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Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in well-being in everyday life. Effective emotion regulation depends upon adaptively matching a given strategy to a given situation. Recent research has begun to explore these interactions in the context of daily reports of perceived stress, affect, and emotion regulation strategy usage. To further understand these differences in strategy efficacy in an ecologically valid context, we examined responses to real world stressors in a young adult sample. We surveyed a range of emotion regulation strategies, including two forms of cognitive reappraisal (i.e., reinterpretation, which involves cognitively reframing one's emotional responses, and psychological distancing, which involves adopting an objective, impartial perspective). Participants reported strategy usage, momentary perceived stress, and affect in response to multiple ecological momentary assessments over a period of 7 days. Analyses of links between strategy usage and affect revealed that rumination was significantly negatively associated with more positive affect ratings. Further, a significant interaction between momentary perceived stress and reinterpretation usage was observed on affect, such that reinterpretation was more adaptive during situations perceived as less stressful. These results provide further insight into the importance of situational context in determining the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidance is a kind of behavior that phylogenetically has helped humans to survive harmful situations. However, following a behavioral pattern based on avoidance is not always useful; it can render some relive from the reduction of discomfort but, in the long term, can bring suffering and destruction to the life of the person. At the same time, humans act according to a type of motivation named personal meaning, which can drive our behavior even when facing uncomfortable feelings and thoughts. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a contextual therapy that focuses on minimizing the pattern of avoidance and maximizing the pattern of meaningful actions, which in the long term can bring life satisfaction to the person. Various randomized controlled trials have showed that this type of interventions are effective for different psychological problems. Different experimental analogs have studied, in the laboratory, the effect of the specific ACT component of personal meaning, or values, on reducing avoidance. However, no systematic review has been found on this topic and this is the aim of the present review. The systematic search found nineteen experimental analogs and their results revealed that personal meaning is a useful tool to reduce avoidance, in the form of pain tolerance, and that psychological distancing complements effectively the positive impact of personal meaning. We discuss these results and the details of how the motivational protocols were implemented, trying to identify key elements that could help to promote more flexible behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a linguoculturological analysis of the regulators of patriarchal morality, which represent the periphery of the phraseological concept of honour. They are verbalized in the language by a large number of phraseological units intertwined into complex functional-semantic relationships. Phraseological units reflecting extra-linguistic phenomena are integrated into micro concepts that are important for native speakers of the given era. At the centre of the macro concept of honour is the micro concept of face as a symbol of honour. Other micro concepts are concentrated around it - regulators of patriarchal morality: spell and oath, distancing, stoning and blood feud. All these micro concepts are recorded in phraseological units interconnected in meaning and function. On the basis of their various syntagmatic, paradigmatic and semantic connections, the mechanism regulating social relations and ethical norms by which lived not only an individual, a member of the community, but also the entire patriarchal community, is reconstructed. An extensive set of phraseological units is extracted from lexicographic, ethnographic, historical and legal sources, and their function is illustrated by contexts from artistic and folklore texts. This methodology gives an idea of the real linguistic use of a particular era and the function of the analyzed phraseological units in a particular context, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct social phenomena, processes and relationships that stand against the background of linguistic units. This emphasizes the importance of language as a custodian and translator of culture and the special significance of the phraseological layer of language, which best preserves the concepts of culture, as well as the importance of historical phraseology.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic changes in the world. One prominent aspect has been the transformation in interpersonal relations, especially people's attitude towards residents from COVID epicenters. Using a 2-wave national study in mainland China during the pandemic outbreak, this study examined Chinese people's distancing and helping intentions towards residents from Hubei Province, the epicenter of China at that time. Results suggested that individuals had an ambivalent attitude towards denizens from the epicenter. Specifically, people felt greater risk when they perceived a higher severity of the pandemic and so were more likely to distance from epicenter residents. However, individuals showed greater empathy towards epicenter residents when they felt a higher severity of the pandemic and, therefore, were more likely to help them. Group identity moderated these effects: those with a higher identification as Chinese were more inclined to help Hubei residents, but those with a lower identification as Chinese were more prone to distance from them. The findings provide important implications in understanding interpersonal relationships during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive distancing is an emotion regulation strategy commonly used in psychological treatment of various mental health disorders, but its therapeutic mechanisms are unknown. Methods: 935 participants completed an online reinforcement learning task involving choices between pairs of symbols with differing reward contingencies. Half (49.1%) of the sample was randomised to a cognitive self-distancing intervention and were trained to regulate or 'take a step back' from their emotional response to feedback throughout. Established computational (Q -learning) models were then fit to individuals' choices to derive reinforcement learning parameters capturing clarity of choice values (inverse temperature) and their sensitivity to positive and negative feedback (learning rates). Results: Cognitive distancing improved task performance, including when participants were later tested on novel combinations of symbols without feedback. Group differences in computational model-derived parameters revealed that cognitive distancing resulted in clearer representations of option values (estimated 0.17 higher inverse temperatures). Simultaneously, distancing caused increased sensitivity to negative feedback (estimated 19% higher loss learning rates). Exploratory analyses suggested this resulted from an evolving shift in strategy by distanced participants: initially, choices were more determined by expected value differences between symbols, but as the task progressed, they became more sensitive to negative feedback, with evidence for a difference strongest by the end of training. Conclusions: Adaptive effects on the computations that underlie learning from reward and loss may explain the therapeutic benefits of cognitive distancing. Over time and with practice, cognitive distancing may improve symptoms of mental health disorders by promoting more effective engagement with negative information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper investigates Belgian young peoples’ discussions about climate change, specifically how they distance themselves from various dimensions related to climate issues. The study includes a pluridisciplinary analysis combining sociological, linguistic and semiotic approaches to process textual data collected in 2022 from six focus groups organised within local youth associations. This study focuses on 33 socially and economically diverse young people who joined a youth club. The paper explores the strategies employed by the respondents to distance themselves from climate change issues. It sheds light on various aspects related to climate distancing: How young people embody their vision of climate change through voice-switching, how societal norms and beliefs influence them, how they perceive the global impact of the changes, and how education plays a role in the issue of climate change. The study highlights the barriers, paradoxes and conflicts that hinder young people’s active involvement in addressing climate change. It goes on to propose a set of recommendations aimed at transforming these barriers into actionable steps that can drive positive change. By identifying and addressing the contributing factors to climate distancing, this research offers potential pathways for empowering young people to become more engaged in the fight against climate change.

