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Ixoroside, an iridoid glycoside, was isolated from two endemic plants, Nepeta aristata and Nepeta baytopii and its structure was elucidated by comprehensive analysis with NMR and mass spectrophotometers. It was observed that the compound exhibited strong antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum-reducing power (55.65±0.02 μg/mL), H2O2 (2.97±0.50 μg/mL), and superoxide anion scavenging (11.31±0.19 μg/mL) activities. It has also been noted that the ixoroside molecule has enzyme inhibitor (7.01±0.001 μg/mL for urease, 19.06±0.51 μg/mL for AChE, 9.90±0.5 μg/mL for BChE, 16.87±0.08 μg/mL for α-amylase, 4.11±0.36 μg/mL for α-glucosidase and 2.23±0.001 μg/mL for tyrosinase) and DNA protective effect (55.14% for Form I) and antibacterial (10 mm against K. pneumoniae, 9.00 mm against E. faecalis and 11.00 mm against S. aureus, 128 μg/mL against E. coli and E. faecalis). In silico studies, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking were performed to elucidate ixoroside interaction with enzymes. In enzyme inhibition kinetics, ixoroside exhibited strong interaction with urease (Ki, 0.11 mM, mixed-uncompetitive), α-glucosidase (Ki, 0.10 mM, noncompetitive) and tyrosinase (Ki, 0.10 mM, noncompetitive). Additionally, BChE was observed to interact strongly with α-glucosidase and tyrosinase with binding constants of 0.49, 1.19 and 3.15 μM in molecular docking. Moreover, the pharmacological properties of ixoroside examined by adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) showed that the molecule has drug-like properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Nepeta species, used in traditional uses, represent sources of valuable phytochemical composition, as well as in vitro biological and in silico clinical activities. In the present study, the antioxidant and DNA protective properties of methanol: chloroform (1 : 1) extracts of six Nepeta species were evaluated by comparison with standards. In HPLC‐MS/MS analysis, the main components of the extracts were identified as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, shikimic acid, and scutellarin. In the GC‐FID analysis, the highest components were palmitate and cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid. N. aristata has the greatest total phenol and flavonoid contents. N. baytopii, N. aristata, N. italica, N. stenantha, and N. nuda exhibited the highest antioxidant activities. The N. nuda, N. aristata, N. italica, and N. trachonitica extracts were shown to have the most potent DNA protection activity. According to the result of the GC‐FID and HPLC‐MS/MS analysis of Nepeta extracts, ADMET studies of the main components of the extracts were performed. It was evaluated that palmitic acid had BBB permeability, but oleic acid was toxic. The in vitro and in silico results confirmed that Nepeta L. extracts are potential natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepeta taxa are popular plants and sources of traditional Turkish medicine. Chemical constituents in the essential oils (EOs) hydrodistilled from above‐ground parts of Nepeta aristata (NA), N. baytopii (NB), N. italica (NI), N. nuda (NN), and N. stenantha (NS) were determined using GC‐MS. The pharmacological activities of EOs, such as biological activities, were evaluated in vitro. DNA protection activities of NS‐EO were found to be the most effective. The NA‐EO, NI‐EO, and NS‐EO were more potent urease inhibitors, while the NS‐EO exhibited potent AChE inhibitors. Their molecular docking, molecular dynamics and enzyme inhibition results were compatible with the major components. Furthermore, MolDock and binding affinity results were found to be high. Moreover, AChE‐tau‐cadinol, BChE‐tau‐cadinol and tyrosinase‐Caryophyllene oxide complexes showed stability when simulated for 100 ns, with high MM‐PBSA energy values. In addition, the main components′ pharmacokinetic properties were observed to be effective. The present study showed that EOs may be valuable natural products for future pharmacological research, food, and the cosmetic industry according to in vitro and in silico values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of the methanol (ME), ethanol (ET), water (W), acetone (AC), ethyl acetate (EA), and hexane (HE) of Aristolochia bodamae root (ABR) as well as inhibition potential, antioxidative, and antimicrobial activities. The chemical composition analysis and antioxidant activity of ABR extracts were performed by commonly used assays. Antibacterial activities of ABR extracts were tested against three gram‐positive and three gram‐negative bacteria using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The inhibition potential of the extract was adopted for urease and esterases. The extraction yield (27.10%), total phenolic (47.53 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid (9.74 mg quercetin equivalent/g) content of ABRME were found higher than other extracts. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid were recognized as major components. ABRET, ABRHE, and ABREA extracts had a more effective total antioxidant activity than that of other extracts. The lipid peroxidation inhibition, H2O2, and superoxide scavenging activities of ABRME were found to be 35.94, 35.94, and 3.98 µg/mL, respectively. The ABRET exhibited a reduction force with the A0.5 values of 48.77 µg/mL. The inhibition levels of ABRAC and ABREA to esterases were determined to be more effective than galantamine. ABRME was identified as a more potent urease inhibitor (IC50: 188.42 µg/mL) than thiourea. ABRET demonstrated the antibacterial activity with the highest inhibition zone of 14.4 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The ABRET found the lowest MIC value against Bacillus cereus (128 µg/mL). In these in vitro studies, it has been found that ABR extracts were a good source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and inhibition potent when evaluated together with phenolic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-(p-substitutedphenyl) phthalimides in three different acids was investigated at 50.0 ± 0.1 °C. Two different antioxidant activity tests as DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities, and three various enzyme inhibition activity tests as urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities, were applied. Compound 3c (2.03 μg/mL) has higher antioxidant activity than other compounds and standards according to DPPH test. In AChE assay, compounds 3a and 3b (13.13 and 9.59 μg/mL) has higher enzyme inhibition activity than the standard Galantamine (14.37 μg/mL). In BChE and urease tests, all compounds (6.84-13.60 and 10.49-17.73 μg/mL) have higher enzyme