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Definitions of drinker ‘categories’ (e.g., ‘light drinkers’) typically ignore the role of self-identification involved in drinking practices. To explore this, we presented self-identified ‘non’ or ‘light’ drinkers with official formal definitions of ‘light’ and ‘binge’ drinking as found in public health and academic research. A qualitative design was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with ten 18–27-year-old UK University students self-identifying as non-/light-drinkers were analysed using critical discourse analysis. A first data pattern saw participants working to defend and maintain self-identified ‘light drinker’ status in the face of contradictions to such claims. A second pattern involved participant challenges to the rigidity and legitimacy of formal drinking categories. A third pattern reflected participants' rhetorical work to hold at bay or reject disavowed and stigmatised drinking categories (e.g., ‘alcoholic’). Interviews suggested how formal definitions could create ideological dilemmas for participants, partly through investment in how formally defined drinker categories connected with recent personal drinking practices. Our data helps explain why units-based drinking guidelines may be poorly understood. More nuanced use of ‘drinker categories’ in units-based drinking guidelines could strengthen the visibility and credibility of alcohol health messages or could be drawn on in digital interventions designed to encourage moderate consumption behaviour by delivering personalised feedback.

Understanding of how time is experienced is essential when conducting qualitative research. Thisarticle explores how time seemingly stands still, speeds up, slows down, rewinds and fast-forwards forthe participants in our qualitative investigations. Drawing upon interview data with street homelesspeople in Moscow, Russia, this article examines the ways in which time is contextualized and used byresearch participants to make sense of their everyday experiences and important events in their lives.There is a tendency to understand time by measuring it, rather than seeing it as something withinwhich lived experience happens and qualitative research is carried out. Drawing on Bergson’sconception of time as duration, this article examines the ways in which time can be distinctively usedand understood within qualitative research.

This evaluation study was commissioned by the Communications and Engagement team at the NHS North Central London Clinical Commissioning Group to assess the performance of the Winter Resilience Communications and Engagement campaign during the months of December 2021 and March 2022.\ud \ud The campaign aimed to deliver ‘an integrated system-wide communications and engagement programme to support residents, patients and health and care workers prepare for, and stay well this winter, reminding them that services are open and ready to provide care when needed and to access care in the right place at the right time’ (NCL CCG, 2021).\ud \ud The evaluation was conducted following the Evaluation Framework 2.0, with metrics for the 3 components of the Winter resilience campaign which sought to raise awareness, change behaviour intentions, and effect behaviour change. A mixed-methods complementarity study was used, combining quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis. We envision a three-stage process: 1) A baseline survey used as the control; 2) a modify repeat survey (post-campaign); 3) one-to-one interviews with staff involved in the delivery and with respondents to the final survey. Contextual data from NHS digital and GOV.UK were used to strengthen the evidence for the evaluation analysis.\ud \ud The evaluation makes recommendations directly relevant to the Communications and Engagement team as they prepare for the next Winter campaign. Recommendations focus on two main areas, campaign preparation and content, the latter is mapped against a diagnosis of behavioural components using the COM-B theoretical model and interventions informed by the Behaviour Change Wheel.

COVID-19 has transformed the British welfare state. The government has created millions of new beneficiaries, spent tens of billions of pounds it doesn't have and created a mountain of public debt. And yet, when the crisis has passed, we will be left with all the old problems of welfare and well-being which we have systematically failed to address over the past 50 years.\ud \ud In this book, Christopher Pierson argues that we need to think quite differently about how we can ensure our collective well-being in the future. To do this, he looks backwards to the welfare state's origins and development as well as forwards, unearthing some surprising solutions in unexpected places.

The objective of this review of reviews was to identify the potentially modifiable barriers and facilitators to physical activity in people with a musculoskeletal condition to influence intervention development.A rapid review of reviews.The Cochrane library and PubMed Central were searched for reviews using pre-defined search terms and relevant synonyms for "physical activity", "barriers" or "facilitators", and "musculoskeletal condition". The identified reviews were screened for inclusion by the principal investigator in line with recognised streamlining approaches for a rapid review. Only review papers investigating the barriers and facilitators to physical activity in adults with a musculoskeletal condition were included. A team of seven assessed the included reviews for identification of the barriers and facilitators to physical activity coded using the COM-B model of behaviour.503 reviews were identified with 12 included for analysis across a mix of conditions and designs (n = 2: qualitative; n = 6: quantitative; n = 4 mixed). A multitude of interrelated factors were identified across the COM-B components. The most prevalent factors included disease symptoms and physical function (physical capability), knowledge of the specific benefits of physical activity and knowing what to do (psychological capability), the accessibility of facilities and individualised programming (physical opportunity), tailored advice from healthcare professionals and peer support (social opportunity), beliefs about the benefits or harms of being active (reflective motivation) and having the self-efficacy to be active and experiencing positive emotions (automatic motivation).This review of reviews identified the complex nature of physical activity in people living with a musculoskeletal condition. The identified barriers and facilitators should be considered by intervention designers when developing behaviour change interventions for this population group.

To date, the controversy surrounding the unknown risks and consequences of heritable genome editing has grown, with such work raising biosafety and ethical concerns for future generations. However, the current guideline of global governance is limited. In the context of the new framework for the governance of human genome editing developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) committee, this paper presents further analysis by highlighting predicaments of governance on germline engineering that merit the most attention: (1) building a scientific culture informed by a broader set of values and considerations in the internal scientific community at large, such as codes of ethics, and education, in addition to awareness-raising measures; and (2) reflecting on and institutionalizing policies in grassroots practice according to local conditions in external governance, such as the experimentalist governance, which is a multi-layered model of governance that establishes an open-ended framework from the top and offers stakeholders the freedom of discussion. The key to achieving these goals is more democratic deliberation between the public and the inclusive engagement of the global scientific community, which has been extensively used in the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC). On a global scale, we believe that practicing heritable human genome editing in accordance with the WHO and BTWC appears to be a good choice.

Today healthcare globally is growing at a rapid pace and despite the huge technological advancement, healthcare still faces primitive challenges and hence results in the poor service and facility to the needy. Layout planning acts as one major reason which requires improvements for the effective and efficient working of the healthcare facilities. This research aims at optimizing several quantitative criteria related to economic, technology and society which are taken into consideration for the decision-making during the evaluation, analysing and selection of the best layout for an existing healthcare facility. Critical areas for the improvement were found out using statistical analysis based on a survey questionnaire and Apple’s layout procedure is utilised to design the different possible layouts for an efficient facility. The seven criteria namely inter-departmental satisfactory level, the average distance travelled and the average time required for staff flow, the average distance travelled and the average time required for patient flow, the average distance travelled and the average time required for material flow were taken into consideration. The ELECTRE methodology was used as multi-criteria decision making based on decided seven criteria for comparing the different layout by methodical and orderly thinking. First published online 23 November 2020

The position presented in this article draws on the professional insights of the authors, reflecting on issues of global political importance in culture and migration mental health. As institutional theory perspectives continue to develop, solutions to complex social problems such as racism require embodied knowledge if the lines of authority and basic occupational routines are to be meaningfully renegotiated. Embodied knowledge is socially situated and self-reflexive and reflects cumulative and marginalized experiences that contribute to a better understanding of institutional racism and the social construction of whiteness. The authors foreground the development of critical consciousness and emotional literacy in order to be more professionally competent in institutional contexts of mental health training, education and practice. To this end, elements of due process, transparency, inclusiveness, community engagement and accountability are at the center of a political and intellectual movement towards epistemological justice to promote antiracism and social justice in culture and migration mental health. The authors define decolonial intersectionality as a clear philosophical vision outlining how best to respond to those at risk of experiencing racism and the associated mental health burdens.