In the current research we investigated how people deal with decisions in which they have to reject others, something that is unavoidably part of many selection procedures. Integrating insights derived from research on social exclusion and dehumanization, we argued that when people need to reject others, they dehumanize them. To study the association between dehumanization and rejecting in a real-life setting, we conducted two field studies, in which we examined the selection process in student houses, where residents can accept some prospective members, but have to reject others. As predicted, our findings showed that when people need to reject targets, they subtly dehumanize them. Moreover, dehumanizing rejected targets was related to lower rejection aversion. This suggests that when people dehumanize those they have to reject, rejection is easier.

A gap between knowledge and adaptive action remains and psychological distancing has been proposed to explain peoples’ inaction. This presents a challenge to climate change communication and particularly to the conventional ways of providing scientific information. Serious games have proliferated in the last ten years with a focus on improving the way in which climate change is communicated with different types of audiences. However, empirical evidence for whether serious games focusing on the local understanding of barriers to action offers an opportunity to reduce the psychological distancing from climate change is lacking. This paper presents a case study of Minions of Disruptions, a collaborative board game developed by the Dutch NGO Day of Adaptation, which gamifies climate action by letting the players choose their own adaptation strategy and co-create their organizational story that is based on their local knowledge. The results of this paper show that the game experience succeeds in reducing psychological distance and cultivates agency. This finding provides a pathway toward communication strategies that provide a safe and fun environment in which participants interact to identify organizational and community-based issue areas where more resilience can be built.

This theoretical article identifies the intentional aesthetic use of embodied language as one of the unique contributions of dramatherapy to trauma treatment. Despite the centrality of narrative, fictional and dramatic language to dramatherapy practice, there has been little written about the aesthetics of language and their application in trauma work, nor about the relationship between embodiment and language use in dramatherapy. The article proceeds from the assumption that aesthetics are at the core of dramatherapy process, and therefore, that it is crucial to the understanding of therapeutic change in dramatherapy to explore the aesthetic aspects of practice. Reviewing the literature on language in trauma work and aesthetics in dramatherapy, the article provides a preliminary typology of the aesthetic elements of language as used in dramatherapy, with illustrative examples from the literature and from the author's arts-based research. The core process of aesthetic distancing is applied as the dramatherapist's primary tool for moment-to-moment assessment and decision-making regarding interventions, particularly with regard to titrating exposure to traumatic content; this is necessary to sustain a robust dramatic reality capable of containing the potentially affectively and physiologically intense work of trauma resolution. The article concludes with recommendations for future research into language use in dramatherapy trauma work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper investigates Belgian young peoples' discussions about climate change, specifically how they distance themselves from various dimensions related to climate issues. The study includes a pluridisciplinary analysis combining sociological, linguistic and semiotic approaches to process textual data collected in 2022 from six focus groups organised within local youth associations. This study focuses on 33 socially and economically diverse young people who joined a youth club. The paper explores the strategies employed by the respondents to distance themselves from climate change issues. It sheds light on various aspects related to climate distancing: How young people embody their vision of climate change through voice-switching, how societal norms and beliefs influence them, how they perceive the global impact of the changes, and how education plays a role in the issue of climate change. The study highlights the barriers, paradoxes and conflicts that hinder young people's active involvement in addressing climate change. It goes on to propose a set of recommendations aimed at transforming these barriers into actionable steps that can drive positive change. By identifying and addressing the contributing factors to climate distancing, this research offers potential pathways for empowering young people to become more engaged in the fight against climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on stressors from a detached perspective – a strategy known as distancing – can facilitate emotional recovery. Researchers have theorised that distancing works by enabling reappraisals of negative events, yet few studies have investigated specifically how distancing impacts stressor appraisals. In this experiment, we investigated how participants' (N = 355) emotional experience and appraisals of an interpersonal conflict differed depending on whether they wrote event-reflections from a linguistically immersed (first-person) or distanced (second/third-person) perspective. Partly replicating previous findings, distanced reflection predicted increases in positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect, relative to immersed reflection. Linguistic distancing also predicted increases in motivational congruence appraisals (i.e. perceived advantageousness of the event), but did not influence other appraisal dimensions. We discuss how linguistic distancing may facilitate emotional recovery by illuminating the benefits of stressful experiences, enabling people to "see the good in the bad". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a process-ontological perspective, I consider some aspects of the ways in which human languaging enables persons to operate on and to actualize and de-actualize the modal potentials of their world. I examine Johanna Seibt's notion of functional individuals to show how some aspect of the world can be selected and differentiated and thus located in some region of space-time by a particular linguistic (or other) operation. Rather than referring to an already given and present actuality, utterances actualise and situate functional individuals to varying degrees of definiteness, specificity, realness, and so on in occasions of languaging and in texts. Wordings enable and scaffold de-coupled intentional-semantic registration that coordinate selves and the functional individuals that populate their world. With reference to the nominal group and criteria of Thinghood, I consider concrete particulars and functional stuffs in relation to the capacity of our languaging to activate selective aspects of the modal potentials of the processes that we encounter in the world. This requires a process-ontological account of the world on which and in which we act in and through languaging. Languaging functions to sensibilize us to different aspects of the modal potentials that it activates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on two elements of the Passover Seder ritual and their connection to Piagetian education theory. After outlining Piaget's theory of genetic epistemology and its implications for education theory, it focuses on Sigel's distancing theory, which touts question asking as a tool for presenting information to students. This paper argues that the Jewish ritual of the Passover Seder was formulated with such pedagogical methods in mind, especially as it concerns the role of questioning. This paper also discusses storytelling's importance as an effective tool in pedagogical instruction, and how the Passover Seder also takes advantage of that modality to make the ritual more impactful for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern social space is increasingly determined by the trends of digitalization. Today we can talk about such consequences of digitalization as the appearance of scattered identity and distancing – a new kind of socialization in the conditions of spatial separation and overcoming social deprivation and virtual transgression. These trends manifest themselves in all spheres – cultural, economic, political, etc. But at the same time, processes of a different kind are also taking place in the field of education: processes that represent a kind of inversion of the digitalization influence on our perception of the world, self-perception and the sphere of our everyday life. The article examines three such major trends and their inversions in the educational space of our time. 1. The tendency to eliminate the intermediary in the educational space leads to an opposite effect of multiplying intermediaries and awareness of teacher’s unavoidability as one of the main participants in education, both due to the complexity and inaccessibility for direct study of educational material and the fact that education is not based on transmission (in which the intermediary could theoretically be eliminated), but creation based on the phenomenon of meeting. 2. The transgressive tendency as “going beyond” and even erasing boundaries is transformed in the educational space into a tendency of distancing as a double movement of alienation (delineation) and inclusion (communion), in which the blurring of the boundary between the public and intimate, the space of self-organization in the order of the norm and the space of spontaneity, real and virtual, etc. is accompanied by the establishment of a new type of socialization in conditions of spatial disunity and social deprivation. 3. The appearance of a diffuse identity reinforced by the tendency to glocalization in the socio-political sphere and the transition to a transmedia narrative in the cultural and entertainment sphere, in the digital space of education is transformed into the possibility of self-actualization, self-expression, turning the modern educational space into a mythopoetic “world of all kinds” and anthropological singularity.