inhibition activity than the standard Galantamine (49.40 μg/mL) and thiourea (26.19 μg/mL), respectively. The molecule interaction for each of the three compounds with the active sites of AChE, BChE, and urease enzymes was examined via molecular docking simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate in vitro the total phenolic, flavonoid content, anti-oxidant activity, oxidative DNA-damage protection and anticancer activity of n-butanol extract from Perralderia coronopifolia, endemic plant. DNA protection capacity was performed using 46966 plasmid DNA against UV-photolysis of H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The anti-proliferative effects of extract were performed on HeLa and C6 cells. Experimental results showed that extract had convenient number of phenolic and flavonoids. Furthermore, it provided strong anti-oxidant, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide and higher DPPH scavenging ability with IC50= 7.02 ± 0.02 μg/mL. As it shown an oxidative plasmid DNA-damage inhibition against UV-photolysis of H2O2, an anti-cancer activity at higher concentrations in cells. The data obtained that P. coronopifolia extract could be useful in human protection against infection and degenerative illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived bioactive substances have demonstrated significant qualities that suggest they may be crucial in preventing various chronic diseases. Flavonoids, which include apigenin, are the biggest group of polyphenols. In our study, we aimed to obtain the methanol-chloroform (1:1) extract from the aerial parts of Nepeta baytopii Hedge & Lamond and purify the apigenin using bioactivity-guided isolation to separate the active fraction. The current in vitro study provides updated knowledge on apigenin regarding its previously unresearched DNA protection activity and enzyme inhibition, enzyme inhibition kinetics, and enzyme-apigenin interactions. In this context, these studies will be the first and will contribute to the literature. Apigenin had high urease (IC 50 -5.00 ± 0.00 µM), butyrlcholinesterase (BChE:IC 50 -10.48 ± 0.00 µM), and tyrosinase (IC 50 -177.82 ± 14.40 µM) inhibition activities, while inhibition binding constants were high in urease (K i -0.05 mM), tyrosinase (K i -0.06 mM), and carbonic anhydrase (K i -0.08 mM). The binding affinities and constants of the interaction were also ascertained to be high for BChE (-9.50 kcal/mol, and K i -0.11 µM), and tyrosinase (-8.80 kcal/mol, and K i , 0.62 µM) with apigenin. In summary, apigenin can be used as an inhibitor for five enzymes. These results will give priority to further studies. Apigenin showed high DNA protection activity with a Form I value of 67.37%. These data demonstrated that the interaction formed by BChE-apigenin gave the best results regarding enzyme inhibition and enzyme-molecule interaction. The stability of this complex was evaluated using molecular dynamics modeling.

In this study, we investigated the phenolic profile, metal concentrations, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of edible mushrooms collected from Sinop, Turkey: Amanita caesarea, Boletus edulis, Grifola frondosa, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, L. piperatus, L. volemus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Ramaria flava. The mycochemical contents of R. flava, L. sulphureus, A. caesarea, L. deliciosus, and B. edulis were high. The cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) contents of mushrooms were between < 0.54 and 8.97 ppm. L. deliciosus had effective total antioxidant activity (7990 μmol α-tocopherol eq./g), ABTS·+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) scavenging activity scavenging activity (EC50:7.87 μg/mL), and free-radical scavenging activity (EC50: 0.018 μg/mL) due to high levels of phenol, flavonoid, β-carotene, and lycopene. B. edulis demonstrated strong reducing power (A0.5: 11.89 μg/mL), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (EC50:0.0016 μg/mL), and H2O2 scavenging activity (EC50: 0.28 μg/mL). A. caesarea and R. flava showed the best metal chelating activity (EC50:44.31 μg/mL) and superoxide anion scavenging activity (EC50:0.18 μg/mL), respectively. Inhibition zone values of A. caesarea extract were detected between 8.1 and 27.1 mm for B. cereus. Our results show that mushrooms are promising dietary sources for natural prevention of many infectious diseases and that they act as antioxidant agents.

Aim and Objective: Due to the common ethnopharmacological used or scientifically examined biochemical properties, Elaeagnaceae family, Elaeagnus umbellate (Thunb.) (EU, Guz yemisi) was worth investigating., Materials and Methods: In this investigation, we revealed antioxidant, antiproliferative and enzyme inhibition activities of the water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of EU as well as the contents of their phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, lycopene and β- carotene. The antioxidant activity was screened by total antioxidant (phosphomolybdenum), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, reducing power, 2-deoxyribose degradation assay, H2O2 scavenging and metal chelating activities of the samples were tested in vitro. Additionally, the scavenging activities of the extracts were determined against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonicacid (ABTS˙+), superoxide anion and peroxide radicals. The samples were determined for their inhibitory activities against urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In vitro, antiproliferative activities of six different extracts were tested using the xCELLigence system against HeLa and HT29 cell lines., Results: The antioxidant activities of the extracts were found higher than standard antioxidants. The water extracts of fruit and leaf showed the best antioxidant activity. In inhibition assays of urease, AChE and BuChE, all extracts exhibited remarkable inhibition potential. Ethyl acetate extracts, especially, showed better inhibition capacity. It was found that the antioxidant activities of the extracts presented consistently with their chemical contents. The antiproliferative activities of leaf extracts were more effective than the fruit extracts. The chromatographic methods were applied to the different solvents to analyses phenolic secondery metabolites. It was found that fumaric acid, 4- hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, neohesperidin, hesperidin determined to have higher contents all the extracts., Conclusion: EU can be suggested as a potential natural source of antioxidants appropriate for utilization in nutritional/pharmaceutical fields., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)