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AbstractThe paper adds to the growing literature that considers how COVID-19 has impacted on public transport. It reports on a focus group study in Denmark with both users and non-users of public transport during the pandemic. Focus group participants were asked to talk about and explain their everyday transport mode choices. Whereas the study was based on the assumption that ‘fear of transmission’ would have come to represent a readymade rationalisation resource for people to use to justify if they do not want to use public transport, the participants consistently resisted to rationalise their mode choice-decisions with reference to ‘fear of contagion’. The paper considers if this resistance can be understood as an example of a tension between more governmental and biopolitical governance strategies and more disciplinary governance strategies in liberal societies during the pandemic. It offers a detailed analysis of how participants pre-empt the relevance of risk of contagion for their travel decisions in focus group interaction, and it concludes suggesting its findings indicate a little-explored domain: It appears as if passengers cannot admit to ‘fear of contagion’ without risking appearing incapable of governing themselves in line with liberal governmentalities, thus potentially subjecting themselves to more disciplinary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dam-e Namari (The Invisible Trap, 1979) directed by Fariborz Saleh is a lesser-known film that was produced in the last year of the second Pahlavi government at the behest of the SAVAK, the intelligence organization of the time. Following the Islamic Revolution and the subsequent sociopolitical transformations in society, the film was buried in the Iranian film archive. With the recent unearthing of the film, the history of Iranian cinema has uncovered one of the earliest cinematic productions made by a security agency, which can be considered a pioneering example of surveillance cinema in Iran. Dam-e Namari narrates the story of identification and surveillance of Ahmad Mogharebi, a Major General of the Imperial Iranian Army who was a highly influential spy for the Soviet Union's security organization, known as the KGB. Throughout the narrative, SAVAK agents attempt to uncover the mysterious identity of Mogharebi and secretly monitor his covert actions using surveillance tactics. To this end, SAVAK expands its surveillance network across the entire neighborhood where the Mogharebi resides, employing a hierarchical observation strategy. It establishes a hidden watchtower in every house with a strategic view, aiming to control and track all movements within the entire region. Turning Mogharebi's neighborhood into a disciplined area could be seen as a geographical metaphor, suggesting that SAVAK aimed to expand this approach from a segmented city to a broader surveillance society. This serves as an allegory for a political will focused on total control and occupation of space, which, from Michel Foucault's perspective, finds its highest expression in the design of the Panopticon model. Panopticon is an architectural idea introduced by the 18th-century English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. This modern prison was designed so that inmates were always under the gaze of a central authority. The spatial arrangements and lighting setups in the Panopticon are organized in such a way that, while the central observer remains hidden in the darkness, the prisoners' cells are continuously visible in the light. As a result, the prisoners in their cells are constantly monitored by an anonymous power. Michel Foucault, a French philosopher, interprets the mechanism of power in this model as a generalizable framework capable of explaining power relations in the everyday lives of individuals in modern societies. From his view, modern powers utilize the hierarchized surveillance present in Bentham's design to control individuals and maintain social order. Aligned with the prevailing ideology, the film aims to promote the government's Panopticism slogan by depicting the disciplinary order of the Pahlavi regime through the individualization and visibility of subjects via disciplinary and surveillance mechanisms. In this film, SAVAK attempts to represent itself as a virtual Panopticon, secretly capable of extending its invisible trap to render all citizens visible and therefore implicitly suggesting to the audience that they too might be under surveillance. Set on the brink of the Islamic Revolution, the film provides a powerful depiction of SAVAK's surveillance mechanisms and offers a utopian representation of a perfectly governed society under the pervasive gaze of the ruling power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how the identities of frontline professionals are (re)constructed in their talk about their everyday work activities. Based on a study of a mental health and addiction counselling service organization in Ontario, we illustrate that when talking about acting in accordance with their organizational policies, the social workers' identities are disciplined by and appropriated from addressing the practices of documentation and regular meetings with their supervisors that constitute the routine processes of organizing. However, when discussing instances where they override the organizationally sanctioned rules, their identities are disciplined by the aspiration of fabricating a client-centred caregiver identity adopted from the dominant discourse in their profession. We, therefore, counterbalance the understanding that professionals' identity work related to their deliberate micro-emancipation acts are merely an expression of agency and argue that their preferred resistant identities pertaining to their self-declared apparent deviation from the organizational order are also made within frameworks of disciplinary power. By delineating that both discursive conformity and resistance cut across the boundaries between acting in alignment with and against organizational guidelines, we unveil an underexplored complexity of conducting professional identity work associated with the interrelationships between practices of talk and action that has largely been overlooked in prior scholarship. We, therefore, offer an action-related analysis of discursive identity work that extends beyond the context of this study and informs future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis article explores the Spanish Crown’s increasing regulations on mobility and their attempts to inspect and classify transatlantic travellers, highlighting both top-down and bottom-up expressions of power. It explores the efforts of early modern power to control movement, while tracing their shortcomings and limitations, as well as the means through which some travellers reclaimed power and their freedom to move. The article offers an overview of the Crown’s initial efforts to control movement, using historical accounts to enhance our understanding of the complex interaction between mobility and power, and how they shaped each other. By considering public policies, testimonies from local authorities, and freedom litigation suits, the article traces how power was resisted and balanced through individual responses and legal mechanisms, contributing to more nuanced and interdisciplinary views of power dynamics, the free movement of people, and global mobility studies. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, it proposes tracing earlier stages of this diffused form of power, shedding new light on mobility as a governing mechanism and as an amalgam of experiences that reconfigure power relations and convey stories of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two mechanisms in treating Persian names in English-speaking contexts: name projection and name adoption. The article adopts Edward Said's Orientalism, noting Western-centric naming and colonial division with Western superiority. The treatment of the Oriental name will be discussed within the frame of linguistic Orientalism which refers to the portrayal or study of Eastern languages and cultures through the lens of Western superiority or exoticisation. Previously, this mindset projected the coloniser's preferred names onto the territory and individuals of the Other. Today, the name of the Other is governed as the subjects from different backgrounds are propelled to conform to the coloniser's preferences in choosing Anglo-sounding names. I will conclude that the shift from the authoritative name projection to the disciplinary name adoption manifests a Foucauldian trajectory from 'sovereign power' to modern 'disciplinary power' in taming the name of the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose an alternative Foucauldian reading of Martin Luther's thought and early Lutheranism. Michel Foucault did not mention the Reformation often, although he saw it as an amplification of pastoral power and the governing of people's everyday lives. We aim to fill the gap in his analysis by outlining the disciplinary and biopolitical aspects in Luther and early Lutheranism. Therefore, we also contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the birth of biopolitics, which, we argue, predates Foucault's periodisation. Our approach to tackling these questions is three-pronged. First, we establish the context by highlighting a few Reformation-era examples of the conceptual opposite of biopower, namely, sovereign power. Second, we scrutinise the disciplinary aspects of early Lutheranism, underscoring the fact that disciplinary institutions appear to subject people to new models of behaviour. Third, we describe the biopolitical undercurrents in Luther's thought and its early reception. We argue that the reformer's views on issues such as marriage and poor relief appear to carry a biopolitical significance before the alleged birth of biopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, the theories posited by Michel Foucault four decades ago provide an insightful lens through which to view our contemporary technological society. This article underscores the shift from modern reference disciplines, such as biology, political economy, and linguistics, to the emergent domains of cognitive and computer sciences. By exploring the personalization of online user experiences via data collection and behavioral microtargeting, the study highlights the nuances of modern surveillance. This new era of monitoring bears a resemblance to Foucault's concept of disciplinary power, marked by its subtle yet omnipresent control. In a world where digital oversight by governments and corporations is increasingly prominent, the relevance of Foucault's ideas becomes significant for deciphering and traversing the intricate landscapes of power and surveillance in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental ill-being among children and adolescents have increased in many high-income countries. The causes for this development are still unclear, but due to the scale of the problem, broader societal changes are likely to contribute. One of the societal level hypotheses – the “educational stressors hypotheses” – suggests that the transformation in many high-income countries from industrial to knowledge economies makes a well-educated workforce increasingly important. Hence, performance monitoring and performance pressure increase. This article investigates 50 years of educational reforms to analyse whether they introduce increased structural performance pressure. Document analysis of policy documents in Danish primary and lower secondary education constitute the empirical data material. As a least likely case it contributes with knowledge about the extent of formalised performance pressure in education. During the investigated period two shifts emerge. The first introduces tests and examinations as technologies that produce external knowledge about the pupils’ performance. Hence, the performance of each pupil becomes highly visible and comparable in an external panopticon-like gaze. The second shift introduces mandatory self-evaluation and career-planning. It adds a mirror like self-gaze where the pupils are to see and monitor their own performance in accordance with their future wishes. The current performance measures in Danish education are in line with many high-income countries, adding to the hegemony of structural performance pressure in education and qualitatively substantiating the educational stressors hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Every year, many horses are transported by air. Alongside sport horses traveling to tournaments worldwide, mainly breeding horses, such as shuttle stallions and broodmares, thoroughbreds traded at auctions, and leisure horses are transported by air. Although the transportation of horses by air is a well-established business with decades of experience, research has highlighted welfare concerns for horses and calls for the reform of international transportation standards. This study offers an overview of the existing equine welfare discourses and transportation practices within the business. Furthermore, we reveal how these well-established discourses and practices shape the behavior and identity of agency workers, aviation staff, and horses. The study's conclusion can help improve the international agreements that set welfare standards for the transport of horses by air. Every year, many horses are transported by air. Alongside sport horses traveling to tournaments worldwide, mainly breeding horses, such as shuttle stallions and broodmares, thoroughbreds traded at auctions, and leisure horses are transported by air. Research in veterinary science has highlighted welfare concerns during air transportation. Equine welfare is constituted in the language and discourse evolving from social, political, and ethical views about the treatment of horses. Consequently, this study targets power in creating equine welfare by analyzing the welfare discourses, transportation practices that generate welfare, and their impact on horses and humans in the transportation of horses by air. In detail, this research uses a Foucauldian discourse analysis to examine how welfare discourses and linked transportation practices constitute horses and humans using disciplinary power. The empirical material consists of 81 newspaper articles about horse transportation by air, five video clips, and four interviews with representatives of horse transport agencies that have set standards for the transportation of horses by air. The analysis discovers four different welfare discourses and various practices that guide the carrying of horses by air. The discourses have created inactive horses and human professionals in the business of horse transportation by air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how the socio-economic development of an industry co-evolves with the articulation of imaginaries of emancipation and domination. Drawing on political discourse theory, I analyze the US' interracial porn movie industry (1916–2022) from its early, illicit beginnings through its commercial mainstreaming. Organized