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Although asbestos is carcinogenic to humans, the mechanism(s) by which it induces cancer is unknown. Using tumor cell lines generated previously by asbestos treatment of immortalized human bronchial epithelial (BEP2D) cells, we examined alterations in p16 and p21Cip1 genes together with their protein levels. Results were compared with untreated BEP2D cells, normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), as well as non-tumorigenic fusion cell lines generated by fusing tumor cells with BEP2D cells. No deletion in the p16 gene was found in any of the tumor cell lines examined. Although p16 protein was expressed at a similar level in tumor and BEP2D cells, there was a fourfold decrease in its expression among NHBE cells. In contrast, both the protein and mRNA expression levels of p21Cip1 were decreased by about threefold in tumor cell lines when compared with either BEP2D or NHBE cells, which had a similar expression level. Expression of p21Cip1 mRNA was restored to the control level in all the fusion cell lines examined. The results suggested that down regulation of p21Cip1 expression is linked to the tumorigenic conversion of BEP2D cells by asbestos. Oncogene (2001) 20, 7301–7306. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The tumorigenic effects of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) have become a major concern to the members of the international space station program. Normal human small airway epithelial cells were immortalized by ectopic expression of hTERT. The hTERT-expressing cells were exposed to 56Fe ions which simulate GCR irradiation. The irradiated cells underwent a stepwise transformation process. They showed phenotypic alterations and loss of some chromosomes compared with control hTERT-expressing cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]