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Ice jamming is the primary mechanism that can generate overland flooding and recharge the isolated basins of the Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD), a valuable ecosystem of international importance and the ancient homeland of the Indigenous Peoples of the region. Focusing on the regulated Peace River and the Peace Sector of the delta, which has been experiencing a drying trend in between rare ice-jam floods over the last ~50 years, this study describes recent notable breakup events, associated observational data, and numerical applications to determine river discharge during the breakup events. Synthesis and interpretation of this material provide a new physical understanding that can inform the ongoing development of a protocol for strategic flow releases toward enhancing basin recharge in years when major ice jams are likely to form near the PAD. Additionally, several recommendations are made for future monitoring activities and improvements in proposed antecedent criteria for early identification of "promising" breakup events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice jamming is the primary mechanism that can generate overland flooding and recharge the isolated basins of the Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD), a valuable ecosystem of international importance and the ancient homeland of the Indigenous Peoples of the region. Focusing on the regulated Peace River and the Peace Sector of the delta, which has been experiencing a drying trend in between rare ice-jam floods over the last ~50 years, this study describes recent notable breakup events, associated observational data, and numerical applications to determine river discharge during the breakup events. Synthesis and interpretation of this material provide a new physical understanding that can inform the ongoing development of a protocol for strategic flow releases toward enhancing basin recharge in years when major ice jams are likely to form near the PAD. Additionally, several recommendations are made for future monitoring activities and improvements in proposed antecedent criteria for early identification of “promising” breakup events.

The Hawaiian flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an economically important invasive species in citrus grown in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The diverse impacts of temperature on arthropods are well documented. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of day-degree on insect population dynamics and crop damage levels in Mersin Province, Turkey during 2018–2019. In 2018, the first damage caused by T. hawaiiensis was observed at 300 degree-days (DD), while in 2019, it occurred at 800 DD. The damage percentage was recorded as 28% in the lemon grove, where the population of second instar larvae briefly reached a high level (approximately 2 individuals per fruit). During 2019, the average temperature remained relatively low, and the initial population density of thrips was below the 33-day development threshold (10.4 °C) from January to April. This pattern was observed even during the mild spring season. Additionally, in both sampling locations, the high adult densities, mainly adult females, led to the shedding of a limited number of flowers that had formed in June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are the main pest of persimmon in Spain, the second producer in the world. In order to develop an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, it is necessary to identify the main mealybug species, determine their phenology, and develop tools to predict damage. To do this, we sampled 17 orchards from the main persimmon producing area in Spain over two years. Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzeti) was the most abundant and widely distributed species. This mealybug species completed three generations per year and reached peak density just before harvest. Fruit infestation at harvest was highly correlated with mealybug density in spring and summer. The estimated thermal constants to complete development and one generation were 512.5 and 956.3 degree days, respectively. Based on climate change predictions, crop damage caused by the third generation of P. longispinus will increase in 2040 and the mealybug will complete a fourth generation by 2080. Pseudococcus longispinus has become the main pest for Mediterranean persimmon and damage produced by this mealybug may be exacerbated by climate change. This work provides essential data to design a sampling protocol and determine intervention times and thresholds against this mealybug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building energy requalification in Italy and Europe has been much discussed in recent years due to the high percentage of existing buildings with poor energy performance. In this context, it is useful to obtain a user-friendly and fast tool to predict the thermal energy demand (TED) for space conditioning and the related primary energy consumption (PEC) as a function of climatic stress. In this study, the SLABE methodology (simulation-based large-scale uncertainty/sensitivity analysis of building energy performance) is used to simulate representative Italian buildings, varying parameters such as geometry, envelope and HVAC (heating, ventilating and space conditioning) systems. MATLAB® in combination with EnergyPlus is used to analyze 200 buildings belonging to two structural types (multi-family buildings and apartment blocks) built in 1961–1975. Nine scenarios (as-built scenarios and eight retrofit ones) are investigated in 63 climatic locations. A regression analysis shows that the classical HDDs (heating degree days) approach cannot give an accurate prediction of TED because solar radiation is not accounted for. Thus, new climatic indices are developed alongside solar radiation, including the heating stress index (HSI), the cooling stress index (CSI) and the yearly climatic stress index (YCSI). The purpose of our work is to obtain climatic stress curves for the prediction of TED and PEC. Testing of this novel approach is performed by comparison with another building energy simulation tool, showing a low discrepancy, i.e., the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error is between 12% and 28%, which confirms certain reliability of the approach here proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granulate ambrosia beetle (GAB) Xylosandrus crassiusculus, was first formally detected in New Zealand in 2019. Since then, GAB has subsequently been found infesting numerous tree species in the Auckland region.Flight intercept traps baited with ethanol lures were deployed from October 2019 to May 2021 at three sites in the Auckland region to ascertain the phenology of GAB in New Zealand. Two distinct peak flight periods were identified in early and late summer, while a smaller and inconsistent third peak was detected in early autumn. Logistical analysis of GAB captures in the ethanol‐lured traps and degree‐day (DD) accumulation indicated that 90% of flight activity is completed by 800 DD.To assess monitoring tactics, flight intercept traps were baited with three different ethanol lures with varying release rates or ethanol‐soaked or non‐soaked wood bolts from three species of trees. A lure releasing 2 g ethanol per day was most effective at capturing GAB. Ethanol‐soaked bolts were less effective than the lures.Xylosandrus crassiusculus represents a significant risk for shrubs and trees native to New Zealand, as well as commercial horticultural and forestry trees. We recommend using ethanol‐lured panel traps for monitoring purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limited scion-rootstock combinations used in sweet orange orchards in Brazil reduce the commercial potential of citrus and lead to greater susceptibility to pests and diseases. Aiming to provide germplasm diversification, the research evaluated the Folha Murcha (FM) and Charmute de Brotas (CB) orange trees grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime (RL) and 'Swingle' citrumelo (SC) rootstocks. The study was conducted in the southern center of the state of São Paulo, in the subtropical region of southeastern Brazil. The grafted trees were planted in September 2016. The field experiment was conducted over two seasons. The combinations were evaluated based on the duration in days and degree-days of the phenological intervals, growth and yield performance, alternate bearing, fruit ripening, and quality. The trees of the two scion cultivars grafted onto RL had the shortest crop cycle, the earliest fruit ripening, and the largest canopy volume. SC produced fewer alternate bearings with greater production efficiency. The CB/SC combination produced fruits with a better color index, higher total soluble solids content, and a higher technological index. This assessment can be useful in planning orchards for dual-purpose markets, such as table fruit and the juice industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful management of lepidopteran moths in orchards usually depends on the precise forecast of adult activity. However, the seasonal phenology of moths varies between crop cultivars and years, making it difficult to schedule the control measures. Here, we monitored male flight activity of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta and summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana by using sex pheromone traps in peach orchards of three different cultivars for three successive years. We developed a logistic multiple-peaks model to fit data and then calculated degree-days (DD) required for male activity and neonate emergency. Results show that G. molesta and A. orana males had 4–5 and 3 flight peaks per year, respectively. The seasonal phenology of G. molesta or A. orana was quite stable with an identical timing of each flight peak between cultivars in a year. The flight activity was usually higher in the second and third peaks for both moths, with a higher cumulative number of G. molesta males captured than that of A. orana. Compared to A. orana, G. molesta emerged early in spring and required lower degree-days to reach the subsequent flight peaks and for neonate emergency. Our results suggest that to decline the possibility of outbreaks of moths during the growing seasons, pheromone traps should be scheduled in April with a cumulative DD between 49.6 and 207.1 for G. molesta and in mid-May–early June with a cumulative DD between 450.4 and 866.7 for A. orana, aiming to trap the newly emerged male adults or disrupting female mating success of overwintered moths in orchards. Based on the thermal requirement for egg hatching (i.e., 79.4 DD for G. molesta and 90.0 DD for A. orana), insecticide treatments would be applied in late-April–early May and late May–early June to reduce the field population density of neonates of G. molesta and A. orana, respectively, to reduce fruit damage in orchards. Furthermore, pheromone traps set up in late July–early August (573.8–1025.2 DD) for G. molesta and in mid-September (1539.7–1788.9 DD) for A. orana may suppress overwintering populations and thus decrease pest infestation in next year.

