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Pulmonary surfactant is a complex and highly surface-active material. It covers the alveolar epithelium and consists of 90% lipids and 10% proteins. Pulmonary surfactant lipids together with pulmonary surfactant proteins facilitate breathing by reducing surface tension of the air-water interface within the lungs, thereby preventing alveolar collapse and the mechanical work required to breathe. Moreover, pulmonary surfactant lipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, and pulmonary surfactant proteins, such as surfactant protein A and D, participate in the pulmonary host defense and modify immune responses. Emerging data have shown that pulmonary surfactant lipids modulate the inflammatory response and antiviral effects in some respiratory viral infections, and pulmonary surfactant lipids have shown promise for therapeutic applications in some respiratory viral infections. Here, we briefly review the composition, antiviral properties, and potential therapeutic applications of pulmonary surfactant lipids in respiratory viral infections.

Objective This research was aimed to study the safety and efficacy of higher order multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR). Study Design This was a retrospective study of patients from an academic maternity center between 2005 and 2015. We evaluated outcomes of 131 consecutive patients who underwent higher order MFPR (quadruplets and greater). MFPR was performed at 11 to 18 weeks of gestation in all cases. In total, 122 of 131 cases of higher order multiple pregnancy were reduced to twins. We discuss the perinatal outcomes of patients who underwent higher order MFPR, followed by a comparative analysis between the 122 cases of MFPR that were reduced to twins and 101 cases of nonreduced twin pregnancies. Results The study included 104 sets of quadruplets, 20 sets of quintuplets, 5 sets of sextuplets, 1 set of septuplets, and 1 set of octuplets. The perinatal outcomes of the 131 cases were as follows: pregnancy loss, preterm deliveries at 28 to 33 (+6/7) weeks, and preterm deliveries at 34 to 36 (+6/7) weeks occurred in 23.66, 9, and 37% of cases, respectively. The mean time of delivery was 36.56 ± 1.77 weeks, and mean birth weight was 2,409.90 ± 458.16 g, respectively. A total of 122 cases that were reduced to twins were compared with nonreduced twins. The pregnancy loss rate for reduced twins was significantly higher than that for nonreduced twins. The preterm labor rate, mean delivery week, mean birth weight, birth-weight discordance, incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, and pregnancy-induced hypertension were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Perinatal outcomes were significantly improved by reducing the number of fetuses in higher order multifetal pregnancies. This study involved a large, diverse sample population, and the results can be used as a reference while conducting prenatal counseling.

A daily PM2.5 forecasting model based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and backward trajectory clustering of HYSPLIT was designed for its application to small cities where PM2.5 level is easily affected by regional transport. The objective of this study is to investigate the regions that affect the fine particulate concentration of Macau and to develop an effective forecasting system to enhance the capture of PM2.5 episodes. By clustering the HYSPLIT 24-hr backward trajectories originated at Macau from 2015 to 2017, five potential transportation paths of PM2.5 were found. A cluster based statistical model was developed and trained with air quality and meteorological data of2015 and 2016. Then, the trained model was evaluated with data of 2017. Comparing to an ordinary model without backward trajectory clustering, the cluster based PM2.5 forecasting model yielded similar general forecast performance in 2017. However, the critical success index of the cluster based model was 11% higher than that of the ordinary model. This means the cluster based model has better model performance in PM2.5 concentration prediction and it is more important for the health of the public.

Author(s): Po Hu [sup.1] , Tong Xie [sup.2] , Wenli Qian [sup.2] , Xiaoyan Liu [sup.2] , Jianping Wang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01xt2dr21, grid.411510.0, 0000 0000 9030 231X, Mental [...], This study examined the relationship between perfectionism and eating pathology, and investigated the mediating role of body dissatisfaction and alexithymia in the relationship. Two studies were employed in the current research. A large sample (N = 2420) with cross-sectional data was used to determine the relationship between perfectionism and eating pathology, whereas three-wave longitudinal data (N = 312) with three-month intervals were used to examine the mediation models. The results indicated that: (1) Perfectionism was significantly associated with eating pathology, after controlling for relevant demographic factors. (2) Both body dissatisfaction and alexithymia fully mediated the relationship between perfectionism and eating pathology in the single mediation models. (3) Body dissatisfaction emerged as the stronger mediator in the relationship in the parallel mediation model. The results indicated that among Chinese college students, perfectionism had an indirect effect on eating pathology, through body dissatisfaction and alexithymia, and body dissatisfaction was shown to be a stronger pathway. The current findings highlighted the need to focus on college students with higher levels of perfectionism and mitigate the risk of eating pathology by improving body image and enhancing emotion awareness and expression.