This work is focused on workforce scheduling for assembly lines with the additional constraint of workforce distancing. The aim is to warrant the necessary safety and health requirements due to COVID-19. The research stems within an industrial case in which a methodology has been developed with the objectives of i) developing a constraint optimization model considering the social distancing of workers as part of the workforce scheduling requirements and ii) investigating how the workforce distancing can affect certain production performances. Through an empirical investigation the impact of distancing on workforce allocation is appraised in terms of daily production capacity. Then, different distancing thresholds are assessed to seek the optimal balance among production performances and safety requirements. The research resulted in a tool able to adapt the scheduling sequence to those health/safety situations where the production manager needs to minimize losses in terms of production capacity, warranting the safest working conditions.

This article presents the living statues method as a prime medium in expressive art therapy and particularly in drama therapy. It describes the method, its specific characteristics and their meaning, and shows how a public performance can be a space for a creative, art-based, therapeutic process. Two vignettes from practice illustrate how the living statues method can be applied to work with teenagers with behavioral problems and the elderly. It also highlights the relationships between this nonverbal, creative, "body–mind–spirit" performance-oriented method and humanistic psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the revised Filial Maturity Measure (FMM) in a sample of Chinese adults and examine the influence of gender, age and life course transitions (i.e., marital status and having children or not) on various dimensions of filial maturity. In Study 1, according to a review of current literature, ten items of the FMM and eight supplementary items together form the initial item pool. Then confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on a sample of 682 Chinese adults to screen valid items and verify the factorial structure. Two factors containing 10 items were obtained. Study 2 confirmed the adequacy of the two-factor structure using CFA in a second sample, and the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, structural validity, discrimination validity, convergent validity, and measurement invariance of the scale had been verified. The results showed that the two-factor measure of comprehending (6 items) and distancing (4 items) is valid and reliable and can therefore be used to measure the filial maturity of Chinese adults of different genders and ages. Additionally, filial maturity had a positive relation with having children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a new method to more effectively plan the use of beaches by combining indices and artificial vision systems. The Overcrowding Index (I ocr) measures the number of people on the beach in relation to its surface area, while the Distancing Index (I dis) evaluates the spatial distribution and distance between beachgoers. Both indices are combined to generate an overall index called the Occupancy Index (I ocu). The proposed methodology uses cameras and computer vision algorithms such as YOLOX and ByteTrack to automate the counting of people and measure distances. This allows for continuous monitoring of the quantity (carrying capacity and density) and distribution of beachgoers (degree of social distancing), as well as a functional prototype in which the indices are calculated in real time. It was observed that as density increased, Iocr showed an inverse trend, being close to 0 when approaching maximum density. The calculation of the distance between groups validated that, even with medium densities, close to the shoreline, the reference distance of 2 m was not accomplished, obtaining a very low I dis (0.18). The resulting I ocu was 0.31, validating the appropriate integration of both indices. Overall, the system's effectiveness for accurately monitoring the number of users and their distribution, and calculating the defined indices for beach management, is demonstrated. The proposed approach provides a valuable tool, allowing a more efficient management of beaches according to their actual occupancy and user distribution. [Display omitted] • Users position themselves at a maximum distance from the shoreline regardless of the beach's width. • Beach overcrowding is reached in July and August between 10-13h and 17–19h. • Despite not occupying the entire beach surface, distancing is less than recommended. • The proposed methodology applies to any type of beach and season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Данная статья посвящена исследованию особенностей функционирования коннектора дистанцирования en tout cas в современном французском языке. В нашем исследовании мы опираемся на работы ученых Женевской лингвистической школы, разработавших теорию коннекторов.Материалом исследования послужили произведения художественной литературы 19–20 веков. На основе корпуса примеров, полученного методом сплошной выборки, мы выявили и описали основные семантические и прагматические характеристики интересующего нас коннектора.В данной работе мы рассмотрели основные контексты употребления данного коннектора и представили некоторые различия между монологовым и диалоговым употреблениями коннектора en tout cas. Данный коннектор встречается в контексте выражения собственного мнения и волеизъявления, основным признаком чего является модальность, выражающая различные отношения между говорящим лицом, содержанием высказывания и действительностью. Проведенное исследование позволило нам выявить специфику en tout cas, которая заключается в том, что первое высказывание представляет собой неуверенное утверждение, справедливость которого может вызвать сомнение у собеседника или у самого говорящего, в связи с этим в первую формулировку точки зрения вносится поправка, ограничивающая справедливость защищаемой точки зрения более узкой областью. В диалоге данный коннектор может функционировать как коннектор возражения.