Aim of study: To address diversification of citrus cultivars to increase the variety and profitability of orchards to adapt them to environmental changes. Area of study: State of São Paulo, a subtropical region of southeastern Brazil. Material and methods: The study evaluated the phenological intervals, thermal sum, vegetative and productive performance, and fruit quality of the sweet orange cultivars ‘Rubi’ (R), ‘Lue Gin Gong’ (LGG) and ‘Valencia Delta Seedless’ (VDS) grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime (RL) and 'Swingle' citrumelo (SC). The field experiment was conducted over consecutive growing seasons 2018-2021. Main results: The duration of the phenological intervals was little influenced by the rootstocks. The harvest time was approximately 245 days after anthesis (DAA) for R, 402 DAA for LGG, and 407 DAA for VDS, regardless of rootstock. Scion cultivars grafted onto RL showed larger canopy volumes and greater weight, length, and diameter of fruits than those of SC trees, and the combinations with SC were more productively efficient than RL due to lower canopy volume. The R scion cultivar presented superior yield performance and fruit colouration than LGG and VDS. The physicochemical quality of the fruits showed improved results with the combinations of LGG/RL, LGG/SC, VDS/RL, and VDS/SC. Research highlights: These results may be useful when planning the diversification of scion/rootstock combinations for new orchards, identifying dual-market orange cultivars for industrial processing and natural consumption, and determining the combinations that are better adapted to undesirable climatic conditions.

The black cut worm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) is a destructive crop pest worldwide and a typical cut worm damaging plant parts below the soil surface, which requires a thorough phenological prediction of the target stage for proper management. Temperature is an essential factor affecting the phenology and dynamics of insect populations. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the temperature-dependent development of A. ipsilon fed on Kimchi cabbage (Brassica campestris) in a wide range of temperatures (10 to 40 ℃) in the laboratory. The linear and nonlinear relationship between temperature and development rate (1/development time) was analyzed. The lower threshold temperatures (LT) for eggs, larvae, and pupae were estimated to be 12.1 °C, 9.6 °C, and 11.2 °C, respectively, with thermal constants (degree days for development completion) of 31.3, 342.2, and 181.3 DD at each stage, respectively. Additionally, the thermal constant for tracking the phenology of each stage was determined using a common LT of 10.4 ℃: 40.3 DD for eggs, 315.6 DD for larvae, and 199.6 DD for pupae. Consequently, we provided newly the stage transition models for all stages of A. ipsilon using two basic components of the nonlinear development rate and distribution models to simulate the proportion of individuals shifted from one stage to the next stage. These models in their current form will be useful for constructing a population model for A. ipsilon in the future. Furthermore, the variation in the development time of A. ipsilon reported in previous studies was discussed using 95% confidence limits of the estimated line of our nonlinear models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleruchoides noackae Lin & Huber (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was imported to Brazil in 2012, to manage the exotic pest Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), which has been damaging eucalyptus plantations. Knowledge of the thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae is important to improve mass rearing methods for this parasitoid and the effectiveness of its release to manage T. peregrinus. The objective was to evaluate the development period, thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae at different temperatures. The egg-adult period of this parasitoid varied from 43 to 14 days at 15 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The emergence of C. noackae adults was higher at 15 °C, 18 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C. Female and male C. noackae need 226.75 and 230.41 degree-days and temperatures higher than 10.06 °C and 9.90 °C, respectively, to complete egg-adult development. The number of parasitized eggs per C. noackae female was higher at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, with 5.82, 7.73 and 5.50 eggs, respectively, than at 30 °C (0.45). Cleruchoides noackae longevity was greater at 15 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C. The net reproductive rate of the parasitoid was higher at 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C, 3.05, 4.70 and 0.16, respectively. The finite rate of increase of C. noackae was greater at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, than at 30 °C and the intrinsic rate of increase was negative at 30 °C, −0.100. The temperatures 21 °C and 24 °C and from 18 °C to 27 °C are the most adequate for the reproduction and population increase of C. noackae parasitizing eggs of T. peregrinus, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the link between the energy-efficiency of buildings and climatic conditions can improve the design of energy-efficient housing. Due to global climate change and growing requirements for building energy-efficiency, the number of publications on climate zoning for buildings has grown over the last 20 years. This review attempted to give the reader an up-to-date assessment of the scientific literature in the field of climate mapping for buildings on a global and national scale, filling in the gaps of previous works and focusing on details that were not presented before. There were 105 scientific sources examined. The most dominant climate zoning variables were thoroughly analyzed. A clear categorization of climate zoning methods with specific criteria was shown. The most used methods were evaluated, emphasizing their similarities and differences, as well as their essential components and advantages. The main literature review was supported with bibliometric and bibliographic analysis. The existence of many climate zoning methods can be an indicator of the lack of agreement on the most effective strategy. A tendency has been established for the popularization among scientists of methods based on machine learning and building energy simulations, which are relatively easy to use and have proven to be the most reliable climate zoning methods. A transformation is emerging by shifting from a climate-based to a building performance-based climate zoning approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of accurately assessing the emergence, anthesis and maturation dates of sunflower grown under Mediterranean conditions was investigated. Accumulated Thermal Units (TSUM) from sowing to emergence, from emergence to anthesis, and from anthesis to maturation were recorded in 14 experimental sunflower plantations, carried out in two sites with representative soils in the Thessaly Plain (central Greece) in the years 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2022. Various combinations of sowing date; irrigation and N-fertilization inputs were studied, and the corresponding phenological stages and seed yields were determined. It was found that the TSUM method is very effective for predicting the duration of the phenological stages of sunflower and thus the development rate and stages of this crop. Particularly accurate is the assessment of the emergence-anthesis period calculated at 817 degree days (°C-d) for base temperature (T o) equal to 6 °C and optimum temperature (T opt) 28 °C, whereas for the anthesis-maturation period, the TSUM method needs to be adjusted for photoperiodism, using a photoperiod coefficient based on the daylength. In a simpler approach, the heat unit sum of 1213°C-d (T o =0 °C) it can be used for the emergence-anthesis period (or 1418°C-d for the sowing-anthesis period), without much error, and an average period of 44 days for the anthesis-maturation period. Having determined the anthesis-maturation period, the potential seed yield of sunflower was successfully assessed, based on the global radiation prevailing during the grain filling period (i.e. last 37 days before capitulum ripening) for the treatments of optimum water and nitrogen applications. Knowledge of the seed yield potential of sunflower might be very important for land evaluation purposes and the introduction of this important crop in Thessaly more generally and many Mediterranean sites. • Capping daily T MAX in sunflower daily thermal units calculations improves anthesis and maturity prediction. • Sunflower heat units needed per stage from sowing: 186°C-days (emergence), 1003°C-days (flowering), 1941°C-days (maturity). • Incorporating photoperiodism into the thermal units model improves the accuracy of sunflower maturity predictions. • Sunflower seed yield increases linearly with PAR at a rate of 0.57 g MJ−1 (yield=0.57*PAR+177 g m−2; R2=0.85). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleruchoides noackae Lin & Huber (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was imported to Brazil in 2012, to manage the exotic pest Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), which has been damaging eucalyptus plantations. Knowledge of the thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae is important to improve mass rearing methods for this parasitoid and the effectiveness of its release to manage T. peregrinus. The objective was to evaluate the development period, thermal requirements and the fertility life table of C. noackae at different temperatures. The egg-adult period of this parasitoid varied from 43 to 14 days at 15 °C and 30 °C, respectively. The emergence of C. noackae adults was higher at 15 °C, 18 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C. Female and male C. noackae need 226.75 and 230.41 degree-days and temperatures higher than 10.06 °C and 9.90 °C, respectively, to complete egg-adult development. The number of parasitized eggs per C. noackae female was higher at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, with 5.82, 7.73 and 5.50 eggs, respectively, than at 30 °C (0.45). Cleruchoides noackae longevity was greater at 15 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C. The net reproductive rate of the parasitoid was higher at 21 °C and 24 °C than at 30 °C, 3.05, 4.70 and 0.16, respectively. The finite rate of increase of C. noackae was greater at 21 °C, 24 °C and 27 °C, than at 30 °C and the intrinsic rate of increase was negative at 30 °C, −0.100. The temperatures 21 °C and 24 °C and from 18 °C to 27 °C are the most adequate for the reproduction and population increase of C. noackae parasitizing eggs of T. peregrinus, respectively.