Author(s): Tong Xie [sup.1] , Jun Wen [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xiaoyan Liu [sup.1] , Jianping Wang [sup.1] , Paul J. Poppen [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, [...], Depression involves a heterogenous collection of symptoms. Network perspective views depressive symptoms as an interrelated network. The current study aimed to replicate network analyses on adolescent depression in three samples assessed with three instruments to examine the consistency of network structures and also examine the variance of networks between genders. Three samples of adolescents (total N = 4375, mean age = 15, 49.1% boys) were assessed with PHQ-9, SMFQ and CDI, respectively. Network analyses were carried out on depression symptoms. Network stability, node centrality and network comparisons between genders were examined. Three networks were reliably stable. Sadness and self-hatred were unanimously identified to be central symptoms of adolescent depression in three networks. In addition, fatigue, no good, everything wrong and loneliness also appeared to be central in specific networks. Among three depression networks, PHQ-9 network demonstrated gender difference in network structure. The current study is exploratory in nature. The differences in three networks can be due to various samples or different node inclusions. Further, the study is cross-sectional precluding causal interpretation and the samples are nonclinical. Besides "hallmark" symptom sadness, self-hatred was also identified unanimously in three networks, which demonstrated the significant role self-worth played in adolescent depression. The results also suggested that differences in node inclusion may have influence on the network structure.

Abstract Background The effectiveness of ginseng in preventing and treating various central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been widely confirmed. However, ginsenosides, the principal components of ginseng, are characterized by poor accessibility to the brain, and this pharmacokinetic-pharmacological paradox remains poorly explained. Anti-inflammatory approaches are becoming promising therapeutic strategies for depression and other CNS diseases; however, previous studies have focused largely on anti-inflammatory therapies directed at the central nervous system. It is thus of interest to determine whether ginsenosides, characterized by poor brain distribution, are also effective in treating lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation. Methods In an LPS-induced depression-like behavior model, the antidepressant effects of ginseng total saponins (GTS) were assessed using a forced swimming test, a tail suspension test, and a sucrose preference test. The anti-inflammatory efficacies of GTS in brain, plasma, and LPS-challenged RAW264.7 cells were validated using ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity in the periphery and brain were also determined by measuring levels of kynurenine/tryptophan. Results GTS significantly attenuated LPS-induced depression-like behavior. Moreover, LPS-induced increases in 5-HT and tryptophane turnover in the brain were significantly reduced by GTS. IDO activities in brain and periphery were also suppressed after pretreatment with GTS. Furthermore, GTS-associated recovery from LPS-induced depression-like behavior was paralleled with reduced mRNA levels for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IDO in hippocampus. Poor brain distribution of ginsenosides was confirmed in LPS-challenged mice. GTS treatment significantly decreased production of various proinflammatory cytokines in both LPS-challenged mice and RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion This study suggests that the anti-depression efficacy of GTS may be largely attributable to its peripheral anti-inflammatory activity. Our study also strengthens an important notion that peripheral anti-inflammation strategies may be useful in the therapy of inflammation-related depression and possibly other CNS diseases.