This work is focused on workforce scheduling for assembly lines with the additional constraint of workforce distancing. The aim is to warrant the necessary safety and health requirements due to COVID-19. The research stems within an industrial case in which a methodology has been developed with the objectives of i) developing a constraint optimization model considering the social distancing of workers as part of the workforce scheduling requirements and ii) investigating how the workforce distancing can affect certain production performances. Through an empirical investigation the impact of distancing on workforce allocation is appraised in terms of daily production capacity. Then, different distancing thresholds are assessed to seek the optimal balance among production performances and safety requirements. The research resulted in a tool able to adapt the scheduling sequence to those health/safety situations where the production manager needs to minimize losses in terms of production capacity, warranting the safest working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are central and serve in the frontlines when epidemics threaten public health. Thus, certain communities may be hardest hit by these challenges. Interventions supporting HCWs are important, and to develop these, understanding their experiences is essential. Aim: To explore how HCWs in Norwegian public in-home services experienced work during the COVID-19 pandemic over time. Method: A longitudinal qualitative study with two data collections approximately one year apart (2021 and 2022) was performed. Individual interviews were conducted with HCWs. Results: The analysis resulted in six main themes: Changing everything, Redefining 'necessary tasks', Distancing and loneliness, Cooperation and coordination, More infections and fewer worries and Lessons for the future. These indicate capabilities and processes, how they are evolving over time, and outcomes. The first two themes focus on the first period of the pandemic, the next two on the ongoing intermediate period, and the final two cover the last period. Conclusion: The HCWs' narratives have demonstrated their collective coping based on adaptive and transformative capacities. Further, they have enlisted experienced social resilience in their strategies for coping with the COVID-19 challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought forth conversations about effective behavior change models for increasing prevention behavior, ranging from wearing masks in public to physical distancing. Among the considered behavior change techniques is the use of fear appeals, through which a negative possible outcome is emphasized to invoke fear, which in turn may promote prevention behaviors to counter the likelihood of the negative outcome. Although fear is hypothesized as health promoting in some theories of health behavior, little research has rigorously assessed the relationship. Objective: In our exploratory analyses, we aim to examine the association, including directionality of the association between fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 prevention behaviors across 2 time points during the early COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of US women. Methods: The COPE study, a web-based survey of US women's COVID-19 experiences, was deployed in May-June 2020 (time 1) with follow-up in December 2020-January 2021 (time 2; n=200). Demographic characteristics as well as fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 prevention behaviors (eg, staying home except for essential activities, physical distancing in public, and masking in public) were measured. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were used to characterize COVID-19 prevention behaviors and fear of COVID-19 among participants. Cross-lagged panel analysis, a type of structural equation modeling that assesses directionality of temporal associations, was used to understand relationships, if any, between variables of interest. Results: We found cross-sectional associations between fear of COVID-19 and staying home and physical distancing, as well as temporal associations between fear at time 1 and time 2 and prevention behaviors at time 1 and time 2. However, results of the cross-lagged panel analysis indicated no cross-lagged temporal relationships between fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 prevention behaviors 6 months apart. Conclusions: Fear of COVID-19 did not appear to predict COVID-19 prevention behaviors 6 months after initial measurements among the sample of women recruited for our study. Future research should rigorously test these associations longitudinally, and alternative methods of public health prevention promotion should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a recent corpus drawn from the French-speaking written press, this article deals with a dimension of euphemisms that has been little taken into account by research: their close links with the reported speech. Specifically, the focus is on cases where journalists do not assume the euphemisms they report, mentioning them in the form of « textual islets ». After deepening the relationship between the notions of euphemism and textual islet, the study examines the marks of otherness of the latter, as well as its effects of divergent polyphony. The enunciative discordances and the confrontations of points of view associated with such a divergent polyphony are then analysed. Particularly, we show how depending on the context it manifests a reservation, a disapproval or a rejection of journalists about the euphemisms mentioned. Finally, the article identifies the main motivations that lead the press speech to resort to polyphonic textual islets in its critical treatment of euphemisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern space is increasingly determined by the trends of digitalization. Today we can talk about such consequences of digitalization as the appearance of scattered identity and distancing – a new kind of socialization in the conditions of spatial separation and overcoming social deprivation and virtual transgression. These trends manifest themselves in all spheres – cultural, economic, political, etc. But at the same time, processes of a different kind are also taking place in the field of education: processes that represent a kind of inversion of the main trends of the influence of digitalization on our perception of the world, self-perception and the sphere of our everyday life. The article examines three such major trends and their inversions in the educational space of our time: 1. the tendency characteristic of digitalization to eliminate the intermediary in the educational space leads to the opposite effect of multiplying intermediaries and awareness of the teacher's unavoidability as one of the main participants in education, both due to the complexity and inaccessibility for direct study of educational material, and due to the fact that education is not based on transmission (in which the intermediary could theoretically be eliminated), but creation based on the phenomenon of meeting; 2. the transgressive tendency as "going beyond" and even erasing boundaries is transformed in the educational space into a tendency of distancing as a double movement of alienation (delineation) and inclusion (communion), in which the blurring of the boundary between the public and intimate, the space of self-organization in the order of the norm and the space of spontaneity, real and virtual, etc. is accompanied by the establishment of a new type of socialization in conditions of spatial disunity and social deprivation; 3. the tendency to the appearance of a diffuse identity, reinforced by the tendency to glocalization in the socio-political sphere and the transition to a transmedia narrative in the cultural and entertainment sphere, in the digital space of education is transformed into the possibility of self-actualization, self-expression, turning the modern educational space into a mythopoetical "world of all kinds" and anthropological singularity.