agents have developed this industry by articulating imaginaries that evoke economic emancipation, but provide new political and fantasmatic relevance to origin myths of racial and gendered superiority. The articulations of each generation of organized agents transgressed prior episodes' limits to visualizing interracial sex. Yet, transgression remained firmly within the bounds of the disciplinary and security power apparatus of white patriarchical domination. In particular, successive imaginaries modernized the stereotypical myths of black Jezebels, black Brutes, pure white women, and civilized white men. Modernization of myths, technological democratization and mainstreaming went hand in hand. I provide critical explanations for these findings that contribute to the organizational literature on imaginaries. This includes the entrepreneurship-as-emancipation literature, and scholarship on myths, feminism and prefigurative organizing. Emancipatory imagining requires challenging the disciplinary and security limits of origin myths. By default of political and fantasmatic challenging of these mythical limits, they function as empty signifiers that are easily adapted to contemporary imagining. As a result, entrepreneurs' and performers' socio-economic emancipation discourse effectively re-articulates an imaginary of domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how much the North Korean regime's control over its people's bodies has weakened as a result of the loosening of micro-power since the 'Arduous March' of the late 1990s. To track these types of micro-level change, the study uses Foucault's disciplinary power and historico-critical ontology to explore the disciplinary power that has been exercised through physical education (PE) classes in North Korean schools for more than 70 years. According to Foucault, modern states have instituted networks of disciplinary power in their societies to control their people, using the political technique of the body. This type of power is directed at everyday life through social practices. By drawing on primary sources regarding PE in North Korea and on seven interviews with defectors, the article illustrates that micro-power began to develop a meticulous PE network in the school system from the 1950s and mass-produced a 'New Communist Man' in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the Arduous March disrupted the public distribution system, and both the network of micro-power and the institutional network of PE began to loosen. Subsequently, the New Communist Man in North Korea seems to be gradually being liberated from micro-power and is less likely to internalise obedience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌ The genesis of Iran's encounter with modern legal principles can be traced back to the Constitutional Revolution of the early 20th century [Enghelab-e Mashrooteh], a period that heralded significant legal and political reforms aimed at dismantling the autocratic governance structures of the time. The revolution catalyzed the introduction of Western legal concepts such as law, parliament, and constitution into the Iranian socio-political lexicon, laying the foundation for a new legal order. This order was characterized by the amalgamation of religious decrees with modern legal structures, a process that, while innovative, was not devoid of challenges. The crux of the issue, as identified in the current research, lies in the hasty and uncritical adoption of these new legal concepts without a thorough understanding of their theoretical, philosophical, and historical underpinnings. This oversight has precipitated a crisis of theory and practice within the Iranian legal system, manifesting in conceptual ambiguities and operational inefficiencies. At the heart of this research is the reevaluation of the punishment of imprisonment, a fundamental concept in criminal law, through a comparative lens focusing on modern criminal law and Imamia jurisprudence. ‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌ The research is driven by the imperative to scrutinize the punishment of "imprisonment" within the context of Iran's hybrid legal system, specifically examining how this form of punishment is conceptualized, rationalized, and implemented in modern criminal law vis-à-vis Islamic law. The overarching question guiding this inquiry is: How does the comparative analysis of the punishment of imprisonment in modern criminal law and Islamic law illuminate the theoretical and practical discrepancies in the Iranian criminal law, and what implications do these findings have for the evolution of a more coherent legal framework? ‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌ The hypothesis underlying this research posits that the theoretical and practical dissonance observed in the application of imprisonment in the Iranian legal system stems from a fundamental misalignment in the criminal rationalities governing modern criminal law and Islamic law. This research suggests that while modern criminal law predominantly views imprisonment through the lens of disciplinary power aimed at the normalization and psychological correction of the criminal for societal reintegration, Islamic law approaches punishment with a focus on the spiritual and moral rehabilitation of the individual, emphasizing the afterlife and the perfection of the human soul. This divergence, it is hypothesized, results in fundamentally different implementations of imprisonment, with the modern approach prioritizing correctional normalization, and the Islamic approach advocating for the preservation of the individual's moral agency and freedom. ‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌ To explore the delineated research question and hypothesis, the study employs a multifaceted methodological approach that combines doctrinal research with inductive, interpretive, and argumentative analysis. This methodology is predicated on an extensive review of philosophical texts, legal treatises, and jurisprudential discourse from both the modern and Islamic legal traditions. The framework for this comparative study is structured around identifying and analyzing the differences in criminal rationality between modern criminal law and Imamia jurisprudence and how these differences manifest in the conceptualization and practice of imprisonment. A critical component of this methodology involves examining the evolution of the modern prison system, particularly its emergence as a mechanism of disciplinary power in the modern era, aimed at seizing the individual’s soul and will for the purpose of societal normalization. This analysis is juxtaposed with the examination of imprisonment within Imamia jurisprudence, where the focus is on penal correction with an emphasis on moral and spiritual rehabilitation, highlighting a significant departure from the modern system's focus on psychological correction and normalization. Furthermore, the research methodology includes a critique of the existing theoretical and practical frameworks within which imprisonment is situated in the Iranian legal system, arguing that a neglect of the nuanced differences in criminal rationality has led to the uncritical adoption of modern penal practices that may not align with the philosophical and ethical underpinnings of Imamia jurisprudence. Through this comparative analysis, the study seeks to unearth the theoretical and practical implications of these differences, offering insights into how a more informed and theoretically coherent approach to the punishment of imprisonment could be developed within