Currently, large buildings are often equipped with building management systems (BMS), but either because of the type of control or the difficulty of interacting with them, they do not allow optimization policies to be implemented. As far as energy efficiency is concerned, optimization strategies often result from the analysis of monitored data by a specialist, which slows down both decision making and implementation. Aware of this problem, this project arises, in which a complementary platform to the BMS systems is developed to provide them with greater intelligence. For its design, the Puerta del Hierro Hospital in Madrid has been taken as a pilot case, from the data captured by its own BMS and using the 6 SIGMA methodology, algorithms have been developed capable of optimizing the production systems themselves, thus helping to make up for the weaknesses in the operation of the systems and reducing energy consumption, minimizing the environmental impact and allowing to obtain the maximum performance of its assets. The platform uses the information gathered by the BMS and weather forecasts to predict a building's energy demand and, based on this, optimize energy production at any given moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged migration windows buffer migratory animal populations against uncertainty in resource availability. Understanding how intensifying droughts from climate change influence the migration window is critical for biodiversity conservation in a warming world. We explored how drought affects the seaward migration of endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) near the southern extent of their range in California, USA. We tracked stream departures of juvenile coho, measuring streamflow and temperature in seven streams over 13 years, spanning a historic drought with extreme dry and warm conditions. Linear mixed effects models indicate that, over the range of observations, a decrease in seasonal streamflow (from 4.5 to 0.5 mm/day seasonal runoff) contracted the migration window by 31% (from 11 to 7 weeks). An increase from 10.2 to 12.8°C in mean seasonal water temperature hastened the migration window by three weeks. Pacific salmon have evolved to synchronize ocean arrival with productive ocean upwelling. However, earlier and shorter migration windows during drought could lead to mismatches, decreasing fitness and population stability. Our study demonstrates that drought‐induced low flows and warming threaten coho salmon in California and suggests that environmental flow protections will be needed to support the seaward migration of Pacific salmon in a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Prolonged migration windows buffer migratory animal populations against uncertainty in resource availability. Understanding how intensifying droughts from climate change influence the migration window is critical for biodiversity conservation in a warming world. We explored how drought affects the seaward migration of endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) near the southern extent of their range in California, USA. We tracked stream departures of juvenile coho, measuring streamflow and temperature in seven streams over 13 years, spanning a historic drought with extreme dry and warm conditions. Linear mixed effects models indicate that, over the range of observations, a decrease in seasonal streamflow (from 4.5 to 0.5 mm/day seasonal runoff) contracted the migration window by 31% (from 11 to 7 weeks). An increase from 10.2 to 12.8°C in mean seasonal water temperature hastened the migration window by three weeks. Pacific salmon have evolved to synchronize ocean arrival with productive ocean upwelling. However, earlier and shorter migration windows during drought could lead to mismatches, decreasing fitness and population stability. Our study demonstrates that drought‐induced low flows and warming threaten coho salmon in California and suggests that environmental flow protections will be needed to support the seaward migration of Pacific salmon in a changing climate.

The limited scion-rootstock combinations used in sweet orange orchards in Brazil reduce the commercial potential of citrus and lead to greater susceptibility to pests and diseases. Aiming to provide germplasm diversification, the research evaluated the Folha Murcha (FM) and Charmute de Brotas (CB) orange trees grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL) and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (SC) rootstocks. The study was conducted in the southern center of the state of São Paulo, in the subtropical region of southeastern Brazil. The grafted trees were planted in September 2016. The field experiment was conducted over two seasons. The combinations were evaluated based on the duration in days and degree-days of the phenological intervals, growth and yield performance, alternate bearing, fruit ripening, and quality. The trees of the two scion cultivars grafted onto RL had the shortest crop cycle, the earliest fruit ripening, and the largest canopy volume. SC produced fewer alternate bearings with greater production efficiency. The CB/SC combination produced fruits with a better color index, higher total soluble solids content, and a higher technological index. This assessment can be useful in planning orchards for dual-purpose markets, such as table fruit and the juice industry.

