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The satellite bears complex vibration loads transmitted from the satellite-rocket interface during launch, where medium–high frequency and small amplitude vibration is highly likely to harm the satellite's internal precision instruments. Under such special conditions, the time-delay factor of the MR damper as the actuator cannot be ignored in the vibration control of the magnetorheological (MR) whole-spacecraft. To compensate actuator time-delay, and consider the system's nonlinear characteristics under medium–high frequency and small amplitude conditions, a gray prediction time-delay compensation method is proposed based on the human-simulated intelligent controller (HSIC). After verifying through simulation and experiment that actuator time-delay affects the vibration response of the MR whole-spacecraft, the HSIC based on gray prediction is designed. Then, the control effect of HSIC with or without time-delay is simulated numerically. The results reveal that after considering the time-delay factor, the resonance peak increases by 17%, and the transmissibility of the concerned particularly frequency band (40 Hz) increases by 62%, which implies a significant deterioration in the control effect. Following, to make up for the response deterioration caused by the time-delay, the HSIC based on gray prediction is used for numerical simulation. The results confirm that reasonable time-delay compensation can effectively improve the system dynamics. This study provides a reference for the practical application of the whole-spacecraft controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean leads to ocean acidification, which is an ongoing threat to the marine ecosystem. The ocean acidification rate was globally documented in the surface ocean but limited below the surface. Here, we present a monthly four-dimensional 1°×1° gridded product of global seawater pH, derived from a machine learning algorithm trained on pH observations at total scale and in-situ temperature from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). The constructed pH product covers the years 1992–2020 and depths from the surface to 2 km on 41 levels. Three types of machine learning algorithms were used in the pH product construction, including self-organizing map neural networks for region dividing, a stepwise algorithm for predictor selection, and feed-forward neural networks (FFNN) for non-linear relationship regression. The performance of the machine learning algorithm was validated using real observations by a cross validation method, where four repeating iterations were carried out with 25 % varied observations for each evaluation and 75 % for training. The constructed pH product is evaluated through comparisons to time series observations and the GLODAP pH climatology. The overall root mean square error between the FFNN constructed pH and the GLODAP measurements is 0.028, ranging from 0.044 in the surface to 0.013 at 2000 m. The pH product is distributed through the data repository of the Marine Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at http://dx.doi.org/10.12157/IOCAS.20230720.001 (Zhong et al., 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrification of the transportation sector is a pivotal strategy to curb carbon emissions from traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles. China, the world's largest electric vehicle (EV) market, leads this transformative shift. This paper aims to unravel the past decade's development story of the EV industry in China. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the EV development trend in China, including analysis of market structures, regional development variations, technology advancements, and the development of the essential infrastructure. We then summarize the different forms of subsidy programs, both monetary and non-monetary, designed to promote EV at both central and local levels, and evaluate the effectiveness of these programs and their contribution to reducing carbon emissions. We conclude by highlighting key aspects that could enhance the efficiency of subsidy programs and further propel the development of the EV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the progress and challenges of sustainable development in China. It highlights the efforts made by the government to reduce pollution, mitigate carbon emissions, and restore ecosystems, resulting in improved air quality and leadership in green technologies. However, the article also acknowledges the need for further evaluation of existing policies and ambitious responses from both the public and private sectors. The article introduces a collection of papers by young environmental economists that delve into various aspects of sustainable development, including environmental monitoring, biodiversity conservation, government social media's role in governance, regional carbon markets, tax enforcement, air pollution, and extreme weather events. The author hopes that these studies will contribute to a better understanding of sustainable development in China and inspire future research and policy implementation. [Extracted from the article]