Terrorism is a universal enemy of mankind. North-eastern Nigeria has been facing terrorist activities perpetrated by Boko Haram in the past decade. Researches into this area are mostly based on anecdotal sources. However, building on existing works, this study explored the causes of Boko Haram, its sources of funds and arms, relationship with the other international terrorist groups and the localization of the group to only the North-east of Nigeria. It also investigated the effect of the group on Nigeria’s national development and examined the counter and anti-terrorism efforts of Nigeria's security forces and their efficacies. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data was used for the study. Primary data was collected using the quantitative method (validated questionnaire) and qualitative technique (In-depth Interview (IDI) and Key Informant Interview (KII). Employing the purposive sampling technique, the study involved 369 respondents (150) for the questionnaire survey while the rest (219) comprised respondents for the IDI and KII. Secondary data was extracted from Police case files (Document) involving Boko-Haram members in the police custody. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and NVivo. The findings of the study revealed that Boko-Haram was not a result of politics but a multiplicity of poor socioeconomic factors with arms and funds sourced by direct criminal activities and dependence on foreign sources. Further findings suggested, that if anything, the Sect had links with other international terrorists group and localization more pronounced to the North-eastern Nigeria based on porous extensive borders and strong Islamic belief stemming from the frequent religious upsurge in the area. The impact of Boko-Haram on national development was negative as the insurgency affected food security, disrupted educational activities, scuttled industrial development, putting domestic and foreign investment in limbo. Specifically, the finding prefigured the anti and counter-terrorism strategies of the national security forces to be ineffective but now modified to include both soft and hard power approach. The study thus portrayed Boko-Haram as a domestic asymmetric conflict and a response mode to pains of frustration and poverty seething with strains of injustice, only to be addressed not by conventional warfare approach but using a combination of both kinetic and non-kinetic power strategies of the government.

This study explores historic class-based obstacles in the dispensation of secular pedagogy in the Bengal region with the objective of presenting a better understating of the present pedagogical positioning of the British Bangladeshi diaspora of Tower Hamlets. This study charts the visitation of symbolic violence in the historical development of pedagogy under colonial rule and continues into the East Pakistan period. Through the application of Pierre Bourdieu’s primary thinking tools the discussion asserts Muslim Bengalis were educationally marginalised by both colonialists and local elites in the realisation of human capital consumption.

This commentary responds to claims that research by Cheryl Thomas ‘shows’ no problem with rape myths in English and Welsh juries. We critique the claim on the basis of ambiguous survey design, a false distinction between ‘real’ jurors and other research participants, the conflation of attitudes in relation to abstract versus applied rape myths, and misleading interpretation of the data. Ultimately, we call for a balanced appraisal of individual studies by contextualising them against the wider literature.\ud \ud Key messages:\ud \ud Thomas (2020) argued that her research showed rape myths do not influence juries.\ud \ud We critique Thomas’ claim because the research was not designed to ask about influence on juries, there are several methodological limitations, and the data actually reveal ambivalence about rape myths on the part of many jurors.

The term ‘One Health’ was coined in 2003 to describe the interdependence of healthy ecosystems, animals and people, soon after the emergence of SARS broke out. The philosophy of One Health is now widely accepted by the international community, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was first reported in China, but its origin is far from certain.\ud \ud China has suffered two major pandemics during the 21st century. The ‘One Health’ philosophy and principals are dearly needed in China; therefore, it is critical to ensure a correct Chinese translation so that its holistic meaning could be fully grasped, and actions could be orchestrated across the globe.\ud \ud In China, two completely different Chinese characters are used as the translation of ‘One’ in One Health. Both sides have distinguished scholars from the field, and have reasonable arguments.\ud \ud The opportunities to contribute to Health at the ‘World’ scale, on the ‘International’ stage and with ‘Global’ spirit certainly sound inspirational especially for the young generations. But we argue that the acronym WIG (world, international, global) paints a more realistic picture of what is needed to be done. Under a wig in health salons, there is a hairless problem to be fixed. Under a wig in justice courts, there is a fairness problem to be tackled.

While the last decade has brought about a flourish of multi-disciplinary research on the topic of high street regeneration in general, the expansion of the cultural field of architectural production to the ‘unplanned’ public realm of the city has received little critical attention. Bringing together and juxtaposing the visual, social as well as semantic aspects of ‘distinctiveness’ in relation to high street regeneration, this paper aims to offer a starting point for a critical review of the architect’s evolving role in public realm renewal.

The COVID-19 virus pandemic has again demonstrated the devastating impact that a microbial pathogen can have on our health, society and economic systems. It necessitates a fundamental rethink of how the security of our societies can be better sustained. This rethinking will require many aspects of our security systems to be re-examined, but we concentrate here on the consequences of the rapid advances being made in the life and associated sciences. In this chapter, we will describe and analyse one of the most likely means by which the BTWC could be strengthened at the 9th Review Conference, namely: agreement of an International Aspirational Code of Conduct supported by mandatory biological security education for life and associated scientists. We conclude that a vigorous effort by civil society will be needed to assist the achievement of an agreement on this issue at the 9th Review Conference.

International audience; Research in social network analysis (SNA) faces unprecedented ethical challenges today due to both technological developments (‘big’ data) and a growing tendency toward institutionalization of ethics governance. We argue that a suitable response requires a more comprehensive approach to SNA ethics, and we identify two main paths toward this goal. First, we need to recognize the breadth of the subject, no longer limited to anonymity and consent. Second, we need to encourage the active participation and contribution of SNA scholars. We advocate a need for greater reflexivity at both individual and collective levels, whereby researchers can learn from their own and their peers’ experiences, and foster a more ethically ‘virtuous’ approach within the whole SNA community.