Building energy requalification in Italy and Europe has been much discussed in recent years due to the high percentage of existing buildings with poor energy performance. In this context, it is useful to obtain a user-friendly and fast tool to predict the thermal energy demand (TED) for space conditioning and the related primary energy consumption (PEC) as a function of climatic stress. In this study, the SLABE methodology (simulation-based large-scale uncertainty/sensitivity analysis of building energy performance) is used to simulate representative Italian buildings, varying parameters such as geometry, envelope and HVAC (heating, ventilating and space conditioning) systems. MATLAB® in combination with EnergyPlus is used to analyze 200 buildings belonging to two structural types (multi-family buildings and apartment blocks) built in 1961–1975. Nine scenarios (as-built scenarios and eight retrofit ones) are investigated in 63 climatic locations. A regression analysis shows that the classical HDDs (heating degree days) approach cannot give an accurate prediction of TED because solar radiation is not accounted for. Thus, new climatic indices are developed alongside solar radiation, including the heating stress index (HSI), the cooling stress index (CSI) and the yearly climatic stress index (YCSI). The purpose of our work is to obtain climatic stress curves for the prediction of TED and PEC. Testing of this novel approach is performed by comparison with another building energy simulation tool, showing a low discrepancy, i.e., the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error is between 12% and 28%, which confirms certain reliability of the approach here proposed.

Abstract Olive moth, Prays oleae, is one of the most important phytophagous of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean basin. Its control is based on the application of chemical insecticides, sometimes combined with the release of natural enemies. The need for application is established according to population thresholds. How-ever, the wide range of environmental conditions requires the adoption of comple-mentary elements that allow the adequate time of applications to the phenological stages responsible for the damage. During the years 2013, 2014 and 2015, weekly observations of the insect phenology have been performed in 10 plots of olive trees at different altitudes (253 m to 1017 m) in the province of Jaén (southern Spain), recording daily temperature variations at 4-hour intervals. This has allowed deter-mining the thermal integrals for the three insect generations and to specify the in-fluence of the altitude on its development periods, more especially in those corre-sponding to the philophagous and carpophagous generations. This knowledge has allowed the development of a model-chronogram for the adjustment of treatment dates based on crop altitude.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) and their energy consumption are topics of widespread concern. This study used remote sensing images and building and meteorological data as parameters, with reference to Oke's local climate zone (LCZ), to divide urban areas according to the height and density of buildings and land cover types. While analyzing the heat island intensity, the neural network training method was used to obtain temperature data with good temporal as well as spatial resolution. Combining degree-days with the division of LCZs, a more accurate distribution of energy demand can be obtained by different regions. Here, the spatial distribution of buildings in Shenyang, China, and the law of land surface temperature (LST) and energy consumption of different LCZ types, which are related to building height and density, were obtained. The LST and energy consumption were found to be correlated. The highest heat island intensity, i.e., UHILCZ 4, was 8.17°C. The correlation coefficients of LST with building height and density were −0.16 and 0.24, respectively. The correlation between urban cooling energy demand and building height was −0.17, and the correlation between urban cooling energy demand and building density was 0.17. The results indicate that low- and medium-rise buildings consume more cooling energy.

Water temperature is a crucial factor for adaptive immune responses in fish vaccinology, wherein the immune effects of vaccines are time × temperature (degree-days) dependent i.e. the higher the water temperature, the faster the fish develop protective immunity in response to the vaccine. In contrast, at low water temperature there happened to be reduced or no protective efficacy of vaccines as reported by several studies. Previously, we developed a squalene and aluminium hydroxide (Sq + Al) – based inactivated viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccine, which showed good promises as a potential immunoprotective agent against VHSV infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with >50% relative percent survival (RPS) at 3 to 40 weeks post-vaccination. In continuation, the present study investigated the role of the ambient water temperatures (at 10, 13, 15, and 20 °C) and immunization periods (10, 20, 30, and 40 days post-vaccination) on the development of protective efficacy of the developed (Sq + Al) – based vaccine in olive flounder using three in vivo experimental trials. The results showed fish immunized at 20 °C obtained significantly high protection starting at 10 dpv (200 degree-days) with a RPS of 86.67% (trial I), 66.67% (trial II), and 90.89% (trial III). Challenge tests at 20, 30, and 40 dpv also conferred a high level of protection when the fish were immunized at 20 °C. Moreover, immunization at 15 and 13 °C showed the best results, the RPS at 20, 30, and 40 dpv were 88.07–90.96% at 15 °C and 87.89–72.84% at 13 °C for trial I and II, respectively. Interestingly, olive flounder immunized at 10 °C also exhibited 20.00–80.02% RPS at 10–40 dpv, however in relative terms the protection was lower and slower as compared to immunization at 13, 15, and 20 °C. In addition, the study also displayed significant upregulation of various immune genes and higher specific antibody titers in the fish immunized both at 10 °C as well as 20 °C (trial III). Further, the vaccine groups showed comparatively high protection when 300 degree-days were reached in the respective groups irrespective of the temperature at which immunization was carried out. Thus, the present study indicates useful guidelines for sufficient time requirement of the (Sq + Al) – based inactivated VHSV vaccine to show its full protective efficacy against the virus in olive flounder. • Adjuvanted VHSV vaccine conferred protection at 300 degree days over 10–20 °C. • It provided significantly high protection from 10 dpv at 20 °C (200 degree days). • Vaccine efficacy increased with antibody titer at suboptimal water temperature (10 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Subalpine conifers are highly sensitive to climatic changes. In these trees, the intra-annual dynamics of cambial activity and phenological process in xylem development are closely associated with climatic conditions. However, these scientific findings have not been verified for subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we initiated such a study with four subalpine conifers, viz. Abies koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Picea jezoensis, growing between 1573 and 1594 m a.s.l. at Deogyusan National Park. Microcores (Ø 2 mm) of these trees were obtained using a mini borer, called as Trephor, every week between April 7 and September 25 in 2017 to monitor their growing seasons, the intra-annual dynamics of the cambial activity, and the number of cells during phenological phases of cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening. For the study, five trees were selected for each conifer species. Results showed that the cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, and P. jezoensis required at least 73.8 heat-sum values, whereas the T. cuspidata needed 109.6 heat-sum. The durations of cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, T. cuspidata, and P. jezoensis were 134 (127–144), 113 (92–128), 113 (106–120), and 100 (76–128) days, respectively. The intra-annual variations of the number of cells in the cambium, during the cell enlargement phase and cell-wall thickening phase showed predominantly a bell-shaped curve, with a delay of approximately 2–4 weeks between each other. On the other hand, the number of cumulated mature cells showed an S-shaped curve. Through this study, the first fundamental data on phenological process in xylem development of subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea have been successfully presented.

The invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae) has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees across North America. A. planipennis was first detected in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 2017 and has the potential to become a serious threat to the city's ash canopy which accounts for ~30% of the public tree inventory. The goal of this study was to predict when adult A. planipennis emergence and peak activity would occur in Winnipeg to help logistical planning for the implementation of a city-wide management program. The management program would focus on detection and limiting the spread of the beetle with the objective of preserving ash trees as long as possible allowing for more proactive management of the EAB infestation. To predict adult emergence and peak activity of A. planipennis, we used local weather station data to calculate the number of degree-days accumulated in each year for the 1970–2019 period using three different degree-day accumulation models. Developmental thresholds for A. planipennis were derived from previous North American studies. The estimated mean emergence dates for the 50-year period were June 14 ± 8.5 days (double sine model), June 14 ± 8.5 days (single sine model), and June 19 ± 9.1 days (standard model) whereas the peak activity dates were July 16 ± 8.8 days (double sine model), July 17 ± 8.7 days (single sine model), and July 21 ± 9.4 days (standard model). Meteorological records indicate that temperatures in the Winnipeg region have increased over the study period. However, our predicted emergence dates do not significantly differ over the 50 years examined in the study, although estimated peak activity dates are significantly earlier, suggesting that EAB movement may benefit from climate change. The results from this study will provide managers with information regarding the temporal behavior of A. plannipennis in Winnipeg allowing for improved timing of control measures and monitoring, thereby extending the projected life span of a significant ash tree population within the Winnipeg urban region. The management model developed for Winnipeg could serve as an example for other locations in the prairie region of North America.

The ongoing climate change over Central and Southeast Europe has a great potential to affect significantly the public energy demands and in particular the energy consumption in the residential heating and cooling sector. The linkage of the ambient daily extreme and mean temperatures and the energy needs for condition or heat buildings can be quantified as numerical indicators as the heating and cooling degree-days. In the present study, these indicators are calculated according the UK Met Office methodology from the daily mean and extreme temperatures, which, in turn, are computed from the output of the MESCAN-SURFEX system in the frame the FP7 UERRA project. The study, which is performed in a very high resolution, is dedicated on the analysis of the spatial patterns as well as assessment of the magnitude and statistical significance of the temporal evolution of the heating and cooling degree-days. It reveals general tendencies which are coherent with the regional climate warming, but with high spatial heterogeneities. The study confirms the essential impact of the ongoing climate change on the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning industry over Central and Southeast Europe.

Most of the existing carbon emission studies based on the IPAT framework considered the size effect rather than structure effect of population. However, it is proved with the micro-data household evidence that the demographic structure explains the unexpected trends better. To complete the framework, this study integrated the structure effects with the STIRPAT model base on the household life-cycle consumption theory as different age groups differ in carbon consumption behaviors. For further analysis with the frequent extreme weather events caused by global warming and their catastrophic effect on human activities, this study also harmonized Köppen criteria with the theories model by Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann and considers climate factors precipitation (PRE), annual degree-day (DD), and temperature anomaly (TA) with the extended model to investigate whether population aging trend provides room for or creates barriers to carbon reduction. NASA night-time light (NTL) data DMSP/OLS and VIIRS/DNB is adopted as the proxy for population density to weight the relevant climate data from over 30,000 weather stations worldwide. The combined dataset is from 150 countries, and the period is during 1970–2013. The Panel Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method is used to solve the problems of cross-sectional correlation, non-stationarity, and endogeneity since sample countries are closely linked in the global meteorological system which make each cross-sectional disturbance term likely to be contemporaneously correlated, and endogeneity of carbon emission under the same global agreement constraint. The empirical results show that the age structure had significant and different impacts on carbon emissions. The general influence of age growth is an inverted U shape as the younger group consumes less than the older group, and offspring leave the family when the householder turns 50. The EKC theory is also checked with the threshold model of per capita income on carbon emissions to determine how many countries reached carbon peak. This study proved that the aggregated carbon consumption pattern is aligned with the microlevel evidence on household energy consumption. Another distinguished finding is that population aging may generally lead to an increase in heat and electricity carbon emissions, contrary to what some household energy consumption models would predict. We explain the uplifted tail as the “effect caused by the narrowed adaptation temperature range” when people are getting older and vulnerable. It should be noted that as the aging trend becomes severe worldwide and extreme weather events happen with higher frequency, the potential energy spending and thus carbon emission on air conditioning will undoubtfully overgrow. One important method is to improve the building energy efficiency by retrofitting old buildings’ insulations. Implementing new green building standards in carbon reduction must not be ignored. Evidence shows that if the insulation of pre-1990s houses is reconstructed with modern materials, carbon emissions caused by residential cooling and heating can be reduced by about 20% every year. Overall, promoting an efficient building style provides reduction capacity for the industrial sector, and it is a way to achieve sustainable growth.

Abstract The objective of this work was to deter mine the base temperatures, thermal time requirements, and length of the main reproductive growth stages of acai palm (Euterpe oleracea) in the northeast of the state of Pará, in eastern Amazon, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from 2017 to 2019 in a 10 ha acai plantation, using the time-series analysis. Plant phenology was monitored weekly, and local weather conditions were monitored daily. The lower and upper base temperatures were of 12.92 and 32.46°C, respectively, for pre-flowering; 13.50 and 32.23°C for flowering; 12.14 and 32.55°C for green fruit stage; 11.64 and 32.78°C for fruit color-changing stage; and 11.23 and 32.94°C for maturation. The thermal time requirement and the average cycle length for the ideal harvest time of acai palm were 3,893.15 degree-days and 283 days, respectively. The thermal time requirement and the duration of the reproductive growth stage for acai palm are influenced by the period of the year and the variability of air temperature, which, when high, reduces the cycle of the crop, and when mild, increases it.

Understanding the link between the energy-efficiency of buildings and climatic conditions can improve the design of energy-efficient housing. Due to global climate change and growing requirements for building energy-efficiency, the number of publications on climate zoning for buildings has grown over the last 20 years. This review attempted to give the reader an up-to-date assessment of the scientific literature in the field of climate mapping for buildings on a global and national scale, filling in the gaps of previous works and focusing on details that were not presented before. There were 105 scientific sources examined. The most dominant climate zoning variables were thoroughly analyzed. A clear categorization of climate zoning methods with specific criteria was shown. The most used methods were evaluated, emphasizing their similarities and differences, as well as their essential components and advantages. The main literature review was supported with bibliometric and bibliographic analysis. The existence of many climate zoning methods can be an indicator of the lack of agreement on the most effective strategy. A tendency has been established for the popularization among scientists of methods based on machine learning and building energy simulations, which are relatively easy to use and have proven to be the most reliable climate zoning methods. A transformation is emerging by shifting from a climate-based to a building performance-based climate zoning approach.

