1, P = 0.05), the total mean analgesic requirements during the first post-operative 72 hrs (lower in group 1, P = 0.05) and the time to the first analgesic demand (higher in group 1, P = 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in post-operative complications between both groups, P = 0.05. The infiltration of flank incision with combined local anaesthetic agents (0.5% Bupivacaine + 2% lidocaine) is more effective in alleviating post-operative pain, decreasing total analgesic consumption during the first post-operative 72 hrs and prolonging the time required for the first rescue opioid.

A large number of surgical interventions are performed ambulatory under local infiltrative anesthesia. Local anesthetic wound infiltration provides anesthesia for minor surgical procedures and perioperatively improves analgesia after surgery in general anesthesia as part of a multimodal analgesic approach. The effect of a single block wound infiltration at the end of a surgical procedure in general or regional anesthesia provides additional analgesia for several hours. Infiltrative local anesthesia performed in a continuous modality reduces the use of analgesics, prolongs duration of analgesia and enhances the patient's mobilization. Benefits of local infiltrative anesthesia are described in inguinal hernioplasty, breast surgery, sternotomy, orthopedic, and gynecological surgery. However, in abdominal surgery, continuous infiltrative local anesthesia is combined with other analgesic modalities respecting complex innervation of the abdominal wall and intra-abdominal organs,. Wound infiltration is a safe technique without the risk of surgical wound infection. There is a lack of data about cost-benefit ratio when wound infiltration is used. In order for local infiltrative anesthesia to fully meet the expectations it is necessary to have mastery of the relatively simple technique, and the knowledge of when it is suitable to appply.

Background and Aims: Regional analgesic techniques are difficult to use in tubercular spine patients due to distorted spinal anatomy and presence of infection. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate analgesic efficacy of local wound infiltration before wound closure in tubercular spine patients. Methods: This pilot randomised double-blind controlled study was conducted in 32 American Society of Anesthesiologists I-III patients, age ≥15 years, undergoing elective surgery for spinal tuberculosis. All the patients received general anaesthesia using standard technique and intravenous morphine for intraoperative analgesia. They received wound infiltration with either normal saline (group C) or local infiltration analgesia with 0.375% ropivacaine 3 mg/kg, adrenaline 5 μg/mL and dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg in a total volume of 0.8 mL/kg (group LIA) before wound closure. Patient-controlled analgesia using intravenous morphine provided postoperative analgesia. The primary objective was to study 24-h morphine consumption, whereas the secondary objectives included pain scores, complications and patient satisfaction. Repeated measures analysis of variance, Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Morphine requirement was lower in group LIA (6.7 ± 2.7 mg) than in group C (27.7 ± 7.9 mg);P < 0.001. Group LIA also had lower pain scores (P < 0.001), longer time to rescue analgesic (P < 0.001), better patient satisfaction to pain relief (P = 0.001) and lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting than group C. Conclusion: Wound infiltration with ropivacaine, adrenaline and dexmedetomidine before wound closure provided good postoperative analgesia with lower morphine requirement.

Abstract Background Wound infiltration with local anesthetics was developed to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia and to reduce opioid consumption and its side effects. Methods This is a prospective randomized, double-blinded study. A total of 45 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–II, aged from 18 to 60 years scheduled for open abdominal surgeries were randomly assigned to one of the following groups to receive wound infiltration 2 min prior to skin incision: group I: bupivacaine 0.25% alone (20 ml) (n = 15), group II: bupivacaine 0.25% + magnesium sulfate (1 g) (20 ml) (n = 15), and group III: bupivacaine 0.25% + dexmedetomidine (70 μg) (20 ml) (n = 15). Induction and maintenance were done according to our hospital protocol. Heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at baseline and every 15 min till the end of surgery, the need for supplemental fentanyl, and the concentration of inhalational anesthetic were assessed. Postoperatively, Ramsay sedation scale was assessed 10 min post extubation and every 30 min for 6 h; visual analog scale was assessed at rest and every 30 min for 6 h postoperatively; time to the first request of analgesia and the cumulative analgesic consumption were recorded; HR and SBP were recorded for 6 h. Results The concentration of inhalational isoflurane and the need for supplemental fentanyl intraoperatively were significantly lower in group III than in groups I and II. Postoperatively in group III, HR and SBP and visual analog scale scores were significantly lower compared with groups I and II. Ramsay sedation score was significantly higher in group III up to 2 h after recovery in comparison to groups I and II. Group III showed longer time for the first request of analgesia and a lower need for postoperative opioids in comparison to groups I and II. Conclusions Wound infiltration with dexmedetomidine–bupivacaine mixture before skin incision decreases the anesthetic requirements, provides prolonged analgesia, and decreases the need for rescue analgesics in patients undergoing open abdominal surgeries.

The aim of this study was to compare USG-guided Transversus Abdominis Plan Block (TAP) and wound infiltration in terms of intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, VAS scores, analgesic requirement time in the patients undergoing open appendectomy. A total of forty patients, aged 18-65 years, ASA physical status I or II scheduled to undergo open appendectomy, were enrolled in this retrospective study and allocated to two groups. We reviewed the procedures that was experienced in 2014 retrospectively. Patients were allocated into two equal groups: Transversus Abdominis Plan Block (TAP group) (n=20) group and wound infiltration (WD group) (n=20) group. The patients demographic datas such as intraoperative hearth rate (HR), noninvasive blood pressure (NBP), duration of anesthesia, postoperative Visuel Analog Scala (VAS) values, complications (nausea, vomiting, somnolence, wound infection, ichting), duration of analgesic requirement were recorded retrospectively. The data were compared using t-test and chi-square test within the groups, p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Demographic datas such age, sex, weight, lenght and ASA status were similar in both groups. The duration of anesthesia (min) was significantly higher in Group TAP (49 ± 12,2 min) compared with Group WD (32,75 ± 10,06 min) (p=0.001). Intraoperative opioid consumption (mcg) was significantly shorter in Group TAP group. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards the first time of analgesic requirement (Group TAP 24,74 ± 7,77 h, Group WD 3,5 ± 3,52 h). HR values were compared between the groups, it was no significiant difference found expect HR-20, HR-25 and HR-30. it was lower in Group TAP. We didnt find significant difference between groups at all hours for postoperative complications. VAS pain scores were lower in Group at rest and on couching at PACU, postoperative first, second and third hours (p [Med-Science 2018; 7(3.000): 634-8]

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