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Ship detection aims to automatically identify whether there are ships in the images, precisely classifies and localizes them. Regardless of whether utilizing early manually designed methods or deep learning technology, ship detection is dedicated to exploring the inherent characteristics of ships to enhance recall. Nowadays, high-precision ship detection plays a crucial role in civilian and military applications. In order to provide a comprehensive review of ship detection in optical remote-sensing images (SDORSIs), this paper summarizes the challenges as a guide. These challenges include complex marine environments, insufficient discriminative features, large scale variations, dense and rotated distributions, large aspect ratios, and imbalances between positive and negative samples. We meticulously review the improvement methods and conduct a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. We compile ship information from common optical remote sensing image datasets and compare algorithm performance. Simultaneously, we compare and analyze the feature extraction capabilities of backbones based on CNNs and Transformer, seeking new directions for the development in SDORSIs. Promising prospects are provided to facilitate further research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare and complex cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the progressive narrowing of the internal carotid arteries and the formation of compensatory collateral vessels. The etiology of MMD remains enigmatic, making diagnosis and management challenging. The MOYAOMICS project was initiated to investigate the molecular underpinnings of MMD and explore potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Methods: The MOYAOMICS project employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating various omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, to comprehensively examine the molecular signatures associated with MMD pathogenesis. Additionally, we will investigate the potential influence of gut microbiota and brain-gut peptides on MMD development, assessing their suitability as targets for therapeutic strategies and dietary interventions. Radiomics, a specialized field in medical imaging, is utilized to analyze neuroimaging data for early detection and characterization of MMD-related brain changes. Deep learning algorithms are employed to differentiate MMD from other conditions, automating the diagnostic process. We also employ single-cellomics and mass cytometry to precisely study cellular heterogeneity in peripheral blood samples from MMD patients. Conclusions: The MOYAOMICS project represents a significant step toward comprehending MMD's molecular underpinnings. This multidisciplinary approach has the potential to revolutionize early diagnosis, patient stratification, and the development of targeted therapies for MMD. The identification of blood-based biomarkers and the integration of multiple omics data are critical for improving the clinical management of MMD and enhancing patient outcomes for this complex disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral image (HSI) super-resolution (SR) is a classical computer vision task that aims to accomplish the conversion of images from lower to higher resolutions. With the booming development of deep learning (DL) technology, more and more researchers are dedicated to the research of image SR techniques based on DL and have made remarkable progress. However, no scholar has provided a comprehensive review of the field. As a response, in this paper we aim to supply a comprehensive summary of the DL-based SR techniques for HSI, including upsampling frameworks, upsampling methods, network design, loss functions, representative works with different strategies, and future directions, in which we design several sets of comparative experiments for the advantages and limitations of two-dimensional convolution and three-dimensional convolution in the field of HSI SR and analyze the experimental results in depth. In addition, the paper also briefly discusses the secondary foci such as common datasets, evaluation metrics, and traditional SR algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first review on DL-based HSI SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was aimed at observing the clinical effects of sacubitril/valsartan combined with dapagliflozin on cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in patients with type 2 diabetes and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: Between May 2019 and May 2022, we retrospectively analyzed 57 patients with diabetes and STEMI receiving percutaneous coronary intervention: 32 patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan and dapagliflozin tablets comprised the observation group and 25 patients receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers ARB) in combination with other hypoglycemic drugs comprised the control group. We compared the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), right ventricular end diastolic diameter (RVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), and noninvasive hemodynamic parameters at baseline and 3–6 months after treatment between the groups. Results: Before treatment, the parameters were similar between the observation group and control group. However, after 3−6 months of treatment, serum NT-pro BNP levels showed a greater decline in the observation group than the control group. Moreover, the LVEDD and LVEF improved more substantially in the observation group than the control group (P<0.05). RVEDD did not markedly change after treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, in the observation group, the cardiac index (CI) and cardiac output (CO) were significantly higher, and the thoracic fluid conduction (TFC) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were significantly lower, than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Sacubitril/valsartan combination with dapagliflozin exerted better effects than ACEI or ARB with other hypoglycemic drugs in improving cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in patients with diabetes and STEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object detection in remote sensing images (RSIs) requires the locating and classifying of objects of interest, which is a hot topic in RSI analysis research. With the development of deep learning (DL) technology, which has accelerated in recent years, numerous intelligent and efficient detection algorithms have been proposed. Meanwhile, the performance of remote sensing imaging hardware has also evolved significantly. The detection technology used with high-resolution RSIs has been pushed to unprecedented heights, making important contributions in practical applications such as urban detection, building planning, and disaster prediction. However, although some scholars have authored reviews on DL-based object detection systems, the leading DL-based object detection improvement strategies have never been summarized in detail. In this paper, we first briefly review the recent history of remote sensing object detection (RSOD) techniques, including traditional methods as well as DL-based methods. Then, we systematically summarize the procedures used in DL-based detection algorithms. Most importantly, starting from the problems of complex object features, complex background information, tedious sample annotation that will be faced by high-resolution RSI object detection, we introduce a taxonomy based on various detection methods, which focuses on summarizing and classifying the existing attention mechanisms, multi-scale feature fusion, super-resolution and other major improvement strategies. We also introduce recognized open-source remote sensing detection benchmarks and evaluation metrics. Finally, based on the current state of the technology, we conclude by discussing the challenges and potential trends in the field of RSOD in order to provide a reference for researchers who have just entered the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Apple MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 were identified as key UGTs in flavonol biosynthesis. • MdUGT75B1 was flavonol-specific UGT with UDP-Gal preference. • MdUGT71B1 exhibited UDP-Glc preference toward broader flavonoid substrates. Apple is rich in flavonol glycosides, which are believed to contribute to putative health benefits associated with apple consumption. Glycosylation, catalyzed by uridine diphospho-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), is the last step in flavonol biosynthesis, which confers molecular stability and solubility to the flavonol. In the present study, the involvement of two UGT s, MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 , in flavonol biosynthesis in apple was investigated. The major flavonols are quercetin 3- O -glycosides, and UV-B and blue light treatment significantly enhanced the accumulation of quercetin 3- O -galactoside, quercetin 3- O -glucoside, and kaempferol 3- O -galactoside. Transcript levels of MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 in fruit subjected to different treatments were correlated well with flavonol accumulation. MdUGT75B1 showed flavonol-specific activity with a preference for UDP-galactose as the sugar donor, while MdUGT71B1 using UDP-glucose exhibited a wider substrate acceptance. Thus, MdUGT75B1 and MdUGT71B1 are key UGTs involved in flavonol biosynthesis and may have important roles in regulating accumulation of these health-promoting bioactive compounds in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to silicon-based electronics, the implementation of micro/nano-patterning to facilitate complex device architectures and high-density integration is crucial to the development of organic electronics. Among various patterning techniques, direct microlithography (DML) is highly applicable and extensively adopted in organic electronics, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). However, conventional DML often requires high crosslinker concentrations, leading to compromised electrical performance. To address this challenge, a novel strategy is developed that combines supramolecular and covalent interactions by incorporating a polyrotaxane supramolecular crosslinker (PR) into poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO). The PR forms a hydrogen bonding network with PBFDO and undergoes UV-triggered covalent crosslinking among its molecules, providing solvent resistance even at trace loading levels (<0.1 wt%). This approach enables precise patterning of PBFDO with feature sizes below 1 µm while preserving high electrical performance. Notably, PR also serves as a performance enhancer, promoting molecular ordering and ionic conduction within PBFDO. OECTs fabricated with PR-crosslinked PBFDO exhibit about one-order-of-magnitude increase in ON/OFF ratio, a 42% increase in µC * (reaching 2460 F cm -1  V -1  s -1 ), and elevated operational stability compared to pristine ones. This multifunctional crosslinker offers a scalable solution for high-performance, high-density organic electronics and opens new avenues for supramolecular chemistry applications in this field., (© 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Creatine is essential for energy storage and transfer within and outside cells. However, its relationship with cerebrovascular disease has not been fully explored. This study examined the association between serum creatine levels and postoperative cerebrovascular events, including transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD)., Methods: Serum creatine and disodium creatine phosphate levels were quantified in 352 patients with MMD using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves were used to analyze the impact of serum creatine levels on cerebrovascular event risk, whereas univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify predictors of postoperative outcomes. A prognostic nomogram was developed to predict stroke-free survival at 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively., Results: In patients with MMD, serum creatine showed a negative correlation with creatinine (r = -0.22; p < 0.001) and homocysteine (r = -0.10; p < 0.05) but not with disodium creatine phosphate (r = -0.08; p = 0.15). When patients were divided into high and low groups based on the median serum creatine concentration, KM curve analysis revealed that patients in the high concentration group had a lower relative risk of cerebrovascular events than those in the low concentration group (hazard ratio: 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.94; p = 0.026). Furthermore, when patients were categorized into three levels based on creatine concentration, the overall KM curve analysis showed a significant difference (p = 0.038), such that the highest creatine concentration group (third tertile) showed a significantly reduced risk compared with the lowest concentration group (first tertile; p = 0.04)., Conclusion: Lower preoperative serum creatine levels were associated with a higher risk of postoperative cerebrovascular events in patients with MMD. Therefore, creatine supplementation may be an effective means of preventing adverse outcomes in patients with MMD., (© 2025 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Growing evidence suggests that systemic immune and inflammatory responses may play a critical role in the formation and development of aneurysms. Exploring the differences between single intracranial aneurysm (SIA) and multiple IAs (MIAs) could provide insights for targeted therapies. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and detailed characterization of changes in circulating immune cells in MIAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from patients with SIA (n = 16) or MIAs (n = 6) were analyzed using high-dimensional mass cytometry to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of immune cell subtypes. A total of 25 cell clusters were identified, revealing that the immune signature of MIAs included cluster changes. Compared to patients with SIA, patients with MIAs exhibited immune dysfunction and regulatory imbalance in T-cell clusters. They also had reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells and their subgroups CD8+ Te and CD8+ Tem cells, as well as reduced numbers of the CD4+ T-cell subgroup CD27-CD4+ Tem cells. Furthermore, compared to SIA, MIAs were associated with enhanced T-cell immune activation, with elevated expression levels of CD3, CD25, CD27, CCR7, GP130, and interleukin 10. This study provides insights into the circulating immune cell profiles in patients with MIAs, highlighting the similarities and differences between patients with SIA and those with MIAs. Furthermore, the study suggests that circulating immune dysfunction may contribute to the development of MIAs., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Immunology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Flavonol glycosides are health-promoting phytochemicals important for human nutrition and plant defense against environmental stresses. Glycosylation modification greatly enriches the diversity of flavonols. Morella rubra , a member of the Myricaceae, contains high amounts of myricetin 3- O -rhamnoside (M3Rha), quercetin 3- O -rhamnoside (Q3Rha), and quercetin 3- O -galactoside (Q3Gal). In the present study, MrUGT78R1 and MrUGT78R2 were identified as two functional UDP-rhamnosyltransferases, while MrUGT78W1 was identified as a UDP-galactosyltransferase. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Pro143 and Asn386 as important residues for rhamnosyl transfer activity of MrUGT78R1, while the two corresponding positions in MrUGT78W1 (i.e. Ser147 and Asn370) also play important roles in galactosyl transfer activity. Transient expression data for these three MrUGTs in Nicotiana benthamiana tested the function of MrUGT78R1 and MrUGT78R2 as rhamnosyltransferases and MrUGT78W1 as a galactosyltransferase in glycosylation of flavonols. This work enriches knowledge of the diversity of UDP-rhamnosyltransferase in planta and identifies two amino acid positions important for both rhamnosyltransferase and galactosyltransferase., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.)

IL-23 and IL-27 are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, changes in these cytokines during the dynamic pathological and recovery processes of GBS are not well described. In the present study, plasma was collected from 83 patients with various stages of GBS, 70 patients with central nervous system demyelinating diseases,70 patients with other neurological diseases (OND) and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Serum levels of IL-23, IL-27, and Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) IgM were assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that serum IL-23 levels of patients during the acute phase of GBS were significantly higher followed by a decreasing trend during the recovery phase of the disease. Serum IL-27 levels significantly increased during the acute phase of GBS, and gradually increased during the recovery phase. Interestingly, both the severity and subtype of GBS were closely associated with the two cytokines. IL-23 levels were positively correlated with IL-27 levels, prognosis, and other clinical parameters. Our findings confirm that IL-23 may show pro-inflammatory effects, especially at the early stage of GBS. IL-27 appears to have a dual role in GBS, with initial pro-inflammatory effects, followed by anti-inflammatory properties during recovery.