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The combustion process is complex and harsh, and the supersonic combustion flow field is also characterized by short duration and supersonic speed, which makes the real-time diagnostic technology for the transient environment extremely demanding. It is of great significance to realize high time-resolved accurate measurement of temperature, component concentration, and other parametric information of the combustion field to study the transient chemical reaction dynamics of the combustion field. Femtosecond CARS spectroscopy can effectively avoid the collision effect between particles in the measurement process and reduce the influence of the non-resonant background to improve the measurement accuracy and realize the time-resolved measurement on a millisecond scale. This paper introduces the development history of femtosecond CARS spectroscopy, points out its advantages and disadvantages, and looks forward to the future development trend to carry out high time-resolved measurements, establish a database of temperature changes in various complex combustion fields, and provide support for the study of engine mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRis) are used to treat many cancers, but their use is complicated by the development of a skin rash that may be severe, limiting their use and adversely affecting patient quality of life. Most studies of EGFRi-induced rash have focused on the fully developed stage of this skin disorder, and early pathological changes remain unclear. We analyzed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of skin samples from rats exposed to the EGFRi afatinib and identified that keratinocyte activation is an early pathological alteration in EGFRi-induced rash. Mechanistically, the induction of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) occurred before skin barrier disruption and led to keratinocyte activation, resulting in expression of specific cytokines, chemokines, and surface molecules such as interleukin 6 (Il6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) to recruit and activate monocytes through activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, further recruiting more immune cells. Topical JAK inhibition suppressed the recruitment of immune cells and ameliorated the severity of skin rash in afatinib-treated rats and mice with epidermal deletion of EGFR, while having no effect on EGFRi efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. In a pilot clinical trial (NCT05120362), 11 patients with EGFRi-induced rash were treated with delgocitinib ointment, resulting in improvement in rash severity by at least one grade in 10 of them according to the MASCC EGFR inhibitor skin toxicity tool (MESTT) criteria. These findings provide a better understanding of the early pathophysiology of EGFRi-induced rash and suggest a strategy to manage this condition. Editor's summary: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRis) are used to treat several common cancers, but EGFRi use is frequently complicated by a skin rash that shows limited response to current treatments. Here, You et al. conducted a transcriptomic analysis of the skin of rats exposed to an EGFRi to uncover early changes preceding rash development, finding early activation of keratinocytes that led to activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and recruitment of inflammatory cells. Topical JAK inhibition ameliorated rash in EGFRi-treated rodents without effects on antitumor efficacy, and a pilot clinical study of topical JAK inhibition in 11 patients with EGFRi-induced rash showed improvement in rash severity, suggesting topical JAK inhibition as a strategy to manage this condition in patients. —Melissa L. Norton [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reservoir of the M oilfield in Tarim Basin is an unconventional fracture-cave carbonate rock, encompassing various reservoir types like fractured, fracture-cave, and cave, exhibiting significant spatial heterogeneity. Despite the limited pore space in fractures, they can serve as seepage pathways, complicating the connectivity between reservoirs. High-precision fracture prediction is critical for the effective development of these reservoirs. The conventional post-stack seismic attribute-based approach, however, is limited in its ability to detect small-scale fractures. To address this limitation, a novel pre-stack fracture prediction method based on azimuthal Young's modulus ellipse fitting is introduced. Offset Vector Tile (OVT) gather is utilized, providing comprehensive information on azimuth and offset. Through analyzing azimuthal anisotropies, such as travel time, amplitude, and elastic parameters, smaller-scale fractures can be detected. First, the original OVT gather data are preprocessed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. Subsequently, these data are partially stacked based on different azimuths and offsets. On this basis, pre-stack inversion is carried out for each azimuth to obtain the Young's modulus in each direction, and, finally, the ellipse fitting algorithm is used to obtain the orientation of the long axis of the ellipse and the ellipticity, indicating the fracture orientation and density, respectively. The fracture prediction results are consistent with the geological structural features and fault development patterns of the block, demonstrating good agreement with the imaging logging interpretations. Furthermore, the results align with the production dynamics observed in the production wells within the block. This alignment confirms the high accuracy of the method and underscores its significance in providing a robust foundation for reservoir connectivity studies and well deployment decisions in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of cellulose and lignin on stimulating vegetation restoration and improving soil chemical properties in saline-alkali soil, a large area test was carried out, and 2 treatments were set up: T (cellulose and lignin+ Planted seeds) and CK (Planted seeds). In this study, the species, quantity, plant height, above-ground biomass, biodiversity of vegetation in the treated plots, the determination of soil chemical nutrient content, and the effect of cellulose and lignin on vegetation restoration in saline-alkali land were investigated. The results showed that: 1) Cellulose and lignin contributed to vegetation growth. Compared with CK treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass of T increased by 158.73% and 240.13%, respectively; 2) Cellulose and lignin improved soil structure, and soil porosity, and decreased soil compaction (21.95%); 3) Compared with CK treatment, T treatment decreased soil pH by 0.5 units, total salt content decreased by 30.95%, exchangeable Na+ decreased by 63.00%, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased by 61.51%. Furthermore, cellulose