Baicalin, an active flavonoid ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, was extracted by heat reflux extraction and showed the same significance UV absorption property with standard baicalin. Active films were prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing baicalin extract by casting method. The effect of baicalin extracts on the UV-blocking, optical, antioxidant property, water vapor permeability, swelling and mechanical properties of the films were studied. UV–vis transmittance spectra showed that PVA films incorporated with baicalin extract blocked ultraviolet light range from 280–400 nm even with low concentration of baicalin (0.5 wt%) and maintain the high transparency in visible spectrum. The outstanding UV-blocking properties of PVA films incorporated with baicalin extract were also confirmed by Rhodamine B degradation. Baicalin conferred antioxidant properties to PVA films as determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity. Due to the interaction between hydroxy groups of baicalin and PVA molecule, water vapor permeability, swelling and elongation at break of the films were decreased accompanied with the increasing in tensile strength and Young's modulus. FTIR reveal that the interaction between PVA molecules was significant changed by the introduction of baicalin. These results suggest that PVA film incorporated with baicalin extract can be used for the development of functional protective film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-ultraviolet properties of β-cyclodextrin-grafted cotton fabrics dyed with broadleaf holly leaf extract. Flavonoids were extracted from broadleaf holly leaf by maceration and a stoichiometry of 1:1 inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin was formed. Characterized by the fluorescence spectrum and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, the fluorescence intensities and ultraviolet absorption of the macerated extract were enhanced by increasing the amount of cyclodextrin. Cotton fabrics were grafted with β-cyclodextrin through a crosslinking reaction based on citric acid in the presence of sodium hypophosphite then dyed with the macerated extract of broadleaf holly leaf used as a natural ultraviolet absorbent. The anti-ultraviolet property of fabrics dyed by a macerated extract was characterized in terms of the ultraviolet protection factor. It was noted that the cotton fabrics grafted with β-cyclodextrin exhibit enhanced anti-ultraviolet and wrinkle recovery properties compared to the unmodified samples and show an excellent durability against 30 washing cycles, accompanied by a loss of tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A novel eigenvector‐based iteration procedure is developed for the free‐interface component modal synthesis (CMS) method. To derive the iteration formula, Kron's substructuring is employed to distribute the computations of subspace iteration, and the free‐interface component modes are chosen as the initial guess. Then, the modal transformation matrix of the first‐order approximated Kron's CMS method is proved to be the free‐interface component modes with one step of Kron's inverse iteration. The proposed CMS method has the advantages of both free‐interface CMS approximation and subspace iteration: on one hand, the CMS approximation provides a high‐quality initial guess and distributes the computational cost of the subspace iteration; on the other hand, the subspace iteration provides a more efficient way for truncation compensation and is compatible with using deflation, shifting, and restarting for further enhancements on the efficiency. Numerical examples show that the efficiency of the proposed method is higher than that of the conventional simultaneous iterative Kron's CMS method, especially for obtaining a large number of high‐precision modes. Moreover, the proposed method is as efficient as the global Lanczos method for first‐time analysis without parallelization while retaining the advantages of CMS methods for reanalysis tasks, parallelization, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To probe the deposition velocities ( V d ), fluxes, origins and biogeochemical significance of atmospheric dry deposition (ADD) of nutrients in coastal waters, aerosol and dry deposition samples were collected in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) from June 2015 to May 2016. We measured water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN; including ammonium (NH 4 N), nitrate (NO 3 N) and nitrite (NO 2 N)), organic nitrogen (WSON), inorganic phosphorus (WSIP; including reactive phosphate (PO 4 P)) and organic phosphorus (WSOP) for all samples. The concentrations of aerosol N species were comparatively higher than those in other aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Although WSIN and WSIP represented relatively large percentages of species, WSON (~16%) and WSOP (~35%) cannot be ignored in aerosols. The dry deposition fluxes for NH 4 N, NO 3 N, NO 2 N, WSON, PO 4 P and WSOP