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1. Adsorption application of activated carbon from ripe black locust seed pods for wastewater taken from Ergene River, Turkey.

Author

Üner, Osman, Körükçü, Barış Can, and Özcan, Cemile

Subjects
*BLACK locust, *ACTIVATED carbon, *SEED pods, *TRACE elements in water, *ADSORPTION (Chemistry), *SEWAGE
Abstract

Ergene River contains many chemical substances and therefore, it has negative effects on the surrounding ecosystem and local people. To find a solution to these chemical substances and also to determine the adsorption performance of the activated carbon obtained from ripe black locust seed pods, the adsorption of various elements was studied on this activated carbon in Ergene River water sample. In Ergene River water sample, the adsorption performances of Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, V, Ti, Na, Mg, K, Ca, S, P, B, Pb, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Al on the activated carbon were studied under various operating conditions.For this aim, operating condition effects, such as adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, and contact time on these element adsorptions were investigated. 0.4 g activated carbon was found to be adequate for the above 90% removals of most elements from 50 mL Ergene River sample, and it was noticed that adsorption temperature differently affected adsorption performances of each element in the experiments at 25, 35, and 45°C. Also, the adsorption equilibriums of most elements in activated carbon/Ergene River solution were rapidly reached in first 5 min, but reaching adsorption equilibriums of Co, Sn, Mg, K, and Ca took more times (until 1500 min). Moreover, the desorption study of these elements from the activated carbon adsorbed with chemical substances in Ergene River sample was achieved by using HCl solutions with various concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 M. As a result, the activated carbon obtained from ripe black locust seed pods displayed promising performance for the most elements, bad odour, and colour removals in Ergene River sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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2. Fishes Encountered in the Turkish Thrace River Systems (Northwestern Part of Turkey).

Author

Özuluğ, Müfit, Gaygusuz, Özcan, Gaygusuz, Çiğdem Gürsoy, Kaya, Nilgün, and Saç, Gülşah

Abstract

In the last 30 years, the natural life in the inland waters of the Turkish Thrace has been threatened by water pollution, deterioration of river continuity, the presence of non-native or invasive fish, and drought. The aim of the present study is to determine the recent status of fish fauna in the river systems lying at the Turkish Thrace, under these threats. The field surveys were conducted in a total of 164 sampling sites in both Marmara and Meriç-Ergene water basins between July and August 2017. A total of 36 freshwater fish species representing 12 families (Acheilognathidae, Atherinidae, Centrarchidae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae, Gobiidae, Gobionidae, Leuciscidae, Percidae, Poeciliidae, and Salmonidae) were determined. The most widespread species of the region was Cobitis strumicae and it was followed by Rhodeus amarus and Squalius orpheus. This study provides first detailed information on the distribution of the species of Barbus tauricus, Chondrostoma vardarense, Cobitis strumicae, Squalius orpheus, and Vimba melanops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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3. Contribution for pollution sources and their assessment in urban and industrial sites of Ergene River Basin, Turkey.

Author

Celen, M., Oruc, H. N., Adiller, A., Yıldız Töre, G., and Onkal Engin, G.

Subjects
INDUSTRIAL sites, WATERSHEDS, WATER quality, PRINCIPAL components analysis, FECAL contamination, MATRIX decomposition, WATER quality monitoring, LATENT structure analysis
Abstract

In this paper, principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) multivariate statistical techniques were applied to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation in 13 conventional water quality parameters (TOC, TN, NO2−, NO3−, TP, SO4−2, Cl−, TSS, color, pH, temperature, DO, EC) at eight monitoring stations for a duration of a year (2016–2017) in the upstream parts of the Ergene basin (NW Turkey). The eight monitoring stations were divided into two groups (five sites for Gr-A and three sites for Gr-B) considering pollution levels of the parameters and point/non-point sources determined by field observations. The principal component analysis defined four and three latent factors explaining 87% and 89% of the total variance in Gr-A and Gr-B datasets, respectively. Component numbers defined in PCA were manually assigned to the positive matrix factorization model. PCA was seen to be an important index for defining the number of factors causing high uncertainty for PMF. The factors derived from the PMF model revealed that the dominant pollutant sources for Gr-A sites are textile and leather industry discharges, agricultural activities, domestic discharges and seasonal factors. Gr-B sites are defined as domestic discharges, agricultural fertilizers and industrial discharges. Therefore, PMF analysis for conventional water quality parameters is a consistent statistical technique for the identification of complex pollution sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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4. Water Quality Assessment by Means of Bio-Indication: A Case Study of Ergene River Using Biological Diatom Index