Degree-days are variables utilized for the planning, estimation and assessment of heating requirements and cooling demands of building interiors. Heating Degree-Days (HDD) are the number of degrees that a day's mean temperature is below 65° Fahrenheit (18° Celsius). Cooling Degree-Days (CDD) are the number of degrees that a day's mean temperature is above 65° Fahrenheit (18° Celsius). Long and short term climate changes have the potential to change heating and cooling. Original data were NOAA Climate Division areal averages for monthly total HDD and monthly total CDD. Raw data were downloaded from a NOAA online database. Univariate statistics for all eight North Carolina climate divisions were calculated. The time series of annual total HDDs and CDDs is complete from 1895 to 2017. A spline routine was fit through the series in order to best visualize trends. Results indicate that annual total HDD and CDD have changed over time, but the time series relationships are not linear. The most recent decades show that annual CDDs are rapidly increasing, while HDDs steadily decline. Energy demands for summer cooling will not be offset by decreased energy demands in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the correlation among growing degree-days (GDD), canopy height (CH), and leaf area index (LAI) for Guinea grass irrigated, considering the different combinations of the nitrogen and boron rates and cycles of regrowth. The experiment was carried out from August/2017 to August/2018 in a field experiment, and the climate of the region is classified as subtropical. A randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme (4x3x11) with four replications was used. The treatment was (i) boron fertilization: 0, 1, and 2 kg ha-1; and (ii) nitrogen fertilization: 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 kg ha-1 distributing to 11 growth/cutting cycles. We observed the high correlation between GDD and the parameters evaluated of CH and LAI. The nitrogen results showed a low influence on canopy height and the leaf area index, and boron results did not influence these parameters.

This study aims to evaluate the correlation among growing degree-days (GDD), canopy height (CH), and leaf area index (LAI) for Guinea grass irrigated, considering the different combinations of the nitrogen and boron rates and cycles of regrowth. The experiment was carried out from August/2017 to August/2018 in a field experiment, and the climate of the region is classified as subtropical. A randomized block design arranged in a factorial scheme (4x3x11) with four replications was used. The treatment was (i) boron fertilization: 0, 1, and 2 kg ha-1; and (ii) nitrogen fertilization: 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 kg ha-1 distributing to 11 growth/cutting cycles. We observed the high correlation between GDD and the parameters evaluated of CH and LAI. The nitrogen results showed a low influence on canopy height and the leaf area index, and boron results did not influence these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dwelling intensity of horse-chestnut miner (Cameraria ohridella) larvae in various leaves insolation and temperature was measured to determine whether this pest's development follows a predictable pattern or depends more on local microenvironment conditions. Mines growing on leaves of mature host plants (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in their natural conditions were photographed for two consecutive generations of the pest and in two separated vegetation periods. Apart from meteorological data obtained from the nearest station, the temperature of intact and mined parts of sun-exposed and shaded leaf blades was measured at various daytimes throughout the experiment. Obtained sets of digital data were analysed and combined to model mine area growth as a function of degree-days sum by adopting of Verhulst logistic equation. We showed the predictive potential of our model based on experimental data, and it may be useful in the scheduling of pest control measures in natural conditions. Our analyses also revealed that despite significant differences in microenvironment conditions depending on mines' insolation, the horse-chestnut miner larvae could partially compensate for them and complete their development at similar endpoints expressed as the cumulative sum of degree-days. We conclude that computer-aided analysis of photographic documentation of leaf-miner larval growth followed by mathematical modelling offers a noninvasive, reliable, and inexpensive alternative for monitoring local leaf-miners populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the meteorological variable that most contribute to the productivity of sugarcane stalks in the northwest and central regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The following sugarcane genotypes were used: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, and IAC87-3396. The UFSM cultivars originate from a mutation process in the breeding program conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, and have low temperature tolerance. The productivityassociated morphological characters included in the models were average stem diameter, average stem number per meter of furrow, and average stem height. The following meteorological variables were used: minimum air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, and accumulated thermal sum. Pearson's correlation, canonical correlations, and Stepwise regression were performed between morphological characters and meteorological variables: minimum air temperature had the greatest influence on sugarcane productivity in the studied regions, and accumulated thermal sum showed the highest correlation and contributed most to stem diameter and average stem height. Thus, the models indicated that the growth of sugarcane is positively associated with the accumulated thermal sum, and sugarcane can be cultivated at the studied regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The global pest spotted winged drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) continues to have a significant economic impact on fruit production in areas where it is established, in addition to newly invaded ranges. Management activities spanning national biosecurity responses to farm‐scale pest control are limited by the inability to predict the timing and severity of seasonal outbreaks of D. suzukii and its climatic drivers. RESULTS: Here, we compiled and analysed data on international seasonal abundances for D. suzukii under different climates, crop types and management contexts to improve the predictability of seasonal population dynamics. In relating seasonal abundances to environmental predictors, specifically temperature, we found strong negative effects of exposure to high and low temperatures during the preceding month. Unlike most regional studies on D. suzukii phenology that focus on temperature in the physiological development range, we show that thermal extremes better explain seasonal population fluctuations. CONCLUSION: Although trap catches remain an indirect measure of infestations and must be interpreted carefully in terms of crop risk, our results should support monitoring programmes through enhanced knowledge of the climatic factors affecting D. suzukii population activity. The negative impact of high temperatures suggests that late‐season management strategies focusing on manipulating crop microclimates to temperatures above 25 °C can reduce D. suzukii abundance. We show that early season abundance is modulated by climate, particularly the depth of cold extremes experienced in the preceding time interval. These associations may be further developed into early‐season crop risk forecasts to support monitoring programs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In warm‐temperate regions, the adoption of warm‐season forage grasses has been hindered by low and unpredictable seedling emergence because of seed dormancy. Developing models driven by temperature (T) and soil water potential (Ψ) may provide tools for choosing adequate sowing conditions. Models are usually developed with controlled chamber germination data, but they can be built using field emergence and weather station data. Seedling emergence data of four Paspalum populations (two dallisgrass subspecies, bahiagrass and vaseygrass) were gathered from five experiments in three Campos locations (Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Salto) during two years, with fall and spring sowing dates and irrigated and non‐irrigated plots. Thermal and hydrothermal time models were used for emergence timing. The predictions were better for irrigated plots and fall sowings. For maximum emergence proportion (MEP), a mixed linear model was adjusted. Within a non‐irrigated treatment, the higher MEP was for early‐spring sowings, but the lowest for late‐spring ones. Additionally, a thermal time index (TTI) was modified to model MEP. A coefficient which weighs degree‐days accumulation according to the hydrothermal range (HTR) of each day was set. The HTRs were defined by T and Ψ thresholds. Thresholds and coefficient values were optimized by genotype until linear regressions between MEP and modified TTI achieved higher fit. Days with high temperature (>18°C or 20°C according to genotype) accumulated half or none of degree‐days when high‐ or mid‐soil water content was available, respectively. Differences among Paspalum genotypes, sowing date recommendations and modified TTI usefulness were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External conditions can drive biological rates in ectotherms by directly influencing body temperatures. While estimating the temperature dependence of performance traits such as growth and development rate is feasible under controlled laboratory settings, predictions in nature are difficult. One major challenge lies in translating performance under constant conditions to fluctuating environments. Using the butterfly Pieris napi as model system, we show that development rate, an important fitness trait, can be accurately predicted in the field using models parameterized under constant laboratory temperatures. Additionally, using a factorial design, we show that accurate predictions can be made across microhabitats but critically hinge on adequate consideration of non‐linearity in reaction norms, spatial heterogeneity in microclimate and temporal variation in temperature. Our empirical results are also supported by a comparison of published and simulated data. Conclusively, our combined results suggest that, discounting direct effects of temperature, insect development rates are generally unaffected by thermal fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Numerous studies have highlighted the merits of grafting to improve the performance of vegetable crops. However, the technique is hindered by several obstacles, including the synchronization of seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, and the effects of rootstocks and climatic conditions on grafting success rates. This study sought to gain insights into how such technical obstacles affect tomato grafting. An initial experiment conducted in a greenhouse set out to assess the relevance of using degree-days to predict the growth rates of seedlings used for grafting (i.e., stem diameters above cotyledons). The success rate for grafting a tomato variety (Tanya) on 10 different rootstocks from different species—namely tomato, eggplant, african eggplant, and a wild species—was assessed at different temperatures (i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). The effects of grafting on plant vigor (i.e., fresh biomass), number of leaves, and plant height, and on the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in the plant stem were assessed 2 weeks after grafting. The results show the advantage of using degree-days to predict the ready-to-graft stage of seedlings, as it reduced the discrepancy among trials. The grafting success rate was more than 90% at 15 and 20 °C, but decreased significantly with higher temperatures, down to 20% at 40 °C. Larger variations in growth rate for seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, a lower grafting success rate, and less vigor were recorded for heterografted plants than for homografted plants. The lower hydraulic conductivity measured in the stems of grafted plants, especially heterografted plants, was consistent with the lower plant vigor observed. Further studies are needed to investigate how grafting affects the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in later developmental stages of grafted plants.