Author(s): Xiaoyan Liu [sup.1] , Tong Xie [sup.1] , Wen Li [sup.2] , Yanqiang Tao [sup.1] , Pengwei Liang [sup.1] , Qian Zhao [sup.3] , Jianping Wang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: [...], This study examined the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective wellbeing and explored how resilience and belief in a just world interact to buffer the detrimental influences of perceived discrimination on subjective wellbeing. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 872 impoverished college students in China. The results indicated that: (1) Self-esteem mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective wellbeing. (2) Belief in a just world played a moderating role between perceived discrimination and subjective wellbeing, and the harmful impact of perceived discrimination on wellbeing was weaker for those who had higher (vs.lower) levels of belief in a just world. (3) Resilience moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-esteem, and the harm of discrimination on self-esteem was weakened for those who had lower (vs.higher) levels of resilience. Poverty indeed has a non-negligible and vital impact on the mental health of college students. Among impoverished Chinse college students, resilience and belief in a just world play a protective role in the relationship between discrimination and subjective wellbeing. However, the current finding suggests that we should not exaggerate the protective effect of resilience. It is crucial to change unfavorable factors in the environment, such as discrimination against poverty.

Using social network analysis, spatial econometric method and structural equation model, based on the patent citation data of China's marine industry from 2008 to 2019, this paper analyzes the temporal-spatial characteristics and influencing factors of knowledge spillover network of marine Industry in China. The results show that: the knowledge spillover network with Qingdao, Beijing and Shanghai as the main distribution centers has expanded rapidly, and the network status of Zhoushan, Wuhan and other cities has improved significantly. The network space structure tends to be multi-core and complex, extending from coast to inland; There are significant differences in cyberspace. The central and western regions are low value areas, while the eastern region is the core area, and the core cities have built an "X" shaped spatial structure with Qingdao as the intersection; Knowledge proximity, social proximity, cognitive proximity and economic proximity are important factors that affect knowledge spillover networks. Geographic proximity has a reinforcing effect on knowledge proximity and economic proximity. This paper is beneficial in that it provides a reference and experience for the innovation of the marine industry and the high-quality development of the marine economy by effectively analyzing the spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of China's marine knowledge diffusion network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To enhance the accuracy of allergen detection in cosmetic compounds, we developed a co-culture system that combines HaCaT keratinocytes (transfected with a luciferase plasmid driven by the AKR1C2 promoter) and THP-1 cells for machine learning applications. Methods: Following chemical exposure, cell cytotoxicity was assessed using CCK-8 to determine appropriate stimulation concentrations. RNA-Seq was subsequently employed to analyze THP-1 cells, followed by differential expression gene (DEG) analysis and weighted gene co-expression net-work analysis (WGCNA). Using two data preprocessing methods and three feature extraction techniques, we constructed and validated models with eight machine learning algorithms. Results: Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of this integrated approach. The best performing models were random forest (RF) and voom-based diagonal quadratic discriminant analysis (voomDQDA), both achieving 100% accuracy. Support vector machine (SVM) and voom based nearest shrunken centroids (voomNSC) showed excellent performance with 96.7% test accuracy, followed by voom-based diagonal linear discriminant analysis (voomDLDA) at 95.2%. Nearest shrunken centroids (NSC), Poisson linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) and negative binomial linear discriminant analysis (NBLDA) achieved 90.5% and 90.2% accuracy, respectively. K-nearest neighbors (KNN) showed the lowest accuracy at 85.7%. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of integrating co-culture systems, RNA-Seq, and machine learning to develop more accurate and comprehensive in vitro methods for skin sensitization testing. Our findings contribute to the advancement of cosmetic safety assessments, potentially reducing the reliance on animal testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review of studies on patients' mental workload (MWL) in health education via e‐learning was conducted to characterize the state of research and to identify barriers to and facilitators of e‐learning. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched through September 10, 2023. A descriptive analysis of study characteristics and a content analysis of barriers to and facilitators of MWL were conducted. Among the 2837 studies screened for eligibility, 38 were included. A relatively small number of articles used a comprehensive framework to explore barriers to and facilitators of e‐learning or used indicators of MWL to assess application usability and user experience. Analyses of factors influencing the effectiveness of e‐learning in health education identified key predictors across five domains: individual, task, technical, environmental, and interactive aspects. The incorporation of multifaceted influencing factors that contribute to optimizing the MWL should be a priority when using e‐learning in health education. Future research should give more attention to investigating the generative mechanism of e‐learning in health education to enhance targeted program design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]