This study examined consumers' psychological reactance, which is insufficiently explored in the literature. This research fills the gaps found in the literature reviewed and investigates how the psychological reactance of restaurant consumers developed because of social, temporal, and spatial distancing measures during COVID-19. This study also explored ways in which the restaurant industry can increase its compliance with COVID-19 restrictions in such a situation. We explored the effects of social, temporal, and spatial distancing on psychological reactance. We also identified the moderating effect of lockdown restrictions, which strengthen the psychological reactance developed because of (a) social distancing, (b) temporal distancing, and (c) spatial distancing. We collected data from restaurant consumers in Lahore. This study applied quantitative techniques (i.e., a test of normality, measurement model assessment, structural model assessment, and common method variance). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 and the results were interpreted and presented accordingly. This study added to the literature on psychological reactance, service management, and psychological distance. We could also help the restaurant industry overcome the challenges that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic and the closures. This study could assist the restaurant industry to understand consumer behavior and attract potential consumers.

Social distancing is a central (un)word of the pandemic year 2020. Now, music culture thrives on performative 'liveness'—even in classical music, where live experience has become the core of the musical artwork in the age of its mechanical reproduction. At the same time, the history of music can be read as a history of the dissolution of boundaries: from the body (voice), to mechanical instruments, to electronic extensions. Accelerated by regulations in response to the COVID-19 crisis, music culture passes another media transformation, entering new virtual stages. In fact, crisis always implies changes and chances too: economists call it 'creative destruction', artists call it innovation. And indeed, 'social distancing' in interaction with accelerated digitalisation also holds media-aesthetic potential. With the support of new media, and this is the hypothesis of this essay, the contemporary music scene in particular can form new dramatic forms that go far beyond the classical one-way stream: by enabling virtual participation instead of physical co-presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In epidemiology, the effective reproduction number R e $R_{e}$ is used to characterize the growth rate of an epidemic outbreak. If R e > 1 $R_{e} >1$ , the epidemic worsens, and if R e < 1 $R_{e}< 1$ , then it subsides and eventually dies out. In this paper, we investigate properties of R e $R_{e}$ for a modified SEIR model of COVID-19 in the city of Houston, TX USA, in which the population is divided into low-risk and high-risk subpopulations. The response of R e $R_{e}$ to two types of control measures (testing and distancing) applied to the two different subpopulations is characterized. A nonlinear cost model is used for control measures, to include the effects of diminishing returns. Lowest-cost control combinations for reducing instantaneous R e $R_{e}$ to a given value are computed. We propose three types of heuristic strategies for mitigating COVID-19 that are targeted at reducing R e $R_{e}$ , and we exhibit the tradeoffs between strategy implementation costs and number of deaths. We also consider two variants of each type of strategy: basic strategies, which consider only the effects of controls on R e $R_{e}$ , without regard to subpopulation; and high-risk prioritizing strategies, which maximize control of the high-risk subpopulation. Results showed that of the three heuristic strategy types, the most cost-effective involved setting a target value for R e $R_{e}$ and applying sufficient controls to attain that target value. This heuristic led to strategies that begin with strict distancing of the entire population, later followed by increased testing. Strategies that maximize control on high-risk individuals were less cost-effective than basic strategies that emphasize reduction of the rate of spreading of the disease. The model shows that delaying the start of control measures past a certain point greatly worsens strategy outcomes. We conclude that the effective reproduction can be a valuable real-time indicator in determining cost-effective control strategies.

Background: : Over the past years, electroencephalography (EEG) studies focused on task‐related activity to characterize cortical responses associated with emotion regulation (ER), without exploring the possibility that regulating emotions can leave a trace in the brain by affecting its oscillatory activity. Demonstrating whether the effect of regulation alters the brain activity after the session and whether this reflects an increased cognitive regulatory ability has great relevance. Methods: : To address this issue, 5 min of electrical brain activity at rest were recorded before and after (1) one session in which participants perceived and regulated (through distancing) their emotions (regulation session, ReS), and (2) another session in which they only perceived emotions (attend session, AtS). One hundred and sixty visual stimuli were presented, and subjective ratings of valence and arousal of stimuli were recorded. Results: : Behavioral results showed the efficacy of the regulation strategy in modulating both arousal and valence. A cluster‐based permutation test on EEG data at rest revealed a significant increase in theta and delta activity after the ReS compared to the AtS, suggesting that regulating emotions can alter brain activity after the session. Conclusions: : These results allowed us to outline a comprehensive view of the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with ER, as well as some possible implications in psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background : Over the past years, electroencephalography (EEG) studies focused on task‐related activity to characterize cortical responses associated with emotion regulation (ER), without exploring the possibility that regulating emotions can leave a trace in the brain by affecting its oscillatory activity. Demonstrating whether the effect of regulation alters the brain activity after the session and whether this reflects an increased cognitive regulatory ability has great relevance. Methods : To address this issue, 5 min of electrical brain activity at rest were recorded before and after (1) one session in which participants perceived and regulated (through distancing) their emotions (regulation session, ReS), and (2) another session in which they only perceived emotions (attend session, AtS). One hundred and sixty visual stimuli were presented, and subjective ratings of valence and arousal of stimuli were recorded. Results : Behavioral results showed the efficacy of the regulation strategy in modulating both arousal and valence. A cluster‐based permutation test on EEG data at rest revealed a significant increase in theta and delta activity after the ReS compared to the AtS, suggesting that regulating emotions can alter brain activity after the session. Conclusions : These results allowed us to outline a comprehensive view of the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with ER, as well as some possible implications in psychotherapy.