Iran's legal system. ‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌ The findings of the study illuminate a significant divergence in the conceptualization and application of imprisonment between modern criminal law and Islamic law. Modern criminal law, with its roots in disciplinary power, seeks to reform the criminal by targeting the soul and will, aiming for normalization within society. This approach signifies a qualitative shift from physical to psychological modes of punishment, where the prison becomes a space for the psychological transformation and normalization of individuals. The emphasis is on altering the criminal's personality and psychological structure in relation to their crime, marking a profound intensification of power that penetrates the deepest layers of individual identity. Contrastingly, Islamic law offers a fundamentally different perspective, viewing punishment as a means to achieve the perfection of the human soul and maintain civil order, grounded in the attainment of afterlife happiness. This system prioritizes the individual's freedom and moral agency in accepting Islamic law and self-correction. Punishments, including imprisonment, are framed as corrective measures that deprive the individual of certain freedoms only to the extent necessary for societal protection and personal purification from sin. The emphasis is on voluntary correction and spiritual discipline, with non-penal institutions like repentance playing a significant role in the penal rationality. The discussion of these findings highlights the theoretical and practical challenges posed by the hybrid nature of current Iranian legal system, which incorporates elements of both modern and Islamic law approaches to punishment. The research underscores the importance of penal rationality in defining the effectiveness and ethical grounding of penal institutions. Without a clear alignment with a coherent penal rationality, the legal system risks perpetuating theoretical confusion and practical inefficiencies. ‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌ The study concludes that the current form of imprisonment in the Iranian legal system represents a critical juncture between two divergent penal rationalities. The acceptance of modern imprisonment practices, characterized by an emphasis on psychological normalization, does not necessarily represent a more humane approach to punishment but rather a shift in the focus of disciplinary power from the body to the soul. This shift, while reducing the physical harshness of punishments, intensifies the control over the individual's identity and autonomy. In contrast, the Islamic penal system, as understood through Islamic law, offers a vision of punishment that centers on the spiritual and moral rehabilitation of the individual, respecting their freedom and capacity for self-correction. This approach aligns punishment with broader ethical and spiritual objectives, such as the preservation of fundamental human interests and the perfection of the human soul. The research calls for a critical self-awareness within the Iranian criminal law system to reconcile these divergent penal rationalities. It poses pressing questions about the future direction of Iran's penal system: should it adhere more closely to the principles of Islamic law, or continue incorporating aspects of modern penal rationality? The exploration of these questions requires further investigation into the social, cultural, and legal feasibilities of adopting either penal rationality more fully. This conclusion serves as a call to action for legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to engage in a deeper examination of the foundational principles guiding punishment in Iran. By contemplating the possibilities for embracing either Islamic law or modern penal rationality, future research can pave the way for a more coherent, just, and effective legal system that respects both the individual's dignity and societal needs.

The concept of differentiation holds immense significance in education, touching upon aspects like access, inclusion, justice, and equality. However, it is also a complex and elusive notion, which acquires different meanings across historical and cultural contexts. This article explores the shifting reasoning about differentiation in the Swedish educational context. Inspired by Foucault's account of disciplinary power, it conceptualizes differentiation as a technique for marking and addressing gaps between individuals. Drawing on an analysis of governmental and scholarly reports from 1842 to the late 1960s, the article identifies three shifts in the reasoning on differentiation: 1) from differentiation by socioeconomic class as a given factor to the search for scientific rationales for differentiation based on measurement of intellectual ability, 2) from viewing differences in intelligence as biologically conditioned and stable to viewing them as amenable to training and correction through education, and 3) from a focus on inputs to a focus on outputs. Overall, the article argues that even if the term 'differentiation' itself has been discursively replaced by others, the ideas underlying it—the search for gaps—continue to shape education in Sweden and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates show that, in 2019, only 41 per cent of students completed lower secondary and 28 per cent upper secondary education in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region (UNESCO, 2021). One of the reasons for the low completion rates is the poor transition across secondary education due to the significant impact of factors at individual, household, and community levels shaping demand and supply constraints. This article employs a three-level logit to investigate the key determinants for transitions and their variability across countries and communities, and explores whether less wealth inequality is at odds with increasing countries' and communities' performances. It finds that variation on transition rates is 40–50 per cent larger between communities within countries than between countries themselves, and that heterogeneity is larger for upper secondary transition. Leading sources of inequality are wealth, gender, and communities' prevalence of early marriage. Further, the article finds that the equity–performance trade-off does not hold across countries, but it does at the community level where communities with stronger rates of transitions are more unequal. The analysis suggests policies to improve SSA youth chances to move up to the next level of secondary education, starting for narrowing heterogeneity across communities, boosting chances for the poorest groups and female youth living in communities with weak social norms, and measures to diminish the impact of community wealth on their transition performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over 70 years, Ralph W. Tyler's Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction has been the subject of considerable debate among curriculum scholars. This article offers a different reading of the Tyler rationale, juxtaposed with Foucault's Discipline and Punish. The author suggests that Tyler's rationale shares many of the carceral logics described by Foucault in his genealogy of disciplinary power. This reappraisal of the Tyler rationale is significant in the current education policy environment. Tyler's emphasis on the attainment of assessable predetermined objectives has helped institutionalize punitive accountability regimes and may assist revanchist political actors in manufacturing moral