and lignin effectively improved the physical and chemical properties of saline-alkali soil, promoted the recovery of ecological environment in saline-alkali soil, and improved regional biodiversity, which will provide new methods for soil remediation and improvement in saline-alkali areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multitude of biotic and abiotic stress factors do harm to plants by bringing about diseases and inhibiting normal growth and development. As a pivotal signaling molecule, salicylic acid (SA) plays crucial roles in plant tolerance responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, thereby maintaining plant normal growth and improving yields under stress. In view of this, this paper mainly discusses the role of SA in both biotic and abiotic stresses of plants. SA regulates the expression of genes involved in defense signaling pathways, thus enhancing plant immunity. In addition, SA mitigates the negative effects of abiotic stresses, and acts as a signaling molecule to induce the expression of stress-responsive genes and the synthesis of stress-related proteins. In addition, SA also improves certain yield-related photosynthetic indexes, thereby enhancing crop yield under stress. On the other hand, SA acts with other signaling molecules, such as jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, ethylene (ETH), and so on, in regulating plant growth and improving tolerance under stress. This paper reviews recent advances in SA's roles in plant stress tolerance, so as to provide theoretical references for further studies concerning the decryption of molecular mechanisms for SA's roles and the improvement of crop management under stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the key technologies in the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), the path planning method has an intuitive impact on the real-time performance of UAV. Most existing path planning algorithms have drawbacks in global optimization ability or optimization speed, and cannot meet the requirements of practical applications. To improve the effectiveness and practicability of the path planning algorithm for UAV obstacle avoidance, this paper proposes the Rotate Artificial Potential Field (R-APF) method based on the traditional artificial potential field method. By introducing a new potential field function and stimulating rotating repulsive force, the R-APF solves the problems of local minimum as well as inaccessibility to targets near obstacles, respectively. Convergence of the algorithm is discussed to demonstrate the feasibility of R-APF. This paper also designs and implements algorithm feasibility verification experiments, obstacle shuttle experiments, as well as running time, and efficiency comparison experiments. In addition, the improved Visual-Inertial Navigation System obstacle detection algorithm is introduced to carry out physical verification experiments. Theoretical proof and experimental results show the proposed R-APF method has higher obstacle avoidance capability, shorter running time, and higher success rate compared to other algorithms, and is promising in practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the grinding process, the friction energy generated by grains and the workpiece in the grinding zone will affect the service life of the grinding wheel. Ultrasonic-vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) can reduce the friction force and reduce the generation of friction energy during grinding. In this work, the wear mechanism of grinding wheels in UVAG is discussed in detail from the perspective of the grain grinding trajectory and tribology. The results show that UVAG has a smaller friction force than conventional grinding (CG). Furthermore, when the initial included angles of grains are 90° and 150°, the friction energy of a single grinding surface in UVAG is reduced by 24% and 37% compared with that of CG, respectively. In UVAG, the grains are prone to microfractures, and the self-sharpening ability of the grinding wheel is enhanced, which can obtain a lower grinding force and better grinding surface quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research in the acculturation domain has noted the influence of parental attachment on depression among overseas students. However, an almost negligible effort has been made to investigate how it happens. This study aims to explore the relationship between parental attachment, basic psychological needs, career identity and depression of Chinese overseas students, while focusing on the mechanisms underlying such relationship. Methods: A total of 335 Chinese overseas students were asked to fill out a questionnaire, and the data of these samples were utilized to test the moderated mediation hypotheses through SPSS and AMOS. Results: The results indicate that parental attachment of Chinese overseas students has a negative effect on depression, while basic psychological needs play a part in mediating between parental attachment and depression. In addition, career identity moderates the mediating effect of basic psychological needs between parental attachment and depression. Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study has been one of the first attempts to reveal the influence mechanism of basic psychological needs and career identity on the relationship between parental attachment and depression of Chinese overseas students. It is expected that the preliminary findings of this study will encourage more research on the psychological mechanisms of Chinese overseas students, so as to provide a more comprehensive picture of the interaction between parental attachment and depression of overseas students studying in different countries with various backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we consider the problem of sensing environmental influence on the recognition of human intention in human robot interaction (HRI). We propose a novel framework to analyze the mechanism and the characteristics of the environment in all aspects of HRI. A sensor-based deep learning method is proposed to model the conditional probability of interaction between humans and robots in different environments. Having collected RGB-D videos with 3D human skeletons and environmental features by a Kinect azure RGBD sensor, people’s intentions to interact with a robot is inferred by a discriminant sensor network, trained jointly with a LSTM and a MLP. We collect a HRI dataset with various possible environments to train models and then conduct experiments of predicting the intention of participants. Our method outperforms the traditional environment-free approach in training results (98.8% and 77.0% in testing accuracy). Experimental validations of real-time human prediction also prove the higher speed and precision of our method compared with the baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]