The dataset presented in this article examines preventive behaviors related to Covid-19 among Indonesians, i.e., wearing a mask, hand washing, and distancing, and its related determinants. Data collection was carried out when Indonesia was facing the second waves due to the rapid transmission of the Delta variant virus. The data assessing socio-demographic information, beliefs related to Covid-19 preventive behaviors based on the reasoned action approach, general beliefs about Covid-19, and Covid-19 preventive behaviors, from 18th June to 18th August 2021, gathering a total of 863 completed responses. The sampling technique in this online survey used a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods to gather the participants via social media such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp throughout Indonesia. The survey data were analyzed using frequency distributions and bivariate correlation analysis. The data will help to understand the psychosocial determinants of Covid-19 preventive behaviors and provide insight for the development of behavior change intervention to limit the spread of Covid-19 among Indonesians.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) are not well described. Setting: Longitudinal survey within the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) of PLWH compared with similar HIV-seronegative (SN) individuals. Methods: Telephone-administered survey of MWCCS participants at 13 clinical research sites across the United States addressing COVID-19 symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 testing, and pandemic impact on social distancing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Primary data collection occurred during May (wave 1), June–July (wave 2), and August–September, 2020 (wave 3). Results: One-third of MWCCS participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 10% was tested ≥2 times. Similar proportions of PLWH and SN participants were tested, but SARS-CoV-2 positivity was higher among PLWH than among SN individuals (9.4% vs 4.8%, P = 0.003). Odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity remained higher among PLWH after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and study site (adjusted odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 3.2). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was not associated with CD4 cell counts among PLWH. Among SARS-CoV-2 positive participants, 9% had no symptoms, 7% had 1–2 mild symptoms, and 84% had ≥3 symptoms. Most of the (98%) participants reported physical distancing during all survey waves; self-reported ART adherence among PLWH was not adversely affected during the pandemic compared with the previous year (similar adherence in 89% of participants, improved in 9% of participants, and decreased in 2% of participants). Conclusions: Despite similar SARS-CoV-2 testing and physical distancing profiles by HIV serostatus among MWCCS participants, PLWH who reported SARS-CoV-2 testing were more likely to have a positive test result. Additional studies are needed to determine whether and why PLWH are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFace coverings and distancing as preventative measures against the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 may impact communication in several ways that may disproportionately affect people with hearing loss. A scoping review was conducted to examine existing literature on the impact of preventative measures on communication and to characterize the clinical implications.MethodA systematic search of three electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL) was conducted yielding 2,158 articles. After removing duplicates and screening to determine inclusion eligibility, key data were extracted from the 50 included articles. Findings are reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews, including the PRISMA-ScR checklist.ResultsStudies fell into three categories: Studies addressing the impacts of personal protective equipment (PPE) and/or distancing on communication in healthcare contexts (n = 20); studies examining the impact of preventative measures on communication in everyday life (n = 13), and studies measuring the impact of face coverings on speech using acoustic and/or behavioral measures (n = 29). The review revealed that masks disrupt verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as emotional and social wellbeing and they impact people with hearing loss more than those without. These findings are presumably because opaque masks attenuate sound at frequencies above 1 kHz, and conceal the mouth and lips making lipreading impossible, and limit visibility of facial expressions. While surgical masks cause relatively little sound attenuation, transparent masks and face shields are highly attenuating. However, they are preferred by people with hearing loss because they give access to visual cues.ConclusionFace coverings and social distancing has detrimental effects that extend well beyond verbal and non-verbal communication, by affecting wellbeing and quality of life. As these measures will likely be part of everyday life for the foreseeable future, we propose that it is necessary to support effective communication, especially in healthcare settings and for people with hearing loss.

Central to the still-nascent normative literature on counterspeech is the widespread belief that citizens should engage discursively with haters and the effects of hate speech. It is also increasingly clear that discursive engagement with intolerant members of society should be understood as a continuous and extended series of different and connected actions. Much less has been said about the ways that attempts in persuasion and direct responses to hate speech relate to one another and about when specific counterspeech actions should happen. This essay advances a more expansive and refined account of counterspeech, which is understood as a combination of continuous discursive engagement with intolerant members of society and acts of distancing from haters (shaming, correcting falsehoods, "Not in my name" campaigns, protests, and forms of discursive exit). After reconsidering discursive agency distribution (that is, who is an active participant, how, and when) around public hate speech, I show that continuous discursive engagement with intolerant members of society should be interrupted by visible acts of distancing when haters make hateful representative claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation (ER) can be implemented by different strategies which differ in their capacity to alter emotional responding. What all strategies have in common is that cognitive control must be exercised in order to implement them. The aim of the present preregistered study was to investigate whether the two ER strategies, expressive suppression and distancing, require different amounts of cognitive effort and whether effort is associated with personality traits. Effort was assessed subjectively via ratings and objectively via pupillometry and heart period. In two studies, N = 110 and N = 52 healthy adults conducted an ER paradigm. Participants used suppression and distancing during inspection of positive and negative pictures. They also had the choice to reapply either of the strategies at the end of the paradigm. Although distancing was more effective in downregulation of subjective arousal (Study 1: p <.001,ηp2 =.20; Study 2: p <.001, ηp2 =.207), about two thirds reapplied suppression, because it was perceived as less effortful. Effort was rated significantly lower for suppression compared to distancing (Study 1: p =.042, ηp2 =.04; Study 2: p =.002, ηp2 =.13). However, differences in effort were not reflected in pupillary data or heart period. Broad and narrow personality traits were neither associated with the preferred strategy nor with subjective or physiological effort measures. Findings suggest that people tend to use the ER strategy that is perceived as less effortful, even though it might not be the most effective strategy. Our research on subjective and physiological effort of two emotion regulation strategies adds a new perspective on emotion regulation choice. We provide evidence that the choice of which emotion regulation strategy to apply is not primarily based on its effectiveness, but on the perceived cognitive effort. This may have negative consequences for individuals when the least effortful strategy is not the most effective one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the ethical dimension of performative practice with refugees and migrants, positioning storytelling as a double-edged sword that can either elevate or stigmatise the storyteller. The discussion is inspired by 10 things you need to consider if you are an artist, not of the refugee and asylum seeker community, looking to work with our community, a manifesto written by Cañas, Refugee Survivor and Ex-Detainee (RISE) art director. First, the paper introduces the RISE manifesto and its significance to contemporary practice and research. Second, it discusses relevant literature, looking at the construct of aesthetic distance (Erikson, 2011), safe space as creative space (Hutton, 2008) and aesthetic form as double (Courtney, 1995) in drama. The core of the paper reports the analysis of nine interviews, conducted with professional artists, teachers and practitioners working in the context of forced migration. Data points to the interconnectedness between participants and facilitator, in terms of self-expression, creativity, vulnerability and agency. In this regard, the authors reframe vulnerability as an active, creative, liminal space essential to foster an ethical imagination. This kind of creative vulnerability, key to practitioners’ ethical imagination in performative work, can act as a segue into the symbolic, metaphorical mode of drama.