panics around issues of gender, sexuality, racial history, and civics education. The logics of Tyler's curriculum protocol have been institutionalized as common sense in kindergarten through 12th grade and university education and are antithetical to crucial deliberation over the pressing existential issues we all face, including autocratic threats to education itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This critical policy analysis is concerned with the discursive linguistic practices and social justice implications surrounding the passage of Florida's controversial "Parental Rights in Education Act" (PREA), which enacts limitations on classroom instruction involving topics related to gender and sexuality. Foregrounding this essay lays a call for social work scholarship to recognize the significance of the critical semiotic and post-structural turn in social science research, which evinces the importance of attending to the nuanced relationship between discourse, power, ideology, and identity formation. As a field espousing the tenets of social justice and commitments to the broader aims of social equality, social work holds an inherent investment in understanding the politics of language and, by extension, the language of emancipatory change. Informed by critical discourse analysis (CDA) and feminist post-structural thought, this analysis brings to the forefront the relevance of discourse, language, and semiotics as crucial objects of inquiry and seeks to examine what norms are in operation in the context of this legislation. What can discourse reveal about the nature of the social problem as postulated by PREA, and what discursive implications might it contain? Ultimately, this analysis contends that PREA represents a new threshold of educational and queer surveillance, best understood when bracketed by the ideologies of neoliberalism, cis-/heteropatriarchy, and the concomitant articulation of transphobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how autoethnographic vignettes can be used as a reflexive tool to problematize the power relations in which organizational ethnographers participate when doing and representing their fieldwork. Foucault's analysis of the ethical self-formation process provides the impetus to explore the embodied experiences of my autoethnographic study of a cooperative retail outlet in New York. In questioning how power and knowledge reflexively generated my actions and interpretations, I frame this autoethnography as a means of critically reflecting on my own practice as a researcher. By writing about our own embodied interactions with others through discourses that constitute our experiences, we begin to understand how power is exercised in practice. I conclude by discussing the practical benefits for researchers of writing autoethnographic vignettes and, in particular, for doctoral students seeking to become qualitative researchers in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tortures and executions have been publicly displayed to deter crime, but their staging has also been characterized as spectacle. Public spectacle, and associated technologies, were foundational to the aggregated graphic depiction of Damiens the Regicide sentenced to death by torture. Pain was not considered as the sole purpose, but rather to inflict trauma and cause shame. We see that the sovereign holds power over the body, often considered a vessel to be regulated and managed. In this article, the author explores the events surrounding the walk of atonement conducted by Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones. This article analyzes how power structures use brutality to cause trauma. The queen is confined to a prison cell where she is psychologically and spiritually tortured by religious fanatics using technologies of private disciplinary power. She is then forced to walk naked through the streets of King's Landing. As she progresses, her body is pelted with fruit, manure, and bodily fluids, and she endures jeers and curses from the public. A septa (nun) follows her, repeating the word shame eighty-eight times. Her body becomes degraded and objectified. The author's argument is grounded in a unique reading of disciplinary power, which he has conceptualized as traumapower, defined as the use of public (spectacle) and private (confinement) disciplinary power to inflict physical, psychological, and spiritual harm. In Cersei's confinement and walk, we see the manifestation of traumapower. This article explores how external power structures are operationalized to assert body control through trauma, thus rendering it docile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yusef Komunyakaa's poetry is widely acclaimed for its sui generis soundscapes, which shows the poet's highly sensitive auditory perception in his literary creations. Soundscapes, in his poetry, play a pivotal role in revealing social malaise—racial inequalities and gender-biased black relations—in the multiracial US. This article thus explores race- and gender-related societal problems mirrored in Komunyakaa's poetry through the prism of soundscapes. It first aims to examine how soundscapes are presented between poetic lines as a culture carrier, and then investigates the disciplinary power and oppositional function of soundscapes. Combining textual close reading with interdisciplinary research methodology, this article brings to light the complexity and specificity of soundscapes in Komunyakaa's poetry. For one thing, the soundscape constructed by the privileged serves as an oppressive force to discipline the disempowered groups; for another, the soundscape the underprivileged produce is utilized as an instrument of resistance and healing, offering them a sonic weapon to deconstruct the oppressive sound imperialism as well as construct the affective community of African Americans. This study not only adds to the research on Komunyakaa's poetry by offering a renewed viewpoint of excavating this poet and his political proposition of equality and equity, but also attracts academic attention to the role of literary soundscape in Afro-American literature in revealing the long-standing societal problems in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, many horses are transported by air. Alongside sport horses traveling to tournaments worldwide, mainly breeding horses, such as shuttle stallions and broodmares, thoroughbreds traded at auctions, and leisure horses are transported by air. Research in veterinary science has highlighted welfare concerns during air transportation. Equine welfare is constituted in the language and discourse evolving from social, political, and ethical views about the treatment of horses. Consequently, this study targets power in creating equine welfare by analyzing the welfare discourses, transportation practices that generate welfare, and their impact on horses and humans in the transportation of horses by air. In detail, this research uses a Foucauldian discourse analysis to examine how welfare discourses and linked transportation practices constitute horses and humans using disciplinary power. The empirical material consists of 81 newspaper articles about horse transportation by air, five video clips, and four interviews with representatives of horse transport agencies that have set standards for the transportation of horses by air. The analysis discovers four different welfare discourses and various practices that guide the carrying of horses by air. The discourses have created inactive horses and human professionals in the business of horse transportation by air.