This thesis explores media representations about ‘child sexual exploitation’ (CSE) and the ‘practice-based evidence’ of specialist practitioners from a feminist perspective. It considers how gender, power and other systems of social oppression relate to CSE. The study was conducted in two phases. \ud \ud The first phase was a frame analysis of newspaper articles published during two significant periods of increased awareness, policy and practice development in England. The periods chosen were 1997-99 and 2014-15. Newspaper articles were drawn from three national newspapers: The Times, Daily Mail and the Mirror. A total of 390 articles were analysed. The comparative approach highlighted some distinct changes in the way CSE is represented. In period one young women are represented as both victims and agents. In period two young women are more explicitly framed as ‘vulnerable’ and abused. The media construction of CSE victims as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘white’ are interrogated. It argues that an emphasis on ‘whiteness’ and ‘vulnerability’ obscures the socioeconomic position of the young women concerned. The analysis also reveals a change in the media’s focus on perpetrators, from their relative invisibility in period one to a racialised media template in period two.\ud \ud The second phase was qualitative interviews with 20 specialist practitioners. The analysis contributes to current debates about the language and terminology of ‘CSE’. It highlights the pragmatic and avoidant ‘uses’ of the term and suggests that while this acronym may generate resources and responses to young people, it sanitises young women’s experiences of rape. The way ‘CSE’ obscures the structural inequalities that underlie sexual exploitation and prostitution are explored. The final empirical chapter critiques the concepts of ‘grooming’ and ‘vulnerability’. It argues that these are individualising terms which obscure the gendered power dynamics and heteronormativity of the ‘grooming’ construct. The concept of ‘healthy relationships’ is also critiqued.

Self-isolation and quarantine measures were introduced by the UK Government on 12 March 2020 as part of the ‘delay’ phase to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Non-adherence to self-isolation for 7 days after the development of symptoms is considered suboptimal and little is known about adherence to quarantine for 14 days if a co-habitant developed symptoms. This study aims to analyse non-adherence behaviours to self-isolation and quarantine measures by identifying their potential psycho-social and demographic predictors and by exploring people’s accounts of their experiences with these measures. \ud \ud A mixed-methods convergent design was used, comprising an online survey (n = 681) completed by residents in six North London boroughs and qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants (n = 16). \ud \ud Findings identified not accessing community support, lack of control over leaving the house, and lack of perceived benefit and need to follow the rules as behaviours associated with non-adherence to quarantine (42.7%). Non-adherence to self-isolating measures (24.4%) was associated with individuals’ perceived lack of control over responsibilities, lack of control over leaving the house, uncertainty about symptoms experienced, lack of access to tests, and distrust in the Government. \ud \ud Adherence to self-isolation and quarantine could be improved through strengthening perceived benefit to self-isolate with messages emphasising its effectiveness, by implementing a two-way information system to support symptoms identification, and with Government-funded, locally supported packages at different levels (financial, food, and practical needs).

Background: \ud Mental health policy promoting the notion of self-management and the patient as the expert welcomed the advent of peer support (Watson, 2017; Gillard, 2019), which is now regarded as the fastest growing profession within mental health services (Rebeiro Gruhl et al., 2016). Research has noted the benefits of using peer support workers (PSWs) to encourage service user (SU) involvement by using their shared identity to improve mental health, well-being and confidence (Gillard et al., 2013; Simpson et al., 2018; Davidson et al., 2012). \ud \ud Rationale: \ud With increased numbers of PSWs employed within the NHS, it is essential to understand how PSWs develop/construct their occupational identity (OI). Employment has been shown to positively affect individuals well-being by affording them a sense of identity and purpose. How OI is experienced during development and then maintained will be the focus of this research. \ud \ud Methodology and main findings: \ud An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was adopted for this research. Three superordinate themes were generated from the semi-structured interviews and analysis: 1) Symbiotic Green Shoots of Identity; 2) The Occupied Self; 3) A Limited and Limiting Role. The findings provide a timeline of how participants developed their OI, highlighting the life-changing events that led to a greater sense of self and a more meaningful life. By feeling accomplished at work, being future-orientated and having a solid OI provided participants with the motivation to spread their metaphorical wings and explore the transferability of their skills. However, despite participants significant experience of performing the role, they were met with a series of organisational hurdles that appeared to invalidate their OI outside of the originating organisation.

Despite vast research into police factual documentaries, little is known about the participant experience, especially how police themselves regard the construction of their visual images. More recently, questions have been raised about the performance of police as actors in observational documentaries and whether they take different police action or make different operational decisions when being filmed for fly-on-the-wall productions. Several critical incidents have occurred in the United States (US) while police were being filmed for crime shows, prompting people to ask: Does the presence of the camera change the way police work?\ud \ud As an officer of the NSW Police Force (NSWPF) and coordinator of the Film & Television Unit, I had insider access to conduct this research with police officers who had participated in the making of factual documentaries for the organisation. This enquiry represents the first study of its kind, in that all police officers were asked about their personal experiences of being filmed at work and having their images broadcast on prime-time television.\ud \ud The results were interesting and differed from information previously delivered by other researchers. My study shows that police do not change the way they work when in the presence of film crews. Of note was that the thoughts and opinions of officers from the NSWPF no longer correlated with those of officers who had undertaken similar studies in the US. NSWPF officers were not regular viewers of crime shows and those shows played no role in their desire to become police officers. \ud \ud Although police observational documentaries were found to accurately represent the role and function of police, officers believed that crime shows did not provide viewers with an accurate portrayal of the types of work undertaken by police. \ud \ud The overall view was that police duties had moved from making arrests to more of a role of community engagement. The outcome of the study suggests reviewing the format of police observational documentaries to better reflect the role and function of police in today’s society and not simply portray police work as entertainment.

Background: \ud People who are attracted to more than one gender are often grouped together in research under the bisexual umbrella (Flanders, 2017). This has been valuable when investigating issues potentially faced by these groups, such as erasure and poor health outcomes, as well as in the context of bisexual activism. However, grouping people under the bisexual umbrella may carry the risk of overlooking individual differences and findings suggest differences between bisexual and pansexual participants, suggesting a need for further knowledge about pansexuality. \ud \ud Aims: \ud This study aimed to gain a rich understanding of the ways in which pansexual people experience pansexuality. It also sought to contribute to the health professions by offering some insights into what may possibly be experienced by pansexual people. \ud \ud Methodology: \ud Semi structured interviews were completed with six pansexual people. The data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) \ud \ud Findings: \ud Three superordinate themes (The pansexual label as an anchor; feeling ‘boxed in’; and a label that defies labels) and ten subthemes emerged. \ud \ud Conclusion: \ud The findings indicated the concept of feeling ‘boxed in’ as central to all of the superordinate themes in the study. A societal lack of awareness of both pansexual as an emerging, less ‘mainstream’ sexuality, and of gender identity outside the binary led to the strategic use of the bisexual label in order to manage stigma and invalidation. However, participants felt that the bisexual label was incongruent with their felt sense of identity because they favoured a label that explicitly acknowledged gender diversity. This led to a feeling of being erased. The current study provides a foundational knowledge of the under researched area of pansexuality. Future research could aim to further explore the impact of intersectionality, and experiences of healthcare settings for pansexual people.

Background To encourage people to lead healthier lifestyles, governments in many countries publish guidelines for alcohol intake, physical activity (PA), and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. However, there is a need for better understanding of whether people understand such guidelines, consider them useful, and adhere to them. University students are a group worthy of attention because although they are less likely than older adults to exceed U.K. weekly alcohol intake guidelines or to be inactive, they are also less likely to meet FV consumption targets. Furthermore, because behavior during youth predicts adult behavior, it is important to identify influences on healthier behavior. Method An online survey was completed by 559 U.K. university students. Key outcome variables were knowledge of guidelines, motivation to adhere to them, and adherence to them. Results A total of 72% adhered to guidelines for alcohol intake, 58% for PA, and 20% for FV intake. Students generally had poor or moderate knowledge of guidelines, perceived them as only moderately useful, and were only moderately motivated to adhere to them. Greater motivation to adhere to guidelines was not significantly related to more accurate knowledge. However, it was related to greater familiarity, and perceiving guidelines as useful and realistic, and greater conscientiousness. Discussion There is a need to ensure that students understand the U.K. guidelines for alcohol intake, PA, and FV intake. However, simply increasing knowledge may not lead to greater adherence to the guidelines: There is also a need to focus on improving perceptions of how useful and realistic they are.

In many neoliberal economies, co-production is an increasingly popular way of generating public value, empowering citizens, and innovating public service delivery, and cuts to public sector budgets have seen it becoming more important as cash strapped public bodies strip back their services. However, its effectiveness as a means of inclusive engagement is unclear. This paper uses Bourdieu’s theory of practice to explore ethnographic data relating to the collaborative commissioning of a youth project on a South London housing estate and understand how effective the activities were at empowering people to take action. The study shows that although co-production has the potential to increase local involvement; the habitus of those with greater political, economic, and professional capital shaped the social space in which participation takes place. This habitus shaped how people should engage, causing some to disengage, limiting what outcomes were possible. Co-productive practices, such as the co-commissioning discussed in this paper, contain the promise of greater participation and empowerment. However, a lack of understanding of the power dynamics between those involved means the processes can be hierarchical and restricting, rather than increasing the participation of those whom such initiatives are meant to empower.

Lijun Shang, professor of biomedical science at London Metropolitan University's School of Human Sciences, tells Gwyn Winfield about their latest arms control report.

ObjectivesThe study aimed to provide a mapping review of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce restrictive practices in adult mental health inpatient settings; classify intervention components using the behaviour change technique taxonomy; explore evidence of behaviour change techniques and interventions; and identify the behaviour change techniques that show most effectiveness and those that require further testing.BackgroundIncidents involving violence and aggression occur frequently in adult mental health inpatient settings. They often result in restrictive practices such as restraint and seclusion. These practices carry significant risks, including physical and psychological harm to service users and staff, and costs to the NHS. A number of interventions aim to reduce the use of restrictive practices by using behaviour change techniques to modify practice. Some interventions have been evaluated, but effectiveness research is hampered by limited attention to the specific components. The behaviour change technique taxonomy provides a common language with which to specify intervention content.DesignSystematic mapping study and analysis.Data sourcesEnglish-language health and social care research databases, and grey literature, including social media. The databases searched included British Nursing Index (BNI), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), EMBASE, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database, HTA Canadian and International, Ovid MEDLINE®, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), PsycInfo®and PubMed. Databases were searched from 1999 to 2019.Review methodsBroad literature search; identification, description and classification of interventions using the behaviour change technique taxonomy; and quality appraisal of reports. Records of interventions to reduce any form of restrictive practice used with adults in mental health services were retrieved and subject to scrutiny of content, to identify interventions; quality appraisal, using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool; and data extraction, regarding whether participants were staff or service users, number of participants, study setting, intervention type, procedures and fidelity. The resulting data set for extraction was guided by the Workgroup for Intervention Development and Evaluation Research, Cochrane and theory coding scheme recommendations. The behaviour change technique taxonomy was applied systematically to each identified intervention. Intervention data were examined for overarching patterns, range and frequency. Overall percentages of behaviour change techniques by behaviour change technique cluster were reported. Procedures used within interventions, for example staff training, were described using the behaviour change technique taxonomy.ResultsThe final data set comprised 221 records reporting 150 interventions, 109 of which had been evaluated. The most common evaluation approach was a non-randomised design. There were six randomised controlled trials. Behaviour change techniques from 14 out of a possible 16 clusters were detected. Behaviour change techniques found in the interventions were most likely to be those that demonstrated statistically significant effects. The most common intervention target was seclusion and restraint reduction. The most common strategy was staff training. Over two-thirds of the behaviour change techniques mapped onto four clusters, that is ‘goals and planning’, ‘antecedents’, ‘shaping knowledge’ and ‘feedback and monitoring’. The number of behaviour change techniques identified per intervention ranged from 1 to 33 (mean 8 techniques).LimitationsMany interventions were poorly described and might have contained additional behaviour change techniques that were not detected. The finding that the evidence was weak restricted the study’s scope for examining behaviour change technique effectiveness. The literature search was restricted to English-language records.ConclusionsStudies on interventions to reduce restrictive practices appear to be diverse and poor. Interventions tend to contain multiple procedures delivered in multiple ways.Future workPrior to future commissioning decisions, further research to enhance the evidence base could help address the urgent need for effective strategies. Testing individual procedures, for example, audit and feedback, could ascertain which are the most effective intervention components. Separate testing of individual components could improve understanding of content and delivery.Study registrationThe study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018086985.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 9, No. 5. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

The global 'lockdowns' and social distancing measures triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic have brought about unprecedented social changes, including the sudden, temporary closure of licensed venues and significant modifications to leisure and drinking practices. In this piece, we argue that these changes invite researchers to consider the short and longer-term consequences in terms of continuities and changes to the practices and symbolism of alcohol consumption both within and beyond domestic spaces. We do this by drawing on illustrations from our emergent qualitative research involving internet-mediated semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 20 participants from the UK (aged 26-65) concerning experiences of drinking in and beyond 'lockdown'. In sharing these early findings, we hope to highlight themes relevant to understanding drinking behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic and to stimulate dialogue for immediate research priorities in this area. Key topic areas in our data appear to concern; variability in heavy/moderate/light/non-drinking practices while drinking at home, lockdown as an opportunity to reassess relationships with alcohol, and the symbolic role of alcohol in internet-mediated communications and interactions. Longstanding policymaker and practitioner concerns with managing public drinking and public order may have been unsettled by a growth in home-based drinking, although, as we argue, such changes were in motion before the global pandemic. We propose that a greater understanding of the challenges and opportunities the pandemic presents for (re)negotiating relationships with alcohol may offer wider lessons around how individuals and communities might be supported via innovative policy measures to change their relationships with alcohol both during and beyond lockdown.

Background/Aim: \ud The landmark referendum that occurred in the United Kingdom (UK) on 23rd June 2016 was poised to have considerable impact on the health and social care sector. The debate surrounding the referendum was dominated by the need to retain qualified healthcare professionals from the European Union (EU), and tended to overlook European migrants (EUMs) working in unqualified direct care roles. However, in the context of rapid population ageing and the increased prevalence of dementia, European migrant care workers (EUMCWs) have occupied a prominent role in meeting the longstanding recruitment and retention issues in social care sectors. This study sought to explore the impact of the referendum on EUMCWs’ sense of identity and wellbeing post-referendum, with an underlying aim to give voice to them in a time when their future rights are uncertain, an aim that is relevant to the ethos of counselling psychology (CoP).\ud \ud Method/Findings: \ud Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was utilised to explore the semi-structured interviews conducted with seven female EUMCWs aged 25-54. The analysis of verbatim data drawn from the interviews revealed three interconnected superordinate themes ‘being a EUMCW’, ‘the referendum’, and ‘the future?’, with ten sub-themes.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud Despite recruitment issues in the social care sector reassuring some participants that they would be able to remain in the UK, the outcome and political handling of the vote inherently created a certain degree of uncertainty for participants, which impacted their sense of agency and belonging. Participants’ narratives were inconsistent, suggesting they drew on a number of strategies or combined strategies in an attempt to cope; therefore, the ways in which participants made sense of the referendum impacted their identities and wellbeing in various nuanced ways. These findings are discussed in relation to clinical implications for the field of CoP and beyond.

In criminal records, intentional manipulation of data is prevalent to create ambiguous identity and mislead authorities. Registering data electronically can result in misspelled data, variations in naming order, case sensitive data and inconsistencies in abbreviations and terminology. Therefore, trying to obtain the true identity (or identities) of a suspect can be a challenge for law enforcement agencies. We have developed a targeted approach to identity resolution which uses a rule-based scoring system on physical and official identity attributes and a graph-based analysis on social identity attributes to interrogate policing data and resolve whether a specific target is using multiple identities. The approach has been tested on an anonymized policing dataset, used in the SPIRIT project, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020. The dataset contains four ‘known’ identities using a total of five false identities. 23 targets were inputted into the methodology with no knowledge of how many or which had false identities. The rule-based scoring system ranked four of the five false identities with the joint highest score for the relevant target name with the remaining false identity holding the joint second highest score for its target. Moreover, when using graph analysis, 51 suspected false identities were found for the 23 targets with four of the five false identities linked through the crimes they had been involved in. Therefore, an identity resolution approach using both a rule-based scoring system and graph analysis, could be effective in facilitating the investigation process for law enforcement agencies and assisting them in finding criminals using false identities.

This thesis examines the UK‘s supposed victim-centred approach in developing its latest national anti-trafficking legislation - the Modern Slavery Act (MSA) 2015. Offering an original contribution to the knowledge base, it considers whether the UK‘s national legal framework is sufficiently equipped to protect women who are trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and whether it meets international human rights standards.\ud \ud The thesis analyses the gradual development of international anti-trafficking law and policy, demonstrating the way in which this has influenced the UK‘s national resolve to address this complex phenomenon. It presents a critical legal analysis, comparing the MSA to the UN Palermo Protocol, the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (ECAT), and EU instruments and policy positions. Original data, using mixed methods, has been collected from policy makers and lawyers, using surveys and in depth interviews. Key themes explored include the shift in language from human trafficking to modern slavery and its effect on legislative responses to human trafficking, and whether the MSA delivers sufficient protection to victims at the various stages of a case. The stages are victims‘ identification and the provision of long and short-term support, their protection as offenders and the protection of victims during their asylum applications and applications for discretionary leave to remain in the UK. Provisions for victim protection and support must be robust and clear in each stage of the legal process, if the protection offered by legislation is to be sufficient: a standard that this thesis suggests has not been met through development of the MSA.\ud \ud The thesis concludes that the MSA is flawed in a number of crucial ways. It does not fully comply with international standards, nor does it substantially advance victim protection because it continues to focus disproportionately on crime control within a policy context preoccupied with limiting irregular migration.

Recognised problem drinking is just the tip of the iceberg.

Despite self-isolation, social distancing and NHS work during the COVID-19 pandemic, Sandra Denicke-Polcher and Anna Lawin-O’Brien found a way to make a joyous difference, connecting the community with healthcare providers on the shop floor. The article describes an initiative to provide face masks for NHS and key workers by connecting a community of home makers throughout the UK, with benefits to both, makers and receivers.

Findings from this qualitative audit conducted in a North London Borough among Black African women show that clay ingestion during pregnancy is a cultural phenomenon embedded in indigenous knowledge (IK). Reasons for clay ingestion include curbing morning sickness, nausea, satisfying cravings, “mineral deficiency” and other life sustaining beliefs. However, Public Health practitioners' top down approach and response which considers the practice as “dangerous” and potentially harmful to the health of the woman and unborn child with midwives and General Practitioner doctors called upon to discourage it, risks alienating the target population. Furthermore, within such a top down framework, opportunities to integrate biomedical science and indigenous knowledge systems are potentially missed. The use of culturally sensitive Public health interventions which consider a community approach, while attempting to integrate these two knowledge systems through further research is likely to bear more fruits.

Background: \ud Carers who identify as ‘Black’ are a group that is thought to experience exclusion and marginalisation within existing services (JCPMH, 2014). Whilst, there is some research that explores caregiving attitudes, experiences and needs of BME family carers, it is documented that little is known about knowledge or awareness and uptake of counselling services. Further it has been empirically noted that individuals from BME groups are less likely to access counselling services than White British people. This would suggest that this is an underrepresented area of research, particularly within the UK. Thus, the present study is concerned with the experience of Black carers with a focus on wellbeing and how they ‘cope’ in relation to their caring role.\ud \ud Method: \ud Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of six carers who identified as Black. Participants accounts of their lived experiences were recorded, verbatim transcribed and analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).\ud \ud Results: \ud Three themes were identified: ‘Being a carer’, ‘Being Black’ and ‘Being a Black Carer’. Although, separate from each other each theme is all part of the repertoire highlighting that although they are different from each other, they are also related to each other. These master themes are not opposites, but different yet integrated parts of Carers who identify as ‘Black’.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud The findings indicated that the experience of wellbeing for Black carers is predominantly influenced by cultural identity and perceptions. This research supports existing literature on carers who identify as Black. The findings of this research offer some useful implications for practice and service provision. Seeking to understand what constitutes and contributes to the experiences of carers who identify as Black.

When Andreas Lubitz crashed German wings flight 9525 killing all on board, the event refocused public attention on Pilot Suicide Using Aircraft accidents or (PSUA), the term used throughout this thesis.\ud \ud The Lubitz event led to the introduction of procedures that called for an in-flight minimum of two crew members in the cockpit and pilots psychometric testing. However, the new measures were not flawless. A terrorist posing as a cabin crew could easily access the cockpit, and the still debated effectiveness of psychometric screening.\ud \ud To prevent another PSUA, the research reviewed relevant events that lead into a potential or actual PSUA and the triggering factors behind it. The research also examines existing measures and related literature covering suicide, psychology, terrorism, aviation security and international organisations views. The available information was widely scattered and heavily cluttered. Hence, it was decided to compile an academically accredited and professionally filtered reference that lists relevant events, establish PSUA triggering factors, identify an effective mitigation and immediately bridge the current measures identified gaps.\ud \ud The research findings, short and long term recommendations are backed up by the author's 30 years of aviation experience and are validated by recognised aviation experts. To address PSUA risk; the research suggests to temporarily maintain the "two in the flight deck" procedure, subject to reducing cabin crew risk by limiting in-flight cockpit access to the two senior cabin crews and immediately implementing the research gap bridging recommendations in term of crew specific procedures and training.\ud \ud PSUA long term solution is achieved by addressing the personal factor, that could reduce the risk by 50% through the combination of the following measures: enhanced crew security background checks, enhanced psychometric screening by an aviation experienced company psychiatrist, awareness campaigns and effective crew support programs, along with job security campaigns, real just culture implementation and suicidal behaviour recognition training.

Enteral feeding is defined as the intake of food directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Enteral feeding tubes can also be used to administer medicines. Patients who may require enteral feeding include those who are unconscious, or those with neurological swallowing disorders, upper GI obstruction, GI dysfunction or malabsorption. There are several routes that can be used for enteral feeding including gastrostomy, post-pyloric, nasogastric, continuous pump and bolus feeding. When undertaking enteral feeding, nurses and other healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential complications such as tube blockage and infection. This article examines the various enteral feeding routes, discusses the administration of medicines, and details the common complications associated with enteral feeding. [Abstract copyright: © 2020 RCN Publishing Company Ltd. All rights reserved. Not to be copied, transmitted or recorded in any way, in whole or part, without prior permission of the publishers.]

Background: \ud The gambling industry is a multi-billion pound industry offering diverse opportunities to gamble. The majority of the UK adult population has gambled at some point in their lives with 1-2% having a gambling problem and with males being significantly more likely to become problem gamblers than females. The literature suggests that money plays a complex role in the lives of problem gamblers and may be used as a way of increasing self-image as well as compensating for aspects deemed to be missing in their lives. \ud \ud Aims: \ud This study seeks to explore the experience of money for UK-based males identifying as problem gamblers, providing them with a voice to articulate their subjective experience, which in turn may help to contribute towards better understanding of problem gamblers’ distress, improving treatment outcomes and informing evidence-based research. \ud \ud Methodology: \ud Semi-structured interviews were completed with six men who met the inclusion criteria for this study. The transcripts were then analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).\ud \ud Findings: \ud A total of three master themes and nine subthemes were identified through the analysis process. The master themes identified were: Money as a Drug, Money and the Perception of the Self, and Money and the Relationship With Others. \ud \ud Conclusions: \ud The findings suggest that ‘control’, ‘self-worth’ and ‘a lack of attachment to the father’ emerged from the interviews as themes. Money appears to play a pivotal role in enabling the participants to try and prove their sense of worth and wish to remain in control, using winning as a measure of self-worth despite its drastic consequences. Recommendations for both clinical practice and future research are outlined.

This article reflects on a community oral history project, ‘The Lost Trades of Islington’. The project was led and coordinated by Age UK Islington in partnership with Islington Local History Centre and London Metropolitan University. The project aimed to promote wellbeing, social interaction and learning, through recalling work and life in the London Borough of Islington from the mid twentieth century. The article is concerned with how the project framed the narratives of those interviewed and how the narratives reimagined Islington. It examines the significance of loss and place in the project.

Mohsin Faysal Butt,1,2 Louise Salmon,3 Fahira Mulamehic,4 Avelyn Hixon,2 Abdul Rehman Moodambail,5 Sandy Gupta2 1Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UK; 2Cardiology Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E11 1NR, UK; 3Refugee Assessment and Guidance Unit (RAGU), London Metropolitan University, London, UK; 4British Refugee Council, London, UK; 5Paediatrics Department, Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E13 8SL, UKCorrespondence: Mohsin Faysal ButtBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AJ, UKEmail mohsinfaysalbutt@doctors.org.ukPurpose: Refugee healthcare professionals (RHPs) may encounter several barriers to employment upon moving to the UK, such as conversion of professional qualifications and a lack of familiarity with the recruitment process. The Building Bridges Programme (BBP) is a London-based multi-agency collaboration which helps refugee healthcare professionals seek employment in the UK National Health Service (NHS).Methods: We have kept an electronic database of all RHPs who have participated in the BBP from October 2009 to March 2018. Data collected include gender, language spoken, country of initial medical qualification, immigration status, religion, ethnicity and professional work experience. In this paper, we focus on employment outcomes and determine the proportion (%) of RHPs joining the BBP who enter employment in the NHS.Results: Between October 2009 and March 2018, the BBP supported 372 refugee doctors, 42 refugee pharmacists, 69 refugee dentists, 25 refugee biomedical scientists, 4 refugee physiotherapists and 83 refugee nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled into a registered NHS position appropriate to their (home country) professional qualifications: 98/372 (26%) doctors, 4/42 (10%), pharmacists, 17/69 (25%) dentists, 1/25 (9%) biomedical scientists, 1/4 (25%) physiotherapists and 2/83 (2%) nurses. The following are the results for the RHPs who settled in associated healthcare profession positions: 109/372 (29%) doctors, 16/42 (38%) pharmacists, 12/69 (17%) dentists, 10/25 (40%) biomedical scientists, 3/4 (75%) physiotherapists and 34/83 (41%) nurses.Conclusion: The BBP provides a useful model that is transferable to other countries. Future studies assessing the utility of such programmes should ensure that the long-term employment outcomes of RHPs are more closely tracked. A key limitation of this paper is the absence of a control group of participants who did not join the BPP, which would help to conclusively demonstrate whether participants who joined our programme had a statistically significant improvement in employment outcomes.Keywords: refugees, curriculum development, education, employment

Suicide attacks and suicide terrorism are an understudied social phenomenon within academia, particularly when it comes to women's involvement. The subject as a whole is not easy to understand within European culture, due to its different culture and subsequent position of women within society. This study aims to identify how the women's role has changed over the decades, why women join terrorist organisations and why they subsequently become suicide terrorists. In order to do so I will analyse Chechnya and the Black widows. Here suicide attacks represented a real mode of operation and the organisation itself also included women in suicide attack operations. I will analyse Black widows in line with cultural, political, economic, organisational and social-psychological factors. To do so I will use three-level analysis. I believe that the findings will confirm that suicide terrorism represents a complicated social phenomenon where the central motivation, in general, is political, more precisely nationalistic. As for women’s involvement, the strength and effectiveness of suicide terrorism lies within the connection of other motives - cultural, economic and organisational as well as psychological. Therefore, there simply is not one straight answer in what causes suicide terrorism or what motivates women to become suicide terrorists, instead both have a multicausal nature. As this study will confirm, the reasons for which women join terrorist organisations vary, however, none include weakness or earlier inability to perform acts of violence. Furthermore, the study should confirm that the role of women has evolved from supporting roles - those of mothers and wives to frontline positions, those of leaders with power.

Background/Objectives: \ud According to census statistics of the United Kingdom (UK), people who identify as black Africans are now the largest black community group in Britain as opposed to those who identify as African Caribbean (ONS, 2015) and 2.3% of UK immigrants are Nigerian-born (Migration Observatory, 2017). Previous research reported that BME mothers in the UK do not access clinical and psychological services. Whilst there are a few studies exploring BME mothers’ experiences of Postnatal Depression (PND), there has been no research to date that has exclusively investigated the ‘lived’ experiences of the First Generation Nigerian Mothers (FGNMs) in relation to PND. This study is the first to investigate FGNMs’ postnatal depression experience in the UK. The study aimed to explore how FGNMs living in the UK experience PND, their experiences of available resources/treatment and the way they manage and cope with postnatal depression.\ud \ud Design/Method: \ud A verbatim account of semi-structured interview data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The participants included six FGNMs aged between 30 and 45 who reported being formally diagnosed with PND by their GPs.\ud \ud Findings: \ud Three main themes were generated in the process of the analysis: Sociocultural Factors (this talks about cultural expectations, perceptions of PND and adjusting to a different culture), Neglected Nurturer (this discusses the experiences of treatment) and Loneliness and Coping (this refers to lack of support and explores how PND was managed).\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud The study suggests that the FGNMs encountered difficulties with their diagnosis, treatment and access to service for PND. All mothers felt a sense of cultural pressure and expectation to present as strong and resilient which impacted on early help-seeking. The mothers narrated concerns and negative experiences about how they were treated by healthcare professionals when they sought help and how their psychological needs were neglected, which contradicts previous research suggesting that BME groups do not seek support and are hard to engage. These findings could promote understanding and inform professionals about how to better support these mothers.\ud \ud Implication for clinical practice: \ud The findings of the study suggest the need for healthcare professionals to provide equal and unbiased services and follow guidelines for care and referral in order to effectively treat the FGNMs. There is also need for a culturally-specific and psychosocial intervention rather than a predominantly medical model for supporting the mothers.

Rao’s account of innovations to reduce alcohol related harm among older people is a welcome reminder that much can be done in clinical practice to support people to make changes that benefit their health.1 2 It also shows the gap between this important work and NHS policy agendas. We agree that identifying and replicating examples of good practice is an important step forward and that this should be supported by investment in rigorous evaluation. We urgently need to develop an evidence base to support development and implementation of new approaches in health services, but the scale of the challenge should not be underestimated.

Background: \ud Whilst involving IDC in the HDPP can reduce patients’ length of stay and readmissions, research has shown that their inclusion is scarce. Limiting IDC participation in decisions relating to their needs or the welfare of those they care for can yield adverse repercussions for their mental-health, disrupt continuity of care, extend patients’ hospital stay, and increase the likelihood of patients’ readmission to hospital. Given these costs it is imperative to comprehend how this particular client-group thinks and feels about the hospital discharge planning phenomenon. Nevertheless, minimal studies have investigated this topic area. In response to this gap in knowledge, the present thesis investigated the experience of the hospital discharge planning process for informal caregivers of individuals with dementia.\ud \ud Method: \ud Data was harvest from participants via the employment of face-to-face semistructured interviews which were later verbatim transcribed. Participants idiosyncratic narratives were examined and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The participants were five informal caregivers of older patients with dementia aged between 52 and 71 who took part in their care-recipient’ hospital discharge planning process. \ud \ud Findings: \ud Three superordinate themes emerged from the IPA analysis: 1) the negative aspects of the discharge planning process 2) focus on relationships and 3) employing coping mechanisms to counteract taxing experiences. It appears that the challenges that participants encountered in their meetings with hospital personnel and the changes they experienced in their interactions with their care-recipients, coupled with the costs they incurred in their daily life, triggered in them a range of negative thoughts and feelings which diminished from their psychological wellbeing. This propelled the participants to employ various coping strategies in an attempt to alleviate their internal turmoil. However, the efficacy of these tactics was questionable.\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud The experience of the HDPP for IDC comprises of multiple psychological dimensions. Nevertheless, the HDPP does not address IDC mental health needs. Therefore, this thesis suggests that counselling psychologists work as facilitators of psychological wellbeing on hospital wards. Such an initiative could provide caregivers access to mental health interventions in real time which they would struggle to attain in the community due to long waiting lists. Additionally, counselling psychologists and other applied psychologists should share their knowledge of therapy skills with hospital personnel in order to help staff form and maintain a nourishing relationship with IDC. Implications for future investigations and clinical work are also proposed.

Purpose: Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is suboptimal, and a range of variables have been explored for understanding patients’ experiences and motivations for medication-taking. However, oncologists’ views on adherence are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore oncologists’ perspectives on adherence/non-adherence and their strategies to ensure patients continue with treatments to inform the development of potential modifiable interventions.\ud \ud Methods: A qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 16 oncologists was conducted in Argentina. A stratified purposive sampling was used to recruit female and male participants from 3 health subsystems (private, social security, and public). Data were analyzed using the Framework approach.\ud \ud Results: Oncologists believed patients’ adherence was overall high and associated it with good tolerance of AET in comparison to chemotherapy, information provided, and patients feeling reassured (fear of recurrence). Non-adherence was not perceived as a major source of concern, and it was related to rare cases of severe side effects, young age, refusing treatment, losing the insurance plan, lack of education, and social circumstances. Patients’ complaints of bothersome side effects were not identified as a main reason to discontinuation. Public and private sector patients, however, were perceived as having different attitudes toward side effects. Management strategies included medicine change, referral to support services, and a supportive relationship with the oncologist.\ud \ud Conclusion: Oncologists’ perspectives on adherence/non-adherence to AET show similarities and significant differences with those in the literature based on patient-reported factors. Overall adherence was considered high, but the likelihood of unintentional non-adherence seems important in public sector patients. Information to patients should provide clear explanations on both severe and unpleasant side effects. Interventions to improve communication skills in oncologists and specialists responsible for survivorship care should be considered to strengthen patients’ self-efficacy and effective medication-taking. Reliable data on adherence are needed.

Cloud computing (CC) is rapidly growing new information technology (IT) in private, public and especially in Government sectors internationally. CC technology facilitates rather than deploy and manage an in-house physical IT infrastructure by having local servers or personal devices to manage their softwares application. This new technology helps to transfer their traditional IT services model into remote, virtualised environments, which are often hosted and managed by the third parties. Therefore, CC environment of any organisation turn prospective opportunity for cyber attackers, which is become a primary challenges of CC in the protection of valuable data from different types of attacks. CC posed a serious risk and major challenge to digital investigators, also offers sufficient opportunities to investigators for better refining the forensic science. This study summarises the key areas of CC forensics science challenges and analyses by the researched performed by other researchers. The challenges also presented along with associated literature that particularly reference them. Finally the discussion and analysis, which is based on the study finding to consider the challenges provoke by the CC forensics science on our findings.

This thesis explores the group dynamics of two Probation domestic abuse perpetrator programmes; the Integrated Domestic Abuse Programme and Building Better Relationships, drawing on participant observation and semi structured interviews with participants and facilitators.\ud \ud It is argued that perpetrator programmes involve dynamic group interactions involving emotions, interpretation and the negotiation of collective understandings of gender and identity. These processes are central in the experiences of men who attend perpetrator programmes and those who deliver them. However, they are overlooked in academic and policy discussions, which tend to focus on programme design and measures of impact.\ud \ud The study suggests that men who are directed to attend domestic abuse perpetrator programmes initially perceive their attendance as a threat to their masculine identities. Consequently, they display resistance and hostility; challenging the legitimacy of their referral. However, as the programmes progress members display increasingly positive orientations. They create bonds through collective emotions and shared understandings, expressed through affection, support and humour. The research suggests that emotions are key in understanding the development, expression and impact of perpetrator group experiences.\ud \ud Men’s accounts show that the processes within the groups; specifically, the support provided by other participants and facilitators; enables a critical reflection of past behaviours, relationships and gendered identities. This calls for a greater consideration of ‘how’ interventions are delivered, and how environments that foster change can be enhanced.

This study explores counselling psychologists’ understanding of self-disclosure within the therapeutic context. The investigation seeks to explore what factors are involved in influencing counselling psychologists’ decisions to disclose and how disclosures and non-disclosures are managed. Salient literature in the field of therapist disclosure highlighted the need for continuing qualitative investigation into counselling psychologists' views and an overarching perspective to the complex decision-making process of using self-disclosures in therapy.\ud \ud Four counselling psychologists were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview schedule. The transcribed interview data were analysed utilising abbreviated grounded theory techniques. A model was developed, that incorporates counselling psychologists’ considerations, when deciding whether to disclose and factors that influence this complex process. The findings can be incorporated into counselling psychology practice as well as training programs, for practitioners to reflect on their individual disclosure process. The findings were then discussed in relation to the existing literature with considerations for further research and the limits of the study

Private Hire Operators, Drivers and Vehicles are regulated under the Private Hire Vehicle (London) Act 1998. The Secretary of State delegated the authority within this Act to Transport for London (TfL) as the Licensing Authority. Since the enactment of the PHV (London) Act in 1998, TfL has successfully licensed over 100,000 Private Hire Vehicles and Drivers in London. Private Hire Vehicles (PHV) are not permitted to be hailed and Private Hire Drivers (PHD) are not permitted to approach customers to offer them Private Hire Services (PHS) in London. However, the increasing number of PHVs and PHDs in London has stimulated the competition among the drivers. This appears to have made it very challenging for PHDs to earn a living and promoted illegal Private Hire (PH) touts. The PHV (London) Act 1998 was created to regulate the Private Hire Industry (PHI); while the legislation has promoted PHDs and PHVs to be licenced, the legislation has not prevented illegal PH touting in London. This thesis contributed to the author’s knowledge and professional practice by demonstrating the complexity of the PHV (London) Act, which can be easily exploited by illegal drivers. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this research critically analysed the complexity of the legislation through the views of the people that enforce the legislation, deliver the service and use the service. This research was able to demonstrate how the advent of technology in the PHI has made it difficult to enforce illegal PH touting. Due to some of these challenges, TfL fund a dedicated Police team to work with TfL Compliance Officers to undertake anti-touting activities. While TfL and Police partnership have reduced illegal PH touting, TfL Compliance Officers need enforcement powers to effectively manage illegal PH touting in London and minimise the risks on the customers which can be sexual harassment or unwanted sexual behaviour.

This chapter examines a series of instances how repair has been reframed in design discourse over the decade that followed the 2007 financial crisis. This period saw the launch of a number of initiatives including networks, and regular repair events in which expert ‘fixers’ meet members of the public to provide both entertainment, empowerment, and enlightenment. Geographically, these initiatives found a hatching ground in Western Europe and North America, even though they celebrated and re-contextualized language and methods adopted from repair traditions that developed over a longer period and in a less vocal fashion in scarcity economies including Cold-War Eastern Europe, Latin America and South Asia. Their narrative of bettering of the world through repair took new momentum once the cultural milieu of the 2007 crisis in Europe and North America provided the conditions for presenting this practice as providing a sphere of activity that is suspended from the unpredictable and de-personalized arena of market economy. To a greater or lesser extent, repair initiatives also share several rhetorical tropes with those that go under the rubric of design activism in their criticism of repetitive consumption and opposition to a policy environment that favours orthodox application of classical economy principles such as the ability of the market to self-manage itself and the neutrality of the state in economic policy matters. However, they also consistently place a hard emphasis on the opportunity of repair. Repair is presented as a way to unlock resources, and this language of expansionism sometimes seems at odds with a practice that promotes containment.

Background Hormonal therapy is an integral component for breast cancer treatment in women with oestrogen receptor positive tumours in early-stage and advanced cases of the disease. Little is known about what factors influence oncologists’ prescribing practices, especially non-biological factors, although this information may have important implications for understanding inequalities in health care quality and outcomes. This paper presents findings from research on factors influencing oncologists’ prescribing hormonal therapy for women with early and advanced cases of breast cancer in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. Methods A qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 16 oncologists was conducted. A stratified purposive sampling was used to recruit female and male participants and working at 3 health subsystems (private, social security, public). Data was analysed using the Framework approach. Results According to the respondents, factors influencing prescribing practices of hormonal therapy are varied. Women’s socio-economic status (poverty and wealth) and their level of health literacy can affect oncologists’ prescribing practices. Overall, in comparison to male, female oncologists reported more awareness of patients’ needs, more involvement in communicating drug side-effects, and in offering treatment options in private health settings. The 3 health subsystems provided a differential access to drugs and lines of hormonal treatment, which ranged from a limited availability in the public sector, to administrative restrictions imposed by the social security system, and to a lesser extent, the private sector. This happened in the backdrop of national legislation covering oncological treatments and drugs free of charge. Conclusions Addressing prescribing practices for hormonal therapy as a distinct type of breast cancer treatment (chronic care) is fundamental in the understanding of breast cancer care and can shed light on inequalities in treatments. Identifying the underlying care gaps in the prescription of hormonal therapy can help in the design of tailored interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12939-019-0936-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Based on empirical, qualitative research on 'social mixing' in multi-ethnic London schools, this article argues for a conceptualisation of social mixing as an exchange of the self. Through analysis of three working-class, minority ethnic students who attempt to 'cross borders' into White middle-class subcultures, I explore the differing capital value embodied in their raced, classed and gendered identity positions. Friendships across this border are characterised by 'semi-investments' on both sides, and promise only partial possibilities for social mobility via social mixing, through limited access to academic capital and embodied Whiteness., NA

Increasing recognition of the private spheres of family, sexuality and interpersonal relationships as sites for violence has led to transformations in law and policy at national and international levels. There is now a broad consensus in Europe that the state has responsibilities to protect children and women from violence. To enter these arenas, however, is to encounter complex intersections of power relations with respect to gender, generation, race/ethnicity, nationality and faith: a matrix of rights and responsibilities which professionals have to navigate. In this paper we use the overarching concept of intervention, drawing on its etymology: venire - to go, inter - in-between or inside. Professionals are stepping into the lives of others, which raises a set of ethical issues and dilemmas, which also are linked to power: of the state, of belonging and knowing. Intervention as used here includes assessment, investigation, and legal measures alongside support, advocacy and counselling.