Adherence to guidelines for face coverings and physical distancing are critical strategies to stem the COVID-19 pandemic but are not uniformly followed. Understanding factors associated with adherence to mask-wearing and physical distancing may help guide future control efforts. We conducted an observational study using Systematic Observation of Mask Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) in August 2020 in parks, playgrounds and commercial streets in each of 10 City Council Districts in Philadelphia, PA. Wearing a mask correctly varied by setting with highest adherence in commercial areas and lowest in playgrounds. Almost 17% wore visible masks that did not cover the nose and/or mouth. There were multiple disparities in correct mask use. Females had higher rates than males (unadjusted relative risk = 1.40, p

Distancing in the food system prevents people from having full knowledge and making informed choices about what and how they produce, exchange, prepare, and eat food. This becomes problematic when the dominant industrial food system contributes to myriad negative human health, ecological, and social outcomes. This paper reports on findings from a study that aimed to better understand distancing from the perspectives of people engaged in resisting it, focusing on their motivations for action to inform policy approaches to improve food system health. The research, conducted in India and Canada, comprised participant observation with organizations working to connect the production and consumption of food, as well as interviews with activists, consumers, and farmers involved with those organizations. These food system actors were motivated primarily by a conviction that food is important, which was illustrated by meaningful relationships built and maintained through food, by soulful connections with food, and by a sense that everything – including food – is interconnected. The findings identify connection around food as a source of meaning in life. From meaning comes awareness of broader issues, a sense of value and care, and ultimately motivation for action or change. This could have implications for healthy food system governance if frameworks such as determinants of health and healthy food environments are used to inform healthy public policies that cultivate a sense of meaning and awareness of the intrinsic value embedded in food.

In the midst of the Covid-19 crisis, the ordeal of confinement and the distancing from others reminds us by default of the fundamental role played by rites and civility in our relationships. This proves the tremendous topicality of the work of Erving Goffman, the most famous representative of microsociology. Relationships know territories, borders and fences, invisible but pressing, which we do not cross thoughtlessly. However, Covid has reaffirmed these borders, while tightening the fences, the fault of distancing and barrier gestures, but also of general mistrust of others, which may be contaminating.

At the intersection of death geographies and animal geographies, the topic of animal death offers crucial insights for how we understand death and how we define human/nonhuman boundaries. This review piece brings rich discussions of animal death across anthropology, critical animal studies and the environmental humanities into conversation with work in geography. This article takes a two‐pronged approach; first, in recognition of the intensely spatial nature of death, this article explores where animal death takes place. This section observes how spaces of animal death are physically concealed and how this spatial distancing is aided by verbal concealment and dismemberment of the animal body, as well as how justifications for killing are organised along spatial lines. This helps to make animals killable in these spaces. The second section focuses on who is killed and made killable as well as who kills. The degree of being killable or grievable is highly uneven amongst animals, as it is amongst humans. Moreover, those individuals who routinely inflict animal death are subject to discrimination and vulnerability due to this proximity. Finally, the article concludes with reflections on what the topic of animal death can contribute to the death geographies and animal geographies literatures, and how we can move towards more animal‐centric approaches to animal death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 Advisory Sub-group on Education and Children's Issues is a sub-group of the Scottish Government COVID-19 Advisory Group, a group of experts established by the Scottish Government similar to, and designed to augment, the advice of the UK Scientific Advisory Group on Emergencies (SAGE). It is drawn largely from universities and includes people like Scotland's Chief Medical Officer. This paper on physical distancing in early years and childcare settings was written a year ago, and reflects the state of knowledge as Scottish education was about to start a new academic year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the dynamics of the subject-object relations in German poetry at different stages of its existence. The analysis focuses on the interrelation of the authorial voice and its lyrical doubles (from folklore to the present). The research aims to reveal the degree of authorial presence in the invented poetical persona on the example of poetical works written in different epochs, with a focus on love poetry. It also intends to explore the functions of various lyrical statements, to trace the peculiarities of poetical language in relation to the authorial intention and to a particular literary system the poem belongs to, and to identify some general trends, especially important for the poetry of the 1990s–2000s. The analysis reveals that the modern poet, as a rule, uses basic artistic patterns of the past but without copying them. Despite the fact that the main function of poetic statement is artistic self- expression the modern author gives a preference to the distinct asubject modality that reflects interpersonal relations in modern society. The study combines comparative and theoretical approaches. The results of the research may be employed in similar studies of other literary traditions.