Author

Cem TOKATLI, Cüneyd Nadir SOLAK, and Elif YILMAZ

Subjects
ergene river, bentic diatoms, biological diatom index, water quality, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The Ergene River is the most significant fluvial ecosystem located in the Thrace Region of Turkey. But it is being exposed to an intensive organic – inorganic pollution by means of agricultural – industrial applications conducted around its basin. In this research, the epipelic (EPP) diatoms of the Ergene River were investigated and the water quality was evaluated using the determined physical, chemical and biological data. EPP diatom samples were collected from upstream, middlestream and downstream of the Ergene River and certain physicochemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, sulphate, fluoride, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand and oxidation-reduction potential) were measured during the field – laboratory studies. Also, the Biological Diatom Index (BDI) was used to determine the trophic status of the Ergene River in terms of EPP diatoms. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis, upstream of the Ergene River has Class I – II water quality and middle – downstream of the Ergene River have Class III – IV water quality in general. According to the results of the biological analysis, 24 diatom species were recorded in the upstream samples, 4 diatom species were recorded in the middlestream samples. and 7 diatom species were recorded in the downstream samples. Cymbopleura amphicephala (Nägeli) Krammer, Nitzschia umbonata (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot and Nitzschia capitellata Hustedt were determined as the most dominant species in the up – middle – downstream of Ergene River respectively. According to the result of the BDI, the upstream of Ergene River was found to be in an oligotrophic state – has high water quality and the middle – downstream of Ergene River were found to be in a eutrophic state – have poor water quality.

Published
2020
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5. HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS OF THE ERGENE RIVER, TURKEY.

Author

Koca, Sinan, Ozguven, Betul Oyku, Gurer, Azra, Dereli, ElifNas, Ozer, Ecenaz, Benzet, Alper, Benzet, Arda, Aytekin, Erdener Tuna, Aygun, Umut Sarp, Can, Deniz, Basaran, Yaprak, Benzet, Hatice, and Koklu, Kevser

Abstract

The Ergene River Basin, which endows from the Istrranca mountains, is one of the centers of industry in the Marmara region. The industrial busy area provides substantial clues about the anthropogenic effect of contamination. Nearly all industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater is discharged directly or indirectly to the Ergene River. With this paper, nine students (9th and 10th class) from Krrklareli Science High School intervene in the discussion of heavy metals by taking samples from 13 different locations along the Ergene River with the leadership of the teacher. The points where the samples are taken are determined by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. All the steps in the study are supervised by a scholar from Yildiz Technical University. The discussion commences with descriptive analysis, binary correlations and hierarchical cluster analysis of eight heavy metals. The discourse percentages of pollution of the three eigenvalues and the rotation matrix continue with linear modeling by clustering the variables. To more closely recognize the anthropogenic effect, the reader is presented with Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

6. COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGENE RIVER, TURKEY.

Author

Eroglu, Emre, Esenpinar, Aliye Asli, and Barisik, Emir Samet

Abstract

Natural resources should not be exhausted as if they will not run out. It is a humankind duty to take care while consuming and to devise a livable world. This discussion is dedicated to the Ergene River, one of the beauties of the Yıldız mountains. Turkey has the industry's busiest area in the Ergene Basin. Industrial zones, which are the main reason of anthropogenic influence, cause excessive pollution of the Ergene River. All industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater are discharged directly or indirectly to the Ergene River. In order to interpret the anthropogenic effect in the sediment of the river, mathematical analyses are performed and Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Pollution Load Index (PLI) values are presented to the reader. The Ergene Basin 2013 (2012-2013) Final Report of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization is utilized for these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

7. Microplastic distribution in the surface water and sediment of the Ergene River.

Author

Akdogan, Zeynep, Guven, Basak, and Kideys, Ahmet E.

Subjects
*PLASTIC marine debris, *RIVER sediments, *WATER distribution, *WATER levels, *SEWAGE, *POLYETHYLENE terephthalate
Abstract

Rivers are major transport pathways for microplastics to reach the oceans. Although gained much attention over the last few years, there is still a relatively lack of knowledge on microplastics in rivers. This study aims to investigate (i) spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics in an industrially polluted river, (ii) the relationship of microplastic abundance with river's morphological and hydrodynamic characteristics (iii) the potential sources of microplastics inferred from the particle characteristics including shape, size, color and type. To achieve these aims, water and sediment samples were collected from six sites upstream of the Ergene River in May 2019 and Sep 2020. According to the results, surface water had an average concentration of 4.65 ± 2.06 and 6.90 ± 5.16 items L−1 (mean ± standard deviation, n = 12), respectively for the May 2019 and September 2020 periods, whereas 97.90 ± 71.72 and 277.76 ± 207.21 items kg−1 (n = 18) were observed for the sediment compartment, respectively. Microplastic levels in water correlated positively with stream depth but negatively with channel width. Fibers were the dominating shape both in water (88%) and sediment (70%) and majority of the particles were black (49% in water and 39% in sediment) and blue (25% in water and 18% in sediment). According to Raman spectroscopic analysis, polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 28%) and polyamide (PA, 27%) were dominating polymers in water, while polystyrene (PS, 56%) were dominant in sediment. Compared to many other rivers, the Ergene River had excessive levels of microplastics. The research indicated that textile industries and effluents from organized industrial zones were the foremost contributor of microplastics in the river. [Display omitted] • Microplastics were detected in all water and sediment samples of the Ergene River. • A significant temporal variation of microplastics was observed in the sