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Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in males worldwide, and its development and progression involve the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways. Alterations in lipid metabolism affect the proliferation and metastatic capabilities of PCa cells. Cancer cells increase lipid synthesis and regulate fatty acid oxidation to meet their growth and energy demands. Similarly, changes occur in amino acid metabolism in PCa. Cancer cells exhibit an increased demand for specific amino acids, and they regulate amino acid transport and metabolic pathways to fulfill their proliferation and survival requirements. These changes are closely associated with disease progression and treatment response in PCa cells. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of the metabolic characteristics of PCa is expected to offer novel insights and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2‐Dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes have recently emerged as a promising tool for imaging biological systems, including disease diagnosis, staging, therapeutic response monitoring and surgical guidance. The advantages of these probes, such as high sensitivity and specificity and real‐time imaging capabilities, are based on their ability to generate chemiluminescent signals without the need for additional excitation sources, enzymes or oxidants after being triggered by target biomarkers under physiological conditions. Over the past decade, numerous 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes have been developed and tested for tumor imaging. In this review, we first introduce the trigger mechanism and structural improvements of these probes, followed by an overview of the design principles and applications of 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes in in vrtio and in vivo tumour imaging. In addition, the challenges and potential prospects of this technology in the field of bioanalysis and diagnostics are discussed, with the aim of stimulating further progress in the development of new chemiluminescence methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the extraction behavior of tri-isoamyl phosphate (TiAP)/n-dodecane as extractant for Ce(IV) in a nitric acid medium. In the study of extraction of pure Ce(IV) solution, the test results show that when the organic phase and the water phase ratio is 1: 1, the organic phase and the water phase are mixed and contacted for 90 s, and the pH value is 0-2.0, the extraction tends to be balanced, and the complexes formed by the extraction are theoretically deduced and obtained the theoretical molecular formula of the complex is Ce(NO3)4·nTiAP, where n is between 2 and 3; under this condition, the extraction rate of pure Ce(IV) can reach 99.45% after 16-stage countercurrent extraction test; the relative standard deviation is less than 2%. In the extraction of Ce(IV) solution containing other metal ions, the test results show that the extraction rate of 0.05 mol·L-1 TiAP/n-dodecane solution to the material liquid containing Ce(IV) 0.005 g·L-1 is about 64%. However, the experiment found that the extraction rate tends to decrease with the increase of the material liquid's standing time. After 24 hours, the extraction rate is close to 0. Then, the experiment researched the influence of each metal ion component on the extraction after standing and obtained the metal. In the presence of ionic components, the extraction rate tends to decrease with the increase of the liquid standing time. Considering the strong oxidizing property of Ce4+ under acidic conditions, the experimental study of TiAP on Ce3+ and Ce4+ mixtures with different percentages. The results show that as the percentage of Ce3+ in the feed liquid increases, the extraction rate is in a downward trend, and the trend is consistent with the increase in the standing time on the extraction rate. The original liquid contains impurity Ce4+ is slowly reduced to Ce3+, which affects the extraction results. Studies have shown that TiAP of 0.05 mol·L-1 performs well for the extraction of Ce4+ in pure Ce(IV) solution; TiAP of 0.05 mol·L-1 is effective for extraction of Ce(III) solution of 0 ~ 5 mg·L-1. The effect of Ce3+ is not obvious; because Ce4+ is too oxidizing, when other metal ions studied are present at the concentration studied, it will accelerate the reduction of Ce4+ and affect the extraction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent an attractive cell target for anticancer therapy. However, selective and efficient targeting of TAMs remains difficult. Here, we constructed a novel dually functionalised nanoparticle platform (s-Tpep-NPs) by surface co-modification of nanoparticles (NPs) with tuftsin (Tpep) and legumain protease-sheddable polyethylene glycol 5k (PEG5k) to achieve selective targeted delivery to TAMs. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiment and in vitro cellular uptake assay confirmed that s-Tpep-NPs can responsively shed PEG5k and transform into active Tpep-NPs upon the cleavage of legumain that is overexpressed on TAM surfaces, which then promotes TAM phagocytosis through Fc receptor-mediated pathways. Owing to the shielding effect by legumain-sheddable PEG5k, s-Tpep-NPs can effectively decrease the Tpep-induced non-specific accumulation in mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) organs during systemic circulation. Moreover, s-Tpep-NPs can significantly enhance the tumoural accumulation and improve the specificity and efficiency of targeting to TAMs, as compared with both controls of Tpep-NPs and non-sheddable ns-Tpep-NPs. Overall, this study provides a robust nanoplatform with a novel avenue for improved selectivity of targeted delivery to TAMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]