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The new species Coniarthonia aurata E. L. Lima, M. Cáceres & Aptroot, Cresponea endosulphurea A. A. Menezes, M. Cáceres & Aptroot, Cryptothecia macrocephala E. L. Lima, M. Cáceres & Aptroot, and Synarthonia sarcographoides Aptroot, A. A. Menezes, E. L. Lima & M. Cáceres are described from Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil. They were found in the Chapada do Araripe in the state of Ceará and/or the Vale do Catimbau National Park in Pernambuco. Coniarthonia aurata has weakly organized, semiglobose apothecia with golden crystals, and on first impression looks like the anamorph of a Tylophoron. Cresponea endosulphurea has a pigment of the group of xantholepinones in the thallus. It is the first time that a substance from this group is reported from the Arthoniales. Cryptothecia macrocephala has strongly macrocephalic ascospores and contains psoromic acid in the thallus. Synarthonia sarcographoides is only the third species in this rarely found genus. It is characterized within the genus by muriform, brown ascospores, but it is assigned with hesitation to the genus. It is locally quite common. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The new lichen genus Sergipea M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot is described in the Roccellaceae, based on the new species Sergipea aurata M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot from NE Brazil. The species was found in a remnant of Atlantic transition forest in Sergipe. It is similar in many respects to species of the genus Enterographa, but it is characterized by bright orange stromata, due to the presence of an anthraquinone, and a thallus with a somewhat byssoid hypothallus. Phylogenetically it is close to the genera Dichosporidium and Erythrodecton. The phylogenetic position of the generic type of Dichosporidium confirms the close relationship of the genus to Erythrodecton in the basal branch of the Roccellaceae. A new species of Enterographa is also described from NE Brazil. Enterographa rotundata E. L. Lima, M. Cáceres & Aptroot has solitary, round apothecia, which is unusual in this genus with mainly elongated apothecia or punctiform apothecia arranged in lines. It was found in Caatinga forest in Pernambuco. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Five new species of the genus Polymeridium are described from Brazil. All exhibit at least one character that was previously unknown in the genus: P. corticatum has a corticate thallus and 2 ascospores per ascus, P. immersum has the ascomata deeply immersed in the bark under the thallus, P. isohypocrellinum has a red, KOH+ green pigment (iso-hypocrellin) in the ostiole, P. julelloides has short and broad muriform (Julella-like) ascospores, and P. paraproponens has ascomata in groups of two to three. Brazil is clearly the centre of diversity of the genus. Iso-hypocrellin is a new substance for the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]