were 29.4, 29.9, 0.058, 15.4, 0.099 and 0.165 mmol m −2  yr −1 , respectively, with apparent seasonal variations. The average annual V d values of NH 4 N, NO 3 N, NO 2 N, WSON, PO 4 P and WSOP were indirectly calculated as 0.17 ± 0.11, 0.35 ± 0.20, 0.34 ± 0.25, 0.30 ± 0.22, 0.43 ± 0.28 and 0.91 ± 0.60 cm s −1 , respectively. The considerable differences between the percentages of corresponding nutrient concentrations and ADD fluxes were mainly attributed to V d variations. Anthropogenic emissions were the most common source of WSON and WSIN based on a correlation analysis. WSIP was highly correlated with WSOP, suggesting that they may share similar sources. Additionally, the long-range transport of natural and anthropogenic pollutants, especially the air-masses originating from the northwest direction, exerted greater effects than local emissions on aerosol N and P species in JZB based on an air mass backward trajectory analysis. The increasing ADD flux may have non-negligible biogeochemical effects on JZB by increasing primary productivity and altering the nutrient structure due to the high WSIN/WSIP ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify sources and evaluate ecological risks of heavy metals in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, contents and chemical fractions of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Sb and Sn were studied. Results suggested that higher metal contents appeared at inner bay and near marine dumping area. Labile fractions of heavy metals accounted for 0.5–77% (~36%) of total contents indicating their significant anthropogenic sources. The enrichment levels of Cd and Sb were relatively higher. Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn were at low to medium risks. Cr, Pb, Sn and Sb were at no or low risks. Total contents of heavy metals were mainly controlled by natural sources, while anthropogenic inputs were important sources of labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay with industrial and domestic activities as main contributors for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni and Sn, and agricultural activities for Cd and regional coal combustion for Sb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the fluxes, seasonal variations, sources and potential ecological effects of dissolved trace elements (TEs) in atmospheric wet deposition (AWD), one-year wet precipitation samples were collected and determined for nine TEs in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) between June 2015 and May 2016. Both the volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration and flux sequence for the measured TEs was Al > Mn > Zn > Fe > Pb > Se > Cr > Cd > Co. Al was the most abundant TE with a VWM concentration and wet flux of 33.8 μg L −1 and 29.2 mg m −2 yr −1 , which were 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those of Co, respectively. The emission intensities of pollutants, rainfall amount and wind speed were the dominating factors influencing seasonal variations of TEs in AWD. Based on enrichment factors, correlation analysis and principal component analysis, most of the TEs in AWD were primarily originated from anthropogenic activities except for Al and Fe, which are typically derived from re-suspended soil dusts. Although the TE inputs by AWD were significantly lower than those by rivers, the TE inputs via short-term heavy rains would distinctly increase surface seawater TE concentrations and then pollute the marine environment of JZB. AWD would have both profound impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of TEs and dual ecological effects (nutrient and toxicity) on aquatic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric wet deposition (AWD) is an important pathway for anthropogenic and natural pollutants entering aquatic ecosystems. However, the study on the magnitudes and ecological effects of AWD of various nutrient species (nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon) on Jiaozhou Bay is scarce. To address these issues, in this study, wet deposition samples were collected at a coastline site along Jiaozhou Bay from June 2015 to May 2016. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, including NH 4 –N, NO 3 –N and NO 2 –N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, i.e. PO 4 –P), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and reactive silicate (SiO 3 –Si) were analyzed. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of NH 4 –N, NO 3 –N and DON in AWD were higher compared with those of NO 2 –N, PO 4 –P, DOP and SiO 3 –Si. The annual influxes of NH 4 –N, NO 3 –N, NO 2 –N, DON, DIP, DOP, and SiO 3 –Si via AWD were 92.8, 54.5, 0.427, 47.5, 0.274, 0.448 and 1.73 mmol·m − 2 ·yr − 1 respectively; NH 4 –N and DOP were the dominant species for N and P, and the roles of DON and DOP in AWD could not be neglected. Significant seasonal variations were observed in concentrations and fluxes of all nutrient species owing to the effects of rainfall, the intensities of local emission sources and the long-distance transports of natural and anthropogenic pollutants. The major sources of N, Si and P in AWD were agricultural activities, soil dust and a mixing one involving both anthropogenic and natural sources, respectively. Though AWD represents relatively low percentages of external inputs for nutrients and low contribution to primary productivity (PP) of Jiaozhou Bay, large amounts of nutrient inputs originating from sudden heavy rains may enhance PP prominently, as well as aggravate P-limitation and Si-limitation and further affect phytoplankton community structures and size-fractioned structures with the quite high DIN:DIP ratios and extremely low Si:DIN ratios in AWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cotton knitted fabrics were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of polyhydric alcohol etherified dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea as the crosslinker and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as the catalyst. In wet-dry cycles, the fabrics treated with 30% PEG1500 in the presence of 15% crosslinker and 3% catalyst showed obvious wet-driven shape-memory behaviors in terms of a 12% shrinkage rate in the wet state and a 80% shrinkage-recovery rate in the dry state. The results of weight gain, morphological structures, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray diffraction pattern tests confirmed PEG deposits on the surface of the treated fabrics, demonstrated the crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG and crosslinker, and also explained the wet-driven shape-memory mechanism. The results from differential scanning calorimetry show that the treated fabrics with wet-driven shape-memory behaviors had a phase-change enthalpy and heat-storage capacity. The crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG had a strong influence on the mechanical performance and air permeability of the cotton knitted fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43473. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blocking polyether silicone oil is prepared through a reaction between amino-terminated polyether and epoxide-terminated polyether silicones. A fabric finishing agent made with cationic waterborne polyurethane modified by silicone oil is prepared by using polytetramethylene glycol as the soft segment, N-methyl diethanolamine as the hydrophilic unit, and tailor-made blocking polyether silicone oil as a chain extender for modification purposes. The finishing agent and the blocking polyether silicone oil are jointly used to treat cashmere knitted fabric. It is found that resistance to pilling of the treated cashmere knitted fabric is improved from a scale of 2–3 to 4 and its washing shrinkage rate is reduced from 11.2% to 3.3%. The treated cashmere knitted fabric has good hydrophilic ability, high water vapor and air permeabilities, and a soft handle. Moreover, the color of the fabric remains almost unchanged after finishing and the durability of the finishing properties is excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For evaluating the stress gradient, a mathematical technique based on the stress field of lower-order C0 elements is developed in this paper. With nodal stress results and location information, an overdetermined and inconsistent equation of stress gradient is established and the minimum norm least squares solution is obtained by the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse. This technique can be applied to any element type in comparison with the superconvergent patch (SCP) recovery for the stress gradient, which requires the quadratic elements at least and has to invert the Jacobi and Hessian matrices. The accuracy and validity of the presented method are demonstrated by two examples, especially its merit of achieving high accuracy with lower-order linear C0 elements. This method can be conveniently introduced into the general finite element analysis programs as a postprocessing module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and other hypoxic seawaters are considered as the main areas of oceanic nitrogen loss. The laboratory simulation culture was conducted to study the main reactions, rates and proportions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in different dissolved oxygen concentrations seawater, with aim of clarifying the process of nitrogen loss in hypoxic seawater. The results showed that the change of DIN in hypoxic water could be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the main reactions were the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification. In the second stage, anammox and denitrification were main reactions. In the last stage, anammox was the most important nitrogen loss reaction; nitrogen loss eventually reached a relative balance with the input from sediment mineralization. Based on the data obtained from the last stage, the annual nitrogen loss could be estimated to be about 240–260 Tg in the global OMZs. Unlabelled Image • The change of DIN can be divided into three stages in hypoxic culture experiment. • The study identified the main reactions and their corresponding rates at three stages. • The