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To improve the performance evaluation of electrical engineering enterprises, firms should more accurately, in comparison with the existing methods, determine the contribution of each of their structural units to the results of the activity of the business entity as a whole. The purpose of the article is to identify the reserves for improving the efficiency of electrical engineering enterprises, to establish the results of specific units in the sale of elements of the enterprise's product, produced directly in these structures and sold in the markets. The task is achieved through the use of conditional prices for workshop products and expanding the scope of the break-even point method. Methods for establishing break-even points, which, in contrast to classical dependencies, when the entire volume of goods produced is realized, consider the option of incomplete sale and, accordingly, unproductive use of part of the resources are suggested as well. The value of this indicator for various values of prices and sales by options, their limit values, including when the volumes of production (sales) exceed their predetermined design values are presented. The most significant results are the development of methods for identifying the performance indicators of electrical enterprises as a whole and their units, the development of methods for calculating the breakeven point in various production situations. Their significance lies in the further development of the theory and methods of evaluating the activities of electrical enterprises and the possibilities of their practical application.

. It is identified that the effect of high-quality innovations may not be over in the sphere of their direct use. The objective of the article is the development of theoretical and methodical propositions for the effect valuation of such development works according to the sphere of their final use by way of example electrotechnical means of workflow automation. The objective is attained as a result of the research carried out. It’s proved that under the valuation of the means of workflow automation for the output of the means of labor the effect valuation should be carried out for three levels: production of means of automation, their use, consumption of the means of labor, produced by the use of the means of workflow automation analyzed. Under valuation the effect of the means of labor aimed for production of objects of labor the level of manufacture of objects of labor which are produced on the certain equipment is added. The methodical recommendations for the determination of the size of needs for new items at different levels of consumption under the change in degree of qualitative characteristics with regard to stochastic nature of economic processes are introduced. These recommendations have the universal character and they enable their use under the estimation of the effect of other kinds of means of labor and objects of labor. The result of the research is the certain contribution to the improvement of the theory and practice for the determination of social and economic efficiency of innovations.

Introduction Nucleic acids represent a promising platform for creating vaccines. One disadvantage of this approach is its relatively low immunogenicity. Electroporation (EP) is an effective way to increase the DNA vaccines immunogenicity. However, due to the different configurations of devices used for EP, EP protocols optimization is required not only to enhance immunogenicity, but also to ensure greater safety and tolerability of the EP procedure.Area covered An data analysis for recent years on the DNA vaccines delivery against viral and parasitic infections using EP was carried out. The study of various EP physical characteristics, such as frequency, pulse duration, pulse interval, should be considered along with the immunogenic construct design and the site of delivery of the vaccine, through the study of the immunogenic and protective characteristics of the latter.Expert opinion Future research should focus on regulating the humoral and cellular response required for protection against infectious agents by modifying the EP protocol. Significant efforts will be directed to establishing the possibility of redirecting the immune response toward the Th1 or Th2 response by changing the EP physical parameters. It will allow for an individual selective approach during EP, depending on the pathogen type of an infectious disease.

Based on a systematic review of 192 scientific articles published from 2019 to 2023. In journals included in the list of peer-reviewed publications of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation, two main strategies for studying the political orientations of Russians are distinguished: dominant and critical. Within the first, a consensus was reached that the basis of the political orientations of Russian citizens are ideas that can be united under the leadership of traditionalism and analytically examined in the conceptual prism of moderate conservatism. The authors adhering to the second strategy problematize the accepted interpretation of tradition and aim at revealing the contradictions present in the worldview of Russians, showing the significance of the chronic fragmentation of Russian society. A comparison is also made of the areas of research on political orientations in Russia and in other countries. It is indicated that foreign scientists pay very little attention to Russian political culture itself; the available works are focused on its protest aspects and on the historical context of the formation of its specificity. Unlike their foreign colleagues, Russian scientists are most interested in studying the current political orientations of young people. The author concludes that solutions to some of the most pressing research problems are revealed in the civilizational and other approaches developed by Russian researchers, which contribute to the convergence of both strategies, the unification of their positive potential and at the same time can shed light on what seems to be a long-standing and truly most important and the current problem of the political orientations of Russian society - inconsistency, polarization, fragmentation, which may have taken shape in the civilizational specifics of Russia.