In epidemiology, the effective reproduction number R e is used to characterize the growth rate of an epidemic outbreak. If R e > 1 , the epidemic worsens, and if R e < 1 , then it subsides and eventually dies out. In this paper, we investigate properties of R e for a modified SEIR model of COVID-19 in the city of Houston, TX USA, in which the population is divided into low-risk and high-risk subpopulations. The response of R e to two types of control measures (testing and distancing) applied to the two different subpopulations is characterized. A nonlinear cost model is used for control measures, to include the effects of diminishing returns. Lowest-cost control combinations for reducing instantaneous R e to a given value are computed. We propose three types of heuristic strategies for mitigating COVID-19 that are targeted at reducing R e , and we exhibit the tradeoffs between strategy implementation costs and number of deaths. We also consider two variants of each type of strategy: basic strategies, which consider only the effects of controls on R e , without regard to subpopulation; and high-risk prioritizing strategies, which maximize control of the high-risk subpopulation. Results showed that of the three heuristic strategy types, the most cost-effective involved setting a target value for R e and applying sufficient controls to attain that target value. This heuristic led to strategies that begin with strict distancing of the entire population, later followed by increased testing. Strategies that maximize control on high-risk individuals were less cost-effective than basic strategies that emphasize reduction of the rate of spreading of the disease. The model shows that delaying the start of control measures past a certain point greatly worsens strategy outcomes. We conclude that the effective reproduction can be a valuable real-time indicator in determining cost-effective control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 is an infection caused by corona virus which has been designated as pandemic in the word. In this paper, we proposed a model to study the effect of distancing and wearing of mask on transmission of Covid-19 infection dynamics. The invariant region of the model is established. The Covid-19 free equilibrium and the reproduction number of the model were obtained. The local and global stability of the model is determined using linearization technique method and Lyapunov method. It was found that, Covid-19 free equilibrium state is locally asymptotically stable in feasible region Ω if 𝑅􀬴 􀵏 1 and globally asymptomatically stable if 𝑅􀬴 􀵏 1, otherwise unstable if 𝑅􀬴 􀵐 1. More so, numerical analysis and simulations of the dynamics of the Covid-19 infection are presented. It was found that as effectiveness of face mask usage increased it resulted in a decrease in secondary cases and as physical distancing is maintained shown reduction in reproduction number. It is also found that, as infection rate increases, it translated to increase in secondary cases and as number of isolation individual increases, it decreased the reproduction number. More so, varying the treatment rate, means as treatment rate increases, it shown that an individuals in the isolation decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recent studies on immersion (first-person perspective) and distancing (third-person perspective) in psychotherapy have shown the potential of both perspectives in the treatment of depression. High levels of change were associated with transitions between immersion and distancing, suggesting that a dynamic pattern between them may result in a more adaptive view of reality. This study aimed to assess if higher flexibility between these perspectives, during clientś reflection on negative experiences in the intermediate phase, is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at the end of treatment. Method: We analyzed the flexibility through frequency and magnitude of transitions between immersion and distancing, in representative sessions of the intermediate phase of therapy in 17 cases with depression. Results: The results showed that the higher frequency and lower magnitude in the intermediate phase predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms at the end of treatment. Conclusion: Immersion and distancing seem to work as dynamic processes, and greater flexibility between them in intermediate phase of therapy, characterized by frequent and fast transitions between the two perspectives, may be an adaptive pattern due to its effect on post treatment depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to understand not so much the poetic and stylistic features of Osip. E. Mandelstam's poetics, which has been of great interest to philologists and thus sufficiently studied to date, as the philosophical–culturological aspects of his work. To fill this lacuna, it is vital that we compare Mandelstam's poetic works with his prose, theory, criticism, and polemics. The poet's statements in these genres largely clarify his attitude toward culture. In particular, this article examines the question of the poet's interest in philosophy and the natural sciences, which is expressed both in his poems and in his attitude to culture. His publications on theory also shed light on his experiments in poetry. Drawing parallels between his contemporary culture and other cultures that exist or had existed in history, Mandelstam's whimsical culturological associations avoid any detailed narrative development, highlighting only individual features and producing a number of apparently necessary details. This is precisely what testifies to the specific features of Mandelstam's own poetry. Such a technique requires a sort of co-authorship and cocreation on the reader's part, the very kind that a contemporary postmodernist aesthetic calls for. The present article also highlights the issue of theoretical and philosophical understanding of the poet's Acmeism as an independent poetic system in relation to other artistic trends that existed in the first decades of the twentieth century, above all in relation to Symbolism and Futurism, which influenced Mandelstam's own work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are caught between the injunction of an inclusive school for all students and the logistic difficulties of such prescriptions. As a consequence, they might be tolerant toward a discriminating peer when they justify the exclusion of students with disability with benevolent arguments. Indeed, people are more likely to accept discriminatory behaviors covered by benevolent justifications rather than by hostile ones. The aim of this experimental study ('N' = 134) was to test if teachers’ willingness to distance themselves from a colleague discriminating against students with disability depends on the justification he/she provided and if attribution to prejudice mediates this relationship. Active teachers read vignettes depicting situations of elementary school student inclusion at school. Through three versions, we manipulated the inclusion of a student with disability by a colleague in his/her classroom (inclusion, exclusion with benevolent justification, or exclusion with hostile justification). Results showed that teachers expressed less backlash and willingness to distance themselves from the colleague when he/she included, rather than excluded, the student and when the reasons for exclusion were benevolent rather than hostile. Finally, attribution to prejudice to the perpetrator mediated the effects of the justification on the distancing measures. These results replicated previous findings regarding the impact of the type of justification on the attribution to prejudice to the case of ableism and show its side effect of willingness to distance from an ingroup perpetrator.

Reinterpretation and distancing are two cognitive reappraisal tactics, used to regulate one's emotions in response to emotion-eliciting stimuli or situations. Relatively less is known about their (differential) lasting effects on emotional responding and related neural correlates. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated 85 healthy females, participating in a 2-day cognitive emotion regulation experiment. On the first day, participants were instructed to passively look at, reinterpret or distance from repeatedly presented aversive pictures. One week later, they were re-exposed to the same stimuli without regulation instruction, in order to assess lasting effects. The main outcome measures comprised ratings of negative feelings and blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses. Lasting effects for reinterpretation compared with looking at aversive pictures during passive re-exposure 1 week later were reflected in stronger activation of the left amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and reduced negative feelings. Neither distancing compared with looking at aversive pictures nor reinterpretation compared with distancing did result in significant effects during re-exposure. These findings indicate that reinterpretation leads to reduced negative feelings 1 week later, which might be mediated by inhibitory vmPFC activation or stronger positive emotions during re-exposure. However, the missing difference compared with distancing questions the specificity of the results and the mechanisms underlying these two cognitive reappraisal tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]