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Hydrogen, as a renewable and clean energy carrier, has the potential to play an important role in carbon reduction. Crucial to achieving this is the ability to produce clean sources of hydrogen and to store hydrogen safely. With the rapid development of the hydrogen industry, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) is increasing. However, hydrogen safety at HRS is of great concern due to the high risk of hydrogen leakage during storage. This study focused on an integrated hydrogen production and refueling station (IHPRS) in Weifang, China, and numerically simulated a hydrogen leakage accident in its storage area. The effects of the leakage aperture, the leakage direction and the ambient wind direction and speed on the leakage and dissipation characteristics of hydrogen were investigated. The results showed that the volume, mass and dissipation time of the flammable hydrogen cloud (FHC) increased with an increase in the leakage aperture. The installation of a canopy or densely packed equipment near the hydrogen storage area will seriously hinder the dissipation of the FHC. Ambient winds in the opposite direction of the leakage may cause high-concentration hydrogen to accumulate near the hydrogen storage tanks and be difficult to dissipate, seriously threatening the safety of the integrated station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transfer analysis for the compression hydrogen storage tank (CHST) during the charge–discharge cycle is necessary to ensure quick and safe refueling for fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, a dual‐zone dual‐temperature (DZDT) model for a CHST during the charge–discharge cycle process is established. The constant/variable mass flow rates and heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are combined to form three methods. Method 1 uses constant mass flow rate and constant HTC. Method 2 uses variable mass flow rate and variable HTC calculated through the energy conservation equation. Method 3 uses variable mass flow rate and variable HTC calculated through the empirical equation. Then, these methods are applied to the DZDT model for heat transfer analysis in three cases. Research shows that for the charging process, the simulated hydrogen temperatures by Method 2 agree well with experiment data for three CHSTs. Method 1 has a maximum error of about 20°C for 19 L CHST, 15°C for 29 L CHST, and 25°C for 40 L CHST. The error of Method 3 is between Methods 1 and 2. The simulated hydrogen pressures by Methods 2 and 3 agree well with the experimental data, while Method 1 has a maximum error of about 5 MPa for 19 L CHST, 10 MPa for 29 L CHST, and 3 MPa for 40 L CHST. For the discharge process, the simulated hydrogen temperatures by Methods 2 and 3 have a relatively slight difference with the experimental data, while Method 1 has relatively significant differences for three CHSTs. Only slight differences exist between the simulated hydrogen pressures by Methods 1, 2, and 3 with the experimental data for three CHSTs. In short, Method 2 can simulate the hydrogen temperature and pressure well during the charge–discharge process. Method 3 can simulate the approximate hydrogen temperature and precise hydrogen pressure during the charge–discharge process. Method 1 can only simulate the hydrogen pressure during the discharging process. The conclusions of this article can inform researchers which analysis methods are more reasonable to choose in future hydrogen‐filling studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen refueling station (HRS) is an essential part of the infrastructure for promoting the hydrogen economy. Since hydrogen is a flammable and explosive gas, hydrogen released from high‐pressure hydrogen storage equipment in HRS will likely cause combustion or explosion accidents. Studying high‐pressure hydrogen leakage in HRS is a prerequisite for promoting hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and HRS. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of an HRS in a demonstrated project in Ningbo, China, was established on the ANSYS FLUENT software platform. The CFD model for hydrogen leakage simulation was validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data in the literature. The effects of the direction and mass flow rate of the hydrogen leakage jet, as well as the direction and speed of ambient wind, on hydrogen diffusion behavior were investigated. The spreading distances of the flammable hydrogen cloud were predicted using an artificial neural network for horizontal leakage. The results show that the jet direction strongly affected the flammable cloud flow. The greater the mass flow rate of the leak, the greater the hydrogen dispersion distance and the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud. At a hydrogen leakage mass flow rate of 4.5589 kg/s, the volume of the hydrogen flammable cloud reached 6,140.46 m3 at 30 s of leakage. The ambient wind speed has complicated effects on spreading the flammable cloud. The wind makes the flammable cloud move in certain directions, and the higher wind speed accelerates the diffusion of the flammable gas in the air. The results of the study can be used as a reference for the study of high‐pressure hydrogen leakage in HRS and will play an important role in the safe demonstration of the studied project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid hydrogen storage is an important way of hydrogen storage and transportation, which greatly improves the storage and transportation efficiency due to the high energy density but at the same time brings new safety hazards. In this study, the liquid hydrogen leakage in the storage area of a hydrogen production station is numerically simulated. The effects of ambient wind direction, wind speed, leakage mass flow rate, and the mass fraction of gas phase at the leakage port on the diffusion behavior of the liquid hydrogen leakage were investigated. The results show that the ambient wind direction directly determines the direction of liquid hydrogen leakage diffusion. The wind speed significantly affects the diffusion distance. When the wind speed is 6 m/s, the diffusion distance of the flammable hydrogen cloud reaches 40.08 m, which is 2.63 times that under windless conditions. The liquid hydrogen leakage mass flow rate and the mass fraction of the gas phase have a greater effect on the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud. As the leakage mass flow rate increased from 5.15 kg/s to 10 kg/s, the flammable hydrogen cloud volume increased from 5734.31 m3 to 10,305.5 m3. The installation of a barrier wall in front of the leakage port can limit the horizontal diffusion of the flammable hydrogen cloud, elevate the diffusion height, and effectively reduce the volume of the flammable hydrogen cloud. This study can provide theoretical support for the construction and operation of hydrogen production stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of hydrogen energy worldwide, the number of hydrogen energy facilities, such as hydrogen refueling stations, has grown rapidly in recent years. However, hydrogen is prone to leakage accidents during use, which could lead to hazards such as fires and explosions. Therefore, research on the safety of hydrogen energy facilities is crucial. In this paper, a study of high-pressure hydrogen jet flame accidents is conducted for a proposed integrated hydrogen production and refueling station in China. The effects of leakage direction and leakage port diameter on the jet flame characteristics are analyzed, and a risk assessment of the flame accident is conducted. The results showed that the death range perpendicular to the flame direction increased from 2.23 m to 5.5 m when the diameter of the leakage port increased from 4 mm to 10 mm. When the diameter of the leakage port is larger than 8 mm, the equipment on the scene will be within the boundaries of the damage. The consequences of fire can be effectively mitigated by a reasonable firewall setup to ensure the overall safety of the integrated station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]