nitrogen loss in the global oxygen minimum zones is estimated about 240-260 Tg/a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) is a key organic compound in wet precipitation, but few data are available in China marginal seas. To probe the concentration, deposition flux, seasonality, source and potential ecological environmental effects of precipitation DOC, in this study, one-year precipitation samples were collected at Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), a typical anthropogenic-influenced semi-enclosed bay in the western Yellow Sea for the first time from June 2015 to May 2016. The concentrations of DOC in precipitation were highly variable with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of 3.63 mg C L−1, which was mostly higher than those in other areas. DOC concentrations were lower in wet season than that in dry season due to the dilution from more amount of rainfall. The wet deposition flux of DOC was calculated to be 3.15 g C m−2 yr−1 with 68.7% of which occurred in wet season mainly owing to the promoting of more rainfall amount. Besides, local emissions together with the long-range transport of pollutants were other factors controlling precipitation DOC. Fossil fuel combustion particularly coal burning was considered to be the leading source of precipitation DOC based on correlation analysis with some generally accepted indicators. Wet deposition dominates the external input of DOC at JZB by comparison with riverine input with a percentage of 54%. Heavy storm may exert enrichment effect on DOC levels in the surface water of JZB, and then promote the secondary productivity. This study emphasizes that wet deposition is an important process that should be seriously considered in the models of global/regional carbon biogeochemical cycling. • Concentration and wet deposition flux of precipitation dissolved organic carbon were high in Jiaozhou Bay. • The factors impacting precipitation dissolved organic carbon were illustrated. • Coal burning is possible the leading source of precipitation dissolved organic carbon. • Wet deposition is the leading external input of dissolved organic carbon in Jiaozhou Bay. • Heavy storm can increase dissolved organic carbon levels of surface waters and promote secondary productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The spatial and temporal dynamics of both dissolved and particulate nutrients were studied during 2015–2016 in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), a deeply anthropogenic impact ecosystem in China. The dissolved inorganic nutrients was mainly from the wastewater and riverine inputs which is demonstrated from the negative correlation between nutrients with salinity and their higher levels distribution observed in the northeastern and/or northwestern JZB, where mainly received industrial and agricultural source run-off, respectively. The high levels of dissolved and particulate organic pools were also observed in the same area but have autochthonous sources besides terrestrial input, which lead to their higher concentrations in autumn during phytoplankton bloom. The composition of DIN has been changed with the major component from NH 4 + to NO 3 -, which probably due to the controlling load of NH 4 + but no limitation of NO 3 - by human intervention. The average annual DIN/DIP ratio increased by one time but SiO 3 2-/DIN ratio has no obvious variation over the past decade, which indicated that the potential limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth has been converted from silicon to phosphorus in JZB. Additional, more prone to partition into POC but not DOC pools of organic carbon were found during the phytoplankton bloom in autumn due to the nutrient-rich, diatom dominated condition and both DOP and POP may be the potential P source and can relieve P limitation to some extent during the same time. Nutrient budgets calculation also demonstrated that riverine input and wastewater discharge are major sources of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, while silicate were mainly came from submarine fresh groundwater discharge. The mixing flow transported large amounts of nutrients from JZB to the Yellow Sea. Meanwhile, the net ecosystem metabolism and nitrogen metabolism calculation showed the whole ecosystem was heterotrophic and a net nitrogen fixation in JZB. Highlights • The composition of DIN in JZB has been changed with the major component from NH 4 + to NO 3 -. • The proportions of DON and DOP to TDN and TDP has increased obviously over the past decade. • The potential limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth has been converted from silicon to phosphorus in JZB. • An annual nutrients budget including submarine fresh groundwater discharge is proposed. • JZB is net heterotrophic (57 ×107 mol C/yr) and net nitrogen fixation (74 ×106 mol/yr) on annual basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report novel thermosensitive supramolecular hydrogels with tunable crosslinking networks by using polypseudo-rotaxanes (PPRs) as macroinitiators in atom transfer radical polymerization