Search

Simple Summary: Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccines, including A19 and S19 vaccines, are widely used to prevent bovine brucellosis. Vaccine-induced antibodies are usually considered to last for no more than 12 months. After this period, individuals testing positive are excluded because they are presumed to be infected with Brucella field strains. In Ningxia, China, immunization with the Brucella abortus strain A19 vaccine is being implemented as part of a brucellosis eradication program. We conducted a serological survey of cattle immunized with the A19 vaccine for over 12 months in Lingwu, Ningxia, from 2021 to 2023. It was found that there was a certain proportion of cows with a persistent antibody titer who were not infected with brucellosis. Therefore, cattle with positive antibodies cannot be eliminated through simple serological detection. Otherwise, a large number of healthy cattle would be mistakenly culled, resulting in significant economic losses. We have also developed a PCR method to distinguish Brucella strain 19 from non-19 Brucella strains and successfully detected 10 Brucella abortus field strains from five dairy farms. (1) Background: One method of eradicating brucellosis is to cull cattle that test positive for antibodies 12 months after being vaccinated with the 19-strain vaccine. Variations in immunization regimens and feeding practices may contribute to differences in the rate of persistent antibodies. We conducted this study to investigate the real positive rate of Brucella antibody in field strains of Brucella spp. after immunization over 12 months in dairy cows. This research aims to provide data to support the development of strategies for preventing, controlling, and eradicating brucellosis. (2) Method: We employed the baseline sampling method to collect samples from cows immunized with the A19 vaccine for over 12 months in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023. Serological detection was conducted using the RBPT method. An established PCR method that could distinguish between 19 and non-19 strains of Brucella was utilized to investigate the field strains of Brucella on 10 dairy farms based on six samples mixed into one using the Mathematical Expectation strategy. (3) Results: We analyzed the rates of individual seropositivity and herd seropositive rates in dairy cattle in Lingwu City from 2021 to 2023 and revealed that antibodies induced by the Brucella abortus strain A19 vaccine persist in dairy herds for more than 12 months. We established a PCR method for identifying both Brucella A19 and non-A19 strains, resulting in the detection of 10 field strains of Brucella abortus from 1537 dairy cows. By employing a Mathematical Expectation strategy, we completed testing of 1537 samples after conducting only 306 tests, thereby reducing the workload by 80.1%. (4) Conclusions: There was a certain proportion of cows with a persistent antibody titer, but there was no evidence that all of these cattle were naturally infected with Brucella. The established PCR method for distinguishing between Brucella abortus strain 19 and non-19 strains can be specifically utilized for detecting natural Brucella infection in immunized cattle. We propose that relying solely on the detection of antibodies in cattle immunized with the A19 vaccine more than 12 months previously should not be solely relied upon as a diagnostic basis for brucellosis, and it is essential to complement this approach with PCR analysis to specifically identify field Brucella spp. Brucella abortus was the predominant strain identified in the field during this study. Detection based on the Mathematical Expectation strategy can significantly enhance detection efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucella, a zoonotic facultative intracellular pathogenic bacterium, poses a significant threat both to human health and to the development of the livestock industry. Alanine racemase (Alr), the enzyme responsible for alanine racemization, plays a pivotal role in regulating virulence in this bacterium. Moreover, Brucella mutants with alr gene deletions (Δalr) exhibit potential as vaccine candidates. However, the mechanisms that underlie the detrimental effects of alr knockouts on Brucella pathogenicity remain elusive. Here, initially, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis of Alr, which demonstrated a high degree of conservation of the protein within Brucella spp. Subsequent metabolomics studies unveiled alterations in amino acid pathways following deletion of the alr gene. Furthermore, alr deletion in Brucella suis S2 induced decreased resistance to stress, antibiotics, and other factors. Transmission electron microscopy of simulated macrophage intracellular infection revealed damage to the cell wall in the Δalr strain, whereas propidium iodide staining and alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase assays demonstrated alterations in cell membrane permeability. Changes in cell wall properties were revealed by measurements of cell surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential. Finally, the diminished adhesion capacity of the Δalr strain was shown by immunofluorescence and bacterial enumeration assays. In summary, our findings indicate that the alr gene that regulates amino acid metabolism in Brucella influences the properties of the cell wall, which modulates bacterial adherence capability. This study is the first demonstration that Alr impacts virulence by modulating bacterial metabolism, thereby providing novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Brucella spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging biomarker for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), giving hope for stratified treatment. As the completed studies have small sample sizes and different experimental methods, systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to explore their role in predicting pathological complete response (pCR), tumor recurrence, and prognosis. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science were searched for potentially eligible studies published up to September 6, 2022. Pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated to predict pCR and tumor recurrence, and pooled hazard ratio (HR) was calculated to evaluate the prognosis of overall survival (OS), recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and metastasis‐free survival (MRS). Results: Twelve studies published between 2018 and 2022 included 931 patients, and 2544 serum samples were eventually included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐negative patients were more likely to have a pCR (RR = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26–2.12). The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐positive patients were at high risk of recurrence (RR = 3.37, 95% CI: 2.34–4.85) and had a poorer prognosis for OS (HR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.86–4.95), RFS (HR = 7.08, 95% CI: 4.12–12.14), and MRS (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.01–3.83). Conclusion: ctDNA may be useful for stratifying treatment and assessing prognosis in patients with LARC, but its clinical application still needs to be confirmed in a prospective multicenter study with large samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucella suis, the causative agent of brucellosis, poses a significant public health and animal husbandry threat. However, the role of the alanine racemase (alr) gene, which encodes alanine racemase in Brucella, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed an alr deletion mutant and a complemented strain of Brucella suis S2. The knockout strain displayed an unaltered, smooth phenotype in acriflavine agglutination tests but lacked the core polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genes involved in the LPS synthesis were significantly upregulated in the deletion mutant. The alr deletion strain exhibited reduced intracellular viability in the macrophages, increased macrophage-mediated killing, and upregulation of the apoptosis markers. Bcl2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was downregulated, while the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, were upregulated in the macrophages infected with the deletion strain. The infected macrophages showed increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, Cytochrome C release, and reactive oxygen species, activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These findings revealed that alanine racemase was dispensable in B. suis S2 but influenced the strain's rough features and triggered the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway during macrophage invasion. The deletion of the alr gene reduced the intracellular survival and virulence. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Brucella's survival and virulence and, specifically, how alr gene affects host immune evasion by regulating bacterial LPS biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debt restructuring is an effective means to solve the financial difficulties of enterprises. At present, the operation methods and means of enterprises with different characteristics to participate in debt restructuring are different, and no universal debt restructuring scheme has been formed. In order to solve this problem, this paper uses the method of fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. This paper discusses the influence mechanism of multiple concurrent factors on enterprise debt restructuring and summarizes the selection rules of debt restructuring strategies for enterprises with different characteristics of debt. The research shows that there are five kinds of allocation for enterprises to realize debt restructuring. According to the different core conditions, enterprise debt restructuring can be divided into high-quality operation and management mode, technology leading mode, and debt-to-equity mode. The research results reveal the mechanism behind enterprise debt restructuring and provide a reference basis for the government and creditors to make corresponding decisions in the debt restructuring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the debt restructuring equilibrium decision problem composed of creditors and debt enterprises with the participation of the government and asset management companies. With the differential game, the dynamic optimization models of debt restructuring under three situations: centralized decision-making, decentralized decision-making, and Stackelberg game after introducing cost-sharing contract are constructed, respectively. The optimal equilibrium strategy of debt restructuring, the optimal trajectory of debt restructuring synergy, and the optimal profit under three decision-making situations are investigated and compared. It is found that the synergy effect and total profit of debt restructuring are the highest under centralized decision-making, and the Stackelberg game is superior to decentralized decision-making, which shows that the cost-sharing contract can achieve the coordination of overall interests, improve the debt restructuring environment, and promote the debt restructuring process. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters is carried out through an example, which verifies the effectiveness of the conclusion and provides the scientific basis for the government and asset management companies to participate in debt restructuring successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selecting the appropriate patient for further treatment after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) can improve the patient's prognosis. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has the potential to predict recurrence and prognosis after CRC surgery and ACT, but the results are still inconclusive. Objectives: As the completed studies have small sample sizes and different experimental methods, a meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the ctDNA on recurrence and prognosis after CRC surgery and ACT. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched for potentially eligible studies published up to 6 March 2022. Pooled relative risk (RR) and pooled hazard ratio (HR) were calculated to evaluate recurrence and the prognosis of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) following CRC surgery and ACT. Results: Fourteen studies published between 2014 and 2022 included 2393 patients, and 7189 serum samples were eventually included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐positive patients were at high risk of recurrence after CRC surgery (RR = 4.43, 95% CI: 3.58–5.48, p <.05) and had a poorer prognosis for RFS (HR = 7.26, 95% CI: 5.48–9.62, p <.05). The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐positive patients were at high risk of recurrence after ACT (RR = 5.77 95% CI: 4.33–7.69, p <.05) and had a poorer prognosis for RFS (HR = 13.96, 95% CI: 8.71–22.4, p <.05). Conclusion: ctDNA‐positive patients were at a high risk of recurrence after CRC surgery and ACT and had a poorer prognosis. Hence, ctDNA‐positive patients required close follow‐up and further treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient gas accumulation is an essential factor that controls the effective development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs that are generally characterized by low porosity and permeability. Seismic methods are important for predicting potential gas areas in tight sandstones. However, the complex relationships between rock physical properties and gas saturation make gas enrichment estimation with seismic methods challenging. Nonetheless, seismic velocity dispersion using a wave-induced fluid flow mechanism can enable gas identification by utilizing the associated dispersion attributes. This paper proposes a method for improved gas identification using a new fluid dispersion attribute obtained by incorporating the decoupled fluid-solid seismic amplitude variation with offset representation into the frequency-dependent inversion scheme. Numerical analyses and synthetic data tests confirmed the enhanced sensitivity of the fluid dispersion attribute to gas saturation compared to the conventionally used compressional wave velocity dispersion attribute. Field data applications further validated the ability of the proposed fluid dispersion attribute to improve gas prediction in tight sandstone reservoirs. The results of the measurements enable rational interpretation of the geological significance of assessments of reservoir properties from gas-producing wellbores. The proposed fluid dispersion attribute is a reliable indicator for gas prediction and represents a useful tool for characterizing tight sandstone reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study constructs an evolutionary game model of government, creditors, investors, and enterprises participating in bankruptcy reorganization, analyzes the strategy selection mechanism of the four parties under the government incentive mechanism, systematically analyzes the strategy selection process of each participant, discusses the effectiveness of government incentives in promoting the bankruptcy reorganization process, and finds out the stable point in the replication dynamic system. Finally, MATLAB 2018 software is used to numerically model the influence of key elements of the system. The research shows that under the government's incentive mechanism, creditors participate in bankruptcy reorganization in the form of debt-to-equity swaps, investors participate in bankruptcy reorganization in the form of providing high-quality assets, and enterprises participate in bankruptcy reorganization in the form of reform and transformation which is a stable strategy to replicate the dynamic system; the strategy of the enterprises will affect the strategy choice of creditors and investors; the completion of bankruptcy reorganization is inseparable from the government's incentives, and the government's strategy will directly affect the strategic choice of enterprises; and the government's support and constraint strength satisfy the following quantitative relationship: when M1>S3–C1 and L1>B1–C1, it can better promote the bankruptcy and reorganization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthening organization quality-specific immune is the key linkage to improve the quality performance of intelligent manufacturing enterprises. organization quality-specific immune is constructed by selecting four state variables of organization quality cognition, monitor, defense, and memory. Based on the perspective of self-organization, self-organization theory and methods are used to construct the evolution model of organization quality-specific immune. According to four state variables, the evolution of organization quality-specific immune of fourteen typical intelligent manufacturing enterprises is studied, and the conclusion is drawn according to the relaxation coefficient. The empirical results show that self-organization theory and self-organization methods can effectively analyze the evolution of organization quality-specific immune and provide new inspiration for organization quality improvement and quality management of intelligent manufacturing enterprises. The finding results will present the framework for practicing engineering managers of intelligent manufacturing enterprises to enhance organization quality performance and organization quality-specific immune performance and promote organization quality-specific immune evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the evolutionary game theory, this article constructs a quartet evolutionary game model for debt restructuring with the participation of asset management companies; studies the interactive mechanism of complex behaviors among the government, banks, asset management companies, and enterprises; and analyzes the stability of the strategies of each game subject. It also analyzes the stability of the equilibrium points in the system and finds the stable points that maximize the interests of each subject. Research shows that the government chooses to give specific support, banks choose debt-to-equity swaps, asset management companies choose to provide liquidity, and enterprises choose to work hard, which can better promote the debt restructuring process. Finally, using Matlab2018 software to analyze the impact of each essential element in the debt restructuring on the stability of system evolution, the research results provide a basis for the successful debt restructuring of the enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in promoting tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between macrophage polarization and the antitumor effect of Atractylenolide II (AT-II) in lung cancer cells. Cell viability, migration, and invasion were determined by MTT assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed the percentage of CD206+ cells. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Lewis lung carcinoma mouse xenograft and metastasis models were used to examine the effects of AT-II on lung cancer in vivo. AT-II (2.5 and 5 µM) did not cause significant inhibition of A549 cell viability but markedly inhibited IL-4/IL-13-induced M2-like polarization, evidenced by the decreased expression of the M2 surface marker CD206, down-regulation of specific M2-marker genes (Arg-1, IL-10 and TGF-β) as well as inhibition of M2 macrophages-mediated invasion and migration of A549 cells. In addition, AT-II inhibited IL-4/IL-13-induced activation of the STAT6 signaling pathway that is vital in the M2-like polarization of macrophages. In animal models, administration of AT-II (50 mg kg−1, i.g., QD for 21 days) significantly inhibited tumor growth, reduced pulmonary metastatic nodules, and down-regulated the percentages of M2 macrophages (F4/80+ and CD206+) in total macrophages (F4/80+) in tumor tissues and pulmonary metastatic nodules. AT-II effectively inhibits M2-like polarization, thereby inhibiting lung cancer cell metastasis both in vivo and in vitro, revealing a novel potential strategy for the antitumor effect of AT-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality is the core of the enterprise, strengthening organization quality specific immune is the key channel. Organization quality specific immune belongs to science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method that refer to computational simulation algorithm is widely used in the science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method can solve science and engineering management issues effectively. In this study, qualitative simulation QSIM theory is used to analyze and reason the organization quality specific immune decision of manufacturing enterprises. Combined with the pressure-state-response framework, the management mechanism of organization quality specific immune is analyzed according to state variables, decision variables, system variables and environment variables, and further the qualitative simulation rules for organization quality specific immune decision-making are set according to the causal relationships among variables of organization quality specific immune. This study sets organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory as the decision variables, uses QSIM algorithm for simulating organization quality specific immune decision-making reasoning, compares with the influences of single decision variable and multi-decision variables on organization quality specific immune system through simulation results. Simulation results indicate that QSIM algorithm simulation can be used to simulate and reason organization quality specific immune decision-making in order to help manufacturing enterprises reasonably enhance organization quality specific immune performance and quality performance through three decision variables of organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory. The simulation results will provide new revelation for organization quality specific immune decision-making of manufacturing enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically active hybrid particles consisting of chiral organic component and inorganic component integrate the individual advantages of the components in one entity. This article reports a new type of optically active hybrid particles constructed by helical substituted polyacetylene and octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OvPOSS). The hybrid particles were prepared in a two‐step process. First, helical substituted polyacetylene with pendent vinyl groups was synthesized and named as macromonomer (MM). Then, hybrid particles were prepared from MM and OvPOSS by free radical suspension polymerization, in which OvPOSS acted simultaneously as comonomer and crosslinking agent. OvPOSS and MM together constituted a crosslinked network and formed spherical, porous hybrid particles. The resulting hybrid particles exhibited the desired optical activity, according to circular dichroism spectroscopy measurement. As an organic/inorganic hybrid molecule itself, OvPOSS moderately improved the thermostability of the organic component and meanwhile increased the porosity of the hybrid particles. It also helped to tune the surface morphology of the hybrid particles. The present study provides a novel class of optically active hybrid particles, and the preparation strategy may further work as a versatile platform for developing novel chiral hybrid materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation is closely related with the pathogenesis and progress of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loganin, an iridoid glycoside obtained from traditional Chinese medicine Cornus officinalis, has properties of inhibiting inflammation and improving memory. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of loganin on Aβ‐induced inflammation and to explore the underlying mechanisms. BV‐2 microglia cells were stimulated with 10 µM Aβ1‐42 for 24 h to induce inflammatory damage. According to results of CCK‐8 assay, the doses of loganin in present work were 10 and 30 µM. We found that treatment with loganin could inhibit Aβ1‐42‐induced microglia activation. Furthermore, loganin treatment prevented the over‐production of Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), Macrophage Chemotactic Protein 1(MCP‐1), Nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the up‐regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) in Aβ1‐42‐stimulated BV‐2 cells. Results from Western blots demonstrated that loganin inhibited Aβ1‐42‐induced elevation in Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Loganin treatment also attenuated the increased phosphorylation level of IRAK4 caused by Aβ1‐42. Additionally, loganin alleviated nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 subunit in Aβ1‐42‐stimulated BV‐2 cells, and this phenomenon could be reversed by TLR4 agonist LPS. Further, the anti‐inflammatory effects of loganin were attenuated when TLR4 signaling pathway was re‐activated by LPS. Taken together, our data indicated that loganin could attenuate inflammatory response induced by Aβ in BV‐2 microglia cells, partially through deactivating the TLR4/TRAF6/NF‐κB axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone compound, which exhibits anticancer effects on certain types of cancer cells. However, the effects of chrysophanol on human breast cancer remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of chrysophanol on breast cancer cell lines MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑231, and to identify the signal transduction pathways regulated by chrysophanol. MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that chrysophanol inhibited cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression in a dose‑dependent manner. The expression of cell cycle‑associated cyclin D1 and cyclin E were downregulated while p27 expression was upregulated following chrysophanol treatment at the mRNA, and protein levels. The Annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay results revealed that apoptosis levels increased following chrysophanol treatment. Chrysophanol upregulated caspase 3 and poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase cleavage in both cell lines. Furthermore, chrysophanol enhanced the effect of paclitaxel on breast cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, chrysophanol downregulated apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 protein, and transcription factor p65 and IκB phosphorylation. Inhbition of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB by ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate diminished the effect of chrysophanol on apoptosis and associated proteins. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that chrysophanol effectively suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation and facilitates chemosentivity through modulation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GPNMB was highly expressed in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. • GPNMB improved cognitive impairment through enhancing amyloid beta clearance. • GPNMB enhanced autophagy via repressing the mTOR signal. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. We found that glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) was highly expressed in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of AD. However, its role in AD remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the function of GPNMB in AD. The expression of GPNMB in the brain was detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. In addition, the role of GPNMB in AD was explored through gain-of-function. Autophagy, which is beneficial to Aβ clearance, was evaluated by transmission electron microscope and immunofluorescence with beclin-1. Furthermore, 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, was employed to evidence whether GPNMB reduced the level of Aβ through autophagy. We found that over-expression of GPNMB improved AD-like behaviors in APP/PS1 mice and reduced Aβ deposition. Further study showed that GPNMB enhanced autophagy, reduced microglial cells and inhibited the activation of the mTOR signal. Additionally, treatment with 3-MA abolished the beneficial effect of GPNMB on Aβ clearance. This study revealed that the high level of GPNMB in AD brain may help Aβ clearance and improve AD-like behaviors through enhancing autophagy via suppressing the mTOR signal. This beneficial role of GPNMB provides us novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroinflammation is closely related with the pathogenesis and progress of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loganin, an iridoid glycoside obtained from traditional Chinese medicine Cornus officinalis, has properties of inhibiting inflammation and improving memory. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of loganin on Aβ-induced inflammation and to explore the underlying mechanisms. BV-2 microglia cells were stimulated with 10 µM Aβ 1-42 for 24 h to induce inflammatory damage. According to results of CCK-8 assay, the doses of loganin in present work were 10 and 30 µM. We found that treatment with loganin could inhibit Aβ 1-42 -induced microglia activation. Furthermore, loganin treatment prevented the over-production of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Macrophage Chemotactic Protein 1(MCP-1), Nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in Aβ 1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells. Results from Western blots demonstrated that loganin inhibited Aβ 1-42 -induced elevation in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Loganin treatment also attenuated the increased phosphorylation level of IRAK4 caused by Aβ 1-42 . Additionally, loganin alleviated nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in Aβ 1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells, and this phenomenon could be reversed by TLR4 agonist LPS. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of loganin were attenuated when TLR4 signaling pathway was re-activated by LPS. Taken together, our data indicated that loganin could attenuate inflammatory response induced by Aβ in BV-2 microglia cells, partially through deactivating the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis., (© 2018 International Federation for Cell Biology.)