Abstract Cooling and heating degree‐days (CDD/HDD) are important metrics used in energy studies as a proxy for determining demand and consumption patterns of residential/commercial buildings and work spaces. Driven by the requirements of energy impact modellers, policymakers and building design experts; a new historical high‐spatial resolution, global gridded dataset of degree‐days constructed using various base (threshold) temperatures (Tb) is presented in this study. Derived using sub‐daily temperature from a quality‐controlled reanalysis data product (Global Land Data Assimilation System—GLDAS), the dataset called ‘DegDays_0p25_1970_2018’ includes monthly and annual (i) CDD; (ii) HDD; and (iii) CDD computed using wet‐bulb temperature (CDDwb) at 0.25° × 0.25° gridded resolution, covering 49 years over the period 1970–2018. The Tb used for assembling DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 include 18, 18.3, 22, 23, 24, 25°C for CDD and CDDwb; and 10, 15, 15.5, 16, 17 and 18°C for HDD, respectively. The data of individual indices are made publicly available in the commonly used scientific Network Common Data Form 4 (NetCDF4) and Georeferenced Tagged Image File (GeoTIFF) formats. DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 fills gaps in existing energy indicators’ datasets by being the only high‐resolution historical global gridded time series based on multiple threshold temperatures, thus offering applications in wide‐ranging climate zones and thermal comfort environments. The richness of DegDays_0p25_1970_2018 lies in its flexibility by allowing users to aggregate the degree‐days not only at varying spatial scales (such as administrative levels, national boundaries, economic organizations e.g. OECD; with or without population weights), but also at varying temporal scales (such as seasons), thereby offering climatologists with a potential to examine global teleconnection patterns more discretely.

ABSTRACT: This study determined the meteorological variable that most contribute to the productivity of sugarcane stalks in the northwest and central regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The following sugarcane genotypes were used: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, and IAC87-3396. The UFSM cultivars originate from a mutation process in the breeding program conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, and have low temperature tolerance. The productivity-associated morphological characters included in the models were average stem diameter, average stem number per meter of furrow, and average stem height. The following meteorological variables were used: minimum air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, and accumulated thermal sum. Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlations, and Stepwise regression were performed between morphological characters and meteorological variables: minimum air temperature had the greatest influence on sugarcane productivity in the studied regions, and accumulated thermal sum showed the highest correlation and contributed most to stem diameter and average stem height. Thus, the models indicated that the growth of sugarcane is positively associated with the accumulated thermal sum, and sugarcane can be cultivated at the studied regions.

In the Serra da Mantiqueira region, of subtropical altitude climate, the cultivation of guava is geared towards subsistence farming. In this region, there is still no description of the phenological cycle of the guava tree or the definition of the most appropriate fructification pruning times. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the phenology of the reproductive development of the guava tree from the cultivar Paluma in two times of fructification pruning (June and August) and to determine the degree-days requirements of the cultivar under the conditions of subtropical altitude climate. Through the BBCH general scale associated with the traditional Fleckinger's code, it was possible to observe the duration of the different phenological stages. The duration of the phenological cycle from pruning to fruit harvest was 249 days for plants pruned in June and 224 days for pruned plants in August. The heat unit accumulation from B1:01 to J:81 did not vary significantly between the pruning times. Plant pruning in August allows early flowering and a shorter phenological cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subalpine conifers are highly sensitive to climatic changes. In these trees, the intra-annual dynamics of cambial activity and phenological process in xylem development are closely associated with climatic conditions. However, these scientific findings have not been verified for subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we initiated such a study with four subalpine conifers, viz. Abies koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Picea jezoensis, growing between 1573 and 1594 m a.s.l. at Deogyusan National Park. Microcores (Ø 2 mm) of these trees were obtained using a mini borer, called as Trephor, every week between April 7 and September 25 in 2017 to monitor their growing seasons, the intra-annual dynamics of the cambial activity, and the number of cells during phenological phases of cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening. For the study, five trees were selected for each conifer species. Results showed that the cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, and P. jezoensis required at least 73.8 heat-sum values, whereas the T. cuspidata needed 109.6 heat-sum. The durations of cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, T. cuspidata, and P. jezoensis were 134 (127–144), 113 (92–128), 113 (106–120), and 100 (76–128) days, respectively. The intra-annual variations of the number of cells in the cambium, during the cell enlargement phase and cell-wall thickening phase showed predominantly a bell-shaped curve, with a delay of approximately 2–4 weeks between each other. On the other hand, the number of cumulated mature cells showed an S-shaped curve. Through this study, the first fundamental data on phenological process in xylem development of subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea have been successfully presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycorma delicatula (White), an invasive planthopper originally from Asia, is an emerging pest in North America. It is important to understand its phenology in order to determine its potential range in the United States. Lycorma delicatula nymphs were reared on Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) at each of the following constant temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C. The time spent in each instar and survival was recorded. Developmental rate increased with temperature from 15 to 30°C for all instars, then declined again at higher temperatures. Nymphal survival was lower at 35°C than between 15 and 30°C for all instars, and first instars placed at 5, 10, and 40°C all died without molting. This suggests that L. delicatula survival and development may be affected in the Southern United States by high temperatures and developmental delays will occur under cool spring conditions. The lower developmental threshold was found to be 13.00 ± 0.42°C for first instars, 12.43 ± 2.09°C for second instars, 8.48 ± 2.99°C for third instars, and 6.29 ± 2.12°C for fourth instars. The degree-day (DD) requirement for nymphs in the previous instar to complete development to reach the second instar, third instar, fourth instar, and adult was 166.61, 208.75, 410.49, and 620.07 DD (base varied), respectively. These results provide key data to support the development of phenology models and help identify the potential range of L. delicatula in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Water management and meteorological conditions during the cropping phase play an essential role in maintaining the commercial quality of cut flowers. This study evaluates water requirement, sensitivity to water deficit, and commercial quality of gladiolus ‘Amsterdam’ produced with automated irrigation in different growing periods. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five replicates and consisted of the growing period factors (winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019) and the irrigation level factors (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, and 100% - L4 of crop water requirement). An automatic irrigation controller was used for irrigation management. At the harvest point, we evaluated the stems for the diameter, number of flowers, spike length, and floral stem length. We also evaluated stomatal conductance, leaf area, and duration of phenological phases on degree-days. The application of 100% crop water requirement using an automatic irrigation controller in the autumn/winter cycle results in better commercial classification. The treatment with 45% of the crop water requirement extended the total duration of the cycle. In conclusion, flower stems of better commercial classification are obtained with 100% of crop water requirement during the autumn/winter cycle.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields.

Abstract In Egypt, parasitic weed species, Orobanche crenata Forsk is one of the major constraints to the production of faba bean, which is considered the most important food legume in the country. The broomrape fly, Phytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach (Diptera, Agromyzidae) is particularly suitable for biological control since it is oligophagous feeding in the larval stage, only on Orobanche species. The objective of the present study is to estimate the number of annual generations of P. orobanchia, using growing degree-days (GDD) in Alexandria region, Egypt. Results revealed that development of Phytomyza immature stages (from egg deposition to adult emergence) required 103.5, 90.0, 79.5, and 93.5 DD through 31, 20, 18, and 16 days for the investigated four generations, respectively. Percentage of infested Orobanche capsules positively increased with increasing accumulated degree-days. A linear model for predicting infested capsules with P. orobanchia through knowing DD was estimated. The constructed model may be used also in predicting Orobanche capsule infestation with P. orobanchia. Results also indicated that estimating the degree-days will help in predicting the occurrence of the first egg laid for P. orobanchia in O. crenata flowers in the field for the first generation and subsequent generations. Knowledge of the Phytomyza activity will provide a prediction for adult emergence and subsequent egg laying and potential damage by larvae according to infestation percent of Orobanche capsules through the successive generations. This may help the biological control programs to justify the required numbers of Phytomyza and adequate time for releases to obtain the maximum destruction of Orobanche seeds.

Abstract Background Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis and Varestrongylus eleguneniensis are two potentially pathogenic lungworms of caribou and muskoxen in the Canadian Arctic. These parasites are currently undergoing northward range expansion at differential rates. It is hypothesized that their invasion and spread to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are in part driven by climate warming. However, very little is known regarding their physiological ecology, limiting our ability to parameterize ecological models to test these hypotheses and make meaningful predictions. In this study, the developmental parameters of V. eleguneniensis inside a gastropod intermediate host were determined and freezing survival of U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis were compared. Methods Slug intermediate hosts, Deroceras laeve, were collected from their natural habitat and experimentally infected with first-stage larvae (L1) of V. eleguneniensis. Development of L1 to third-stage larvae (L3) in D. laeve was studied at constant temperature treatments from 8.5 to 24 °C. To determine freezing survival, freshly collected L1 of both parasite species were held in water at subzero temperatures from -10 to -80 °C, and the number of L1 surviving were counted at 2, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days. Results The lower threshold temperature (T0) below which the larvae of V. eleguneniensis did not develop into L3 was 9.54 °C and the degree-days required for development (DD) was 171.25. Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis showed remarkable freeze tolerance: more than 80% of L1 survived across all temperatures and durations. Larval survival decreased with freezing duration but did not differ between the two species. Conclusion Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis have high freezing survival that allows them to survive severe Arctic winters. The higher T0 and DD of V. eleguneniensis compared to U. pallikuukensis may contribute to the comparatively slower range expansion of the former. Our study advances knowledge of Arctic parasitology and provides ecological and physiological data that can be useful for parameterizing ecological models.

Latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. in nectarines cause great economic losses since they are not detected and rejected at harvest and can appear at any time post-harvest, even at the consumer's home. The effect of a pre-cooling chamber, water dump operation, and cold-storage chamber on the activation and/or development of preharvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines were studied under different postharvest conditions: (a) cold storage for 0, 1, or 3 d at 4 °C at either 75% relative humidity (RH) or 100% RH before water dumping, (b) water dumping for 10 m at 15 °C, and (c) cold storage for 0, 3, or 10 d at 4 °C at either 75% RH or 100% RH after water dumping. These storage conditions were transformed to fungal physiological time. For visualization of the latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., the nectarines were placed in sterile paper bags and frozen at -20 °C for 48 h in order to damage the epidermis. To compare different handling scenarios, the incidence of latent infection was modelled for physiological time description by a modified Gompertz model. The activation and/or development of preharvest natural latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest was mainly related to temperature and incubation time at postharvest. Storing nectarines with any postharvest handling less than 11 days at 4 °C avoids brown rot symptoms and reduced the activation and/or development of pre-harvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., while more cold days caused the exponential phase of latent infection activation and/or development. The Gompertz model employed could be used for predicting the activation and/or development of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest conditions and looks at the postharvest life. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of post-harvest handling on latent infections in fruit have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]