and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as bridge units. The PPRs were prepared by supramolecular self-assembly of α-cyclodextrin or 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide modified α-cyclodextrin (α-CD-BIBB) and triblock copolymer of F127 with bromopropionyl bromide terminals. The supramolecular hydrogels possess the crystal structure of inclusion complexes (ICs) and thermo-sensitive properties. The addition of mono-functional 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) can enhance gelation. The swelling ratio (SR) was mainly influenced by the concentration of α-CD or modified α-CD, HEMA and PEGDA. The introduction of α-CDs was found to decrease the SR of hydrogels, while the introduction of α-CD-BIBBs could improve the SR. Meanwhile, gelation was tuned by regulating the concentration of HEMA. The SR of hydrogels was increased with the increase of the concentration of PEGDA, but decreased with the increase of that of HEMA. In the temperature range from 20 to 50°C, the temperature sensitivity of hydrogels was mainly controlled by the state of gels. The introduction of PHEMA chains decreased the temperature responsivity of networks. The hydrogels prepared with α-CD-BIBBs threading onto the F127 chains showed the high thermo-sensitivity. The thermosensitive mechanism of hydrogels is due to the aggregation of PPO blocks in the networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) has a high mortality rate due to the lack of highly sensitive biomarkers. Therefore, the search for potential tumor markers is of great value. ASF1B is a prognostic marker for a variety of tumors, while the prognostic value and immune microenvironment of ASF1B in STAD remain unclear, and to be determined. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the prognostic role of ASF1B in STAD. Functional enrichment of ASF1B was explored with GO and KEGG pathway analysis. We also explored the correlation between ASF1B expression and immune infiltration in STAD. ASF1B was significantly upregulated in STAD tissues and high expression of ASF1B indicated a poor overall survival, progression-free survival, and first progression rate in STAD. The functional enrichment analysis of ASF1B and related genes showed high enrichment in the cell cycle and DNA repair, and the ASF1B high expression group was also mainly enriched in pathways such as the cell cycle. Analysis of tumor immune infiltration showed that ASF1B expression was significantly associated with the majority of immune cell infiltration in STAD. Moreover, STAD patients with high ASF1B expression had a higher tumor mutation burden score, microsatellite instability score, PD-1 immunophenoscore, and immune checkpoint expression. Our results suggest that ASF1B was an independent prognostic factor for STAD as well as a potential target for immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Hepatic steatosis is now the leading cause of liver discards in deceased donors. Previous studies [Yarmush formula (Y) defatting] have successfully reduced the fat content by treating rat steatotic livers on extracorporeal normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) with a multidrug combination including the GW compounds that were linked to an increased risk of carcinogenesis., Methods: We developed a novel multidrug combination by replacing the GW compounds with 2 polyphenols, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (E) and resveratrol (R). Sixteen rat livers were placed on NMP and assigned to control, Y defatting, Y + E + R defatting, or Y'-GW + E + R defatting groups (Y'-GW = 90% dose-reduced Y defatting, n = 4/group)., Results: All livers in defatting groups had significant decreases in hepatic triglyceride content at the end of the experiment. However, livers treated with our novel Y'-GW + E + R combination had evidence of increased metabolism and less hepatocyte damage and carcinogenic potential. Our Y'-GW + E + R combination had increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (P = 0.019) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P = 0.023) compared with control; these were not increased in Y + E + R group and actually decreased in the Y group. Furthermore, the Y'-GW + E + R group had less evidence of carcinogenic potential with no increase in AKT phosphorylation compared with control (P = 0.089); the Y (P = 0.031) and Y + E + R (P = 0.035) groups had striking increases in AKT phosphorylation. Finally, our Y'-GW + E + R showed less evidence of hepatocyte damage with significantly lower perfusate alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.007) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.014) levels., Conclusions: We have developed a novel multidrug combination demonstrating promising defatting efficacy via activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway with an optimized safety profile and reduced hepatotoxicity during ex vivo NMP., Competing Interests: W.C.C. is a founder of Pathfinder Therapeutics and an advisory board of Novartis Pharmaceutical. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)