A growing body of literature has documented the pervasive occurrence of harassment in schools, and street-based harassment. However, to date there has been little attention to street-based harassment occurring in school-related contexts, such as walking to and from school in uniform. In this article, we aim to address this gap by exploring findings from 47 qualitative interviews with individuals who have experienced street and public harassment in Australia. Street harassment was commonly encountered by participants while they were in their school uniform, and beginning high school was often associated with the onset or increased intensity of street harassment. Drawing on Foucault's concept of disciplinary power and feminist theorisation on embodiment, we argue that street harassment – and school responses to this harassment – functioned as an 'informal curriculum' that normalized the occurrence of harassment and produced young people's bodies as sites of risk that required surveillance, control, and careful management through engagement in safety work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid economic and sociopolitical turmoil in Zimbabwe, police roadblocks proliferated throughout the country, creating sites not only of extraction but also of citizen engagement. These sites show that sociality mediates policing, as police and policed together negotiate the precarities of living in the wake of crisis. Roadblocks are key to the performance of the state as such. Yet this occasions the very stage on which the state's failings are manifested, as officers are rendered highly visible and scrutable on the road—this visibility is central to sociality, in a mechanism of power that relies on enfleshing the system of policing by those through whom the state acts. Whereas conceptualizations of governance in Africa often take people as a corrupting element, here, the peopling of the system is central to its operation. Encounters at roadblocks invite a reconsideration of reified ideals of policing and power in governance, including reified concepts of disciplinary power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research considers the relationship between accounting and physical space, focusing on the creation of musical recordings within the musical and 'magical' space of Abbey Road Studios during the 1960s. Building on prior studies that have utilised the work of Foucault to theorise accounting's ability to contribute to making space more disciplinary, this study highlights how, at the beginning of the 1960s, accounting was part of a wider regime that rendered the non-disciplinary, musical space of the recording studio visible and controllable in order to standardise musical recording practices. As the period progressed, and against a backdrop of cultural revolution in 1960s Britain, existing rules and procedures were circumvented by musicians, producers and engineers who utilised experimental practices to create non-standardised, 'magical', sonic worlds. Control over the musical space of the recording studio waned and so too did accounting's ability to capture and manage the emergent creative practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although digital-free tourism is growing in popularity, research in this area has not unpacked the complex power relations between humans and technology through a critical perspective. Building on Foucault's analysis of power and resistance, we theorized technology as disciplinary power and conducted a collaborative autoethnography to explore how individuals resist the dominant discourse. Through a reflexive account, we theorize digital-free travel as a process of negotiating and rejecting the dominant discourse of technology, particularly through effective personal strategies of engaging in full disconnection, redefining punishments and rewards, recalling nostalgic memories, and constantly reflecting on embodied feelings and self-transformations in the power relations. Theoretically, this study contributes to understanding digital-free tourism through the lens of power and resistance; it also contributes to critical studies in technology and tourism. Methodologically, we emphasize the potential of applying collaborative autoethnography in analyzing embodied self-transformations. Practically, this study offers suggestions for digital-free tourism providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the authors of "Women's International Thought: A New History" which express their gratitude to the Cambridge Review of International Affairs and the interdisciplinary cast of authors who contributed to the project. Topics include considered they acknowledge the history of disparaging women's intellectual production and the importance of feminist recovery work in the project of international intellectual and disciplinary history.

This research aims to explore power abuse by the prominent characters in Hosseini's The Kite Runner, through Foucauldian perspective of "Disciplinary Power". The novel is based in Kabul and the story reveals utilization of power position by controlling others. For instance, Assef uses his power to oppress and abuse Hassan and his son, Sohrab, who belong to a different ethnic group Hazara. His hatred towards Hazaras is reflected through his offensive dialogues in the story. Amir, the protagonist of the novel is represented as the oppressed as well as the oppressor. Baba's role in the novel is of a strong patriarch whose illegitimate relationship with Hassan's mother remains concealed until his death. He manages to maintain his reputation in the society throughout his life and deprives his sons from the truth to know about their birth and brotherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hotel du Lac has long been a hub for literary research. However, less attention has been paid to the various sorts of female anxiety that appear in the novel. Therefore, this study employs Foucault's power theory to examine feminine anxiety in the book on the basis of literature research and detailed reading. Three distinct forms of anxiety in Hotel du Lac are covered in this essay. One is the stress experienced by married women. Mrs. Pusey and Monica struggled with reproductive issues and body attractiveness, catering to their husband's preferences and requirements. While the loneliness Edith's mother experienced between cultures contributed to her uneasiness in addition to her unhappy marriage. Jennifer's worry as a daughter and an unmarried lady is the second major anxiety in the novel. The last anxiety relates to Edith's appearance, single status, and writing. However, the modest attire she insisted on, her desire for romantic love, and her insistence on making up her own stories were how she ultimately fought the male disciplinary power. According to the article's meticulous analysis of the various anxieties, the patriarchal society's power structure is found to be the main cause of women's discomfort. In order to overcome their identity concern, women are encouraged to choose an appropriate vocation and develop independent female awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should parental rights be allocated to the best available parent? Anca Gheaus has argued that they should and that the interests of those who might rear them are strictly irrelevant to their allocation. This discussion article defends the view that parents' interests are relevant to parental rights, against this latest argument. I show that the Best Available Parent View, as stated, conflicts with the exclusion of parental interests, on which it allegedly rests. I show that by including parental interests we better explain how parental rights should be distributed and over a wider range of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of narratives of war in early twentieth-century and early twenty-first-century U.S.-American health campaigns by studying several public health posters with the methods of visual analysis. It offers two complementary approaches to theorize the semantics of war. First, in cognitivist terms, the contribution posits that the conceptual domain of war provides a narrative framework for rendering an invisible danger intelligible to human observers. Second, assuming that public health posters seek to promote hygienic behavior, the article conceptualizes hygiene as a specific form of discipline. With regard to Foucault's notion that discipline is a form of behavior in surveillance societies, to be internalized not only by state authorities but also by citizens, the article argues that public health campaigns employ narratives of war to appeal to their addressees' awareness of ever-lurking threats to the U.S.-American nation. In so doing, they contribute to the formation of vigilant "citizen-soldiers." After analyzing the semantics of war in the early twentieth-century "crusade" against tuberculosis, the contribution turns to twenty-first-century online campaigns against COVID-19. It demonstrates that the narratives of war used in these campaigns constitute a striking and recurrent "pandemic pattern" in the U.S.-American imaginary of medical crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus framework calls for a systems perspective on addressing complex sustainability challenges. As a sustainability science field, nexus research should in theory bring together transdisciplinary approaches drawing from a range of stakeholder knowledge and experiences. This approach would align with the competence-based training for future sustainability leaders advocated for in sustainability education literature. In practice, the field is dominated by techno-scientific approaches with superficial or peripheral attention paid to issues of social justice and community engagement. In this article, we explore how this imbalance in the literature reflects a breakdown between the ideals of sustainability training and the reality of training at the nexus and describe obstacles that may be contributing to this breakdown, including a prejudice towards the idea of "objective" science, institutional incentives, and disciplinary culture. To address these concerns, we introduce a research project focused on assessing the training of future researchers at the FEW nexus and exploring how these programs train students in particular views of what is important at the FEW nexus, such as technological solutions, stakeholder collaboration, and/or issues of equity and justice. It will also provide recommendations for creating open learning environments that are competence-based, and that incorporate multiple methods, acknowledgments of limitations, and alternate ways of knowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated algorithms are silently making crucial decisions about our lives, but most of the time we have little understanding of how they work. To counter this hidden influence, there have been increasing calls for algorithmic transparency. Much ink has been spilled over the informational account of algorithmic transparency—about how much information should be revealed about the inner workings of an algorithm. But few studies question the power structure beneath the informational disclosure of the algorithm. As a result, the information disclosure itself can be a means of manipulation used by a group of people to advance their own interests. Instead of concentrating on information disclosure, this paper examines algorithmic transparency from the perspective of power, explaining how algorithmic transparency under a disciplinary power structure can be a technique of normalizing people’s behavior. The informational disclosure of an algorithm can not only set up some de facto norms, but also build a scientific narrative of its algorithm to justify those norms. In doing so, people would be internally motivated to follow those norms with less critical analysis. This article suggests that we should not simply open the black box of an algorithm without challenging the existing power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the realistic depiction of female teenage students' experience of subjection and resistance to disciplinary power in today's Iranian patriarchal society, and the excessive vulnerability of their underprivileged position at the intersection of gender and age inequalities in Sonia K. Hadad's Exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of Donald Barthelme’s works have been undeniably influenced by Michel Foucault’s socio-political philosophy, however, few scholars have explored such concepts in his works, especially the theme of “panopticism.” The purpose of this article, which is library based, is to analyze and scrutinize the panoptic society of Barthelme’s “Subpoena” in the light of Foucauldian “panopticism” which is a segment of his more general concept of power. Keeping the Benthamite “Panopticon” in the back of his mind, Foucault outlines the “new physics of power” represented by “panopticism” as a modern or disciplinary power; he, then, draws our attention to its most important feature, i.e., the penetration into the most trivial and personal affairs of social subjects. It is worth mentioning that the basic characteristics of disciplinary power such as omnipresence, omniscience, and omnipotence can be discovered in panoptic society of “Subpoena.” In this society, there is always the possibility of resistance and rebellion because wherever power is found, resistance emerges as well, though, eventually, power prevails upon individuals. Barthelme creatively portrays a post-modern society in which disciplinary power, with its meticulous and permanent surveillance, on the one hand, has transformed the subjects into the men of modern humanism, and, on the other hand, has changed the traditional society into a panoptic one. Barthelme successfully finalizes the story with the message that modern society intends to make obedient and useful machines out of the subjects.

This article explores Karl Marx’s critique of alienation. Specifically, I will argue that the concept of alienation is essential to understand not only how capitalism reproduces itself, but also to find alternatives to a regime of capital valorisation that has become mystified. In order to develop the analytical scope of this critique, I propose to discuss it together with the Foucauldian concept of disciplinary power and with the concept of patriarchal violence that appears in Silvia Federici's Caliban and the Witch. These two approaches provide a basis for the statement that the Marxist critique of alienation can be complemented and radicalised with the post-structuralist position, and with the feminist critique of capitalism.

This article challenges state-sponsored violence in Australia by exploring the experiences of young Indigenous people in youth detention and refugees in immigration detention in Australia as a form of living death. This article examines how this living death manifests by qualitatively analysing publicly accessible first-hand accounts from Indigenous young people about their experiences of youth imprisonment and from refugees about their experiences of immigration detention onshore and offshore. The findings suggest that when necropower and disciplinary power intersect four overlapping expressions of violence emerge: structural violence, epistemic violence, physical violence and brutality, and disciplinary violence. It is the complex overlapping of these multiple forms of harm that creates an experience of living death. In privileging the voices of young Indigenous people and refugees, this article also recognises their continued refusal of past and present colonial structures and the associated violence of carceral spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İnternete yönelik literatürde yer alan özgürlük–baskı ikilemine baskı tarafından bakan bu çalışma, benzer çalışmaların internet özgürlüğünü genellikle baskıcı hükümetlerin kısıtlaması üzerinden algılamasını sorunsallaştırmaktadır. İnternet özgürlüğünün iki boyutta tartışılması gerektiğini ileri süren çalışmaya göre makro doğrudan uygulanan bir kapatılmayken mikro dolaylı, bireyin kendisine uyguladığı bir kapatılmadır. Çalışmanın sorunsalı, baskı tarafındaki yaklaşımların makro düzeydeki yapılara olan vurgusunun aşırı düzeyde olduğu ve makro düzeydeki kapatılmaların aşılabildiği ve yine bu makro yapıların ve bireylerin kendilerinin de katkılarıyla yaratılan internet ortamının mikro düzeyde özgürlüğü talep etmeyen bir tip oluşmasına katkı sağladığıdır. Yönetim açısından tahakküm yerine rızayla oluşan konsensüs evla olduğu gibi makro düzeyde interneti kapatmak yerine mikro düzeyde bireyleri özgürlüğü talep etmeyecek bir konuma indirgemek de daha tercih edilebilirdir. Buradaki özne büyük kapatılma içinde yaşayan, interneti de bir kültür endüstrisi aracı olarak kullanan, kendisi bu endüstrinin ürünlerini tükettiği gibi kendisinin de tüketilmesine izin veren ve internet özgürlüğüne aldığı hazdan daha az değer veren bir durumdadır. Hükümetler ne kadar baskıcı olursa olsun internetin doğası gereği özgürlüğe daha açık olan yapısı da düşünüldüğünde, bu durum bireylerin internet ve teknoloji ile olan ilişkisinin daha fazla sorgulanması gerekliliğini ortaya koyar. Bu tespit literatürde internet özgürlüğünün genellikle tartışıldığı alan olan hükümet baskısından ziyade, kullanıcıların eylemlilikleri üzerinden tartışılmasının önemini vurgular.

To understand power relations, it is important to consider that power is an attribute, and whoever has it at a given moment is in the condition of dominant and whoever is under its exercise is dominated. Moreover, we must consider that these positions are interchangeable, changing when relations of force change. Power relations represent the pursuit of supremacy through knowledge, with struggles for better positioning in the social structure. In this study, we analyze the effects of disciplinary power on daily practices of nurses and physicians in the hospital environment, more specifically in intensive care units. From the perspective of disciplines, power is exercised in a discreet, modest, calculated and permanent way, through the establishment of rules and norms. In this context, despite the strong appreciation of a medical‐centered model, it is observed that nurses gain visibility through knowledge and the defense of institutional norms and rules, which can generate tensions in daily professional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the risk of oversimplification, virtually all research that scrutinizes COVID-19 is propelled by identical points of departures which chief in their assessment, portray how the pandemic accentuates the likelihood of illiberal or autocratic regimes tightening restrictions upon civil liberties. This paper is no different as it is predicated along this initial starting point but is also carrying an ambition to bring to light how the pandemic context, perhaps counterintuitively has also provided authoritarian governments with the platform to uptake provisions that bring about a veneer of civil rights and the potential which this vacillation between increasingly authoritarian and considerably liberal approaches in handling the virus generates. This paper is offset by Foucault's theorizing on Governmentality and illuminates on how African governments have responded to the virus in the textbook manner Foucault envisages. In so doing, it challenges the generally advanced idea that Governmentality is only applicable in Western liberal contexts by looking at African countries response to the COVID-19 pandemic that has enlisted classic Governmentality techniques such as disciplinary power, surveillance and power/knowledge monopoly by African states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines Palestinian im/mobility in the colonial context of the checkpoint. The essay offers a theoretical approach for studying the prism of im/mobility, space, and time at Qalandiya checkpoint through a Foucauldian/de Certeau framework of power. Based on Foucauldian analysis of disciplinary power, the essay examines im/mobility by examining the ways the Israeli checkpoint subjugates Palestinian bodies to produce "docile bodies" only to cause them "wasted time" waiting by Qalandiya checkpoint. The author approaches Palestinian commuters as the active subjects of power who act and are acted upon at the same time. Building on de Certeau's theory of the everyday and focusing on the tactical power of the "weak," the author explores Palestinian agency with the production of Palestinian "resistant bodies" at the checkpoint and the evolution of "survival time" during their mobility practices. The essay is enriched with the accounts of three Palestinian commuters to complement its theoretical insight. The author concludes with the need to build on this theoretical framework with a broad ethnographic study to develop a better understanding of mobility practices for Palestinian commuters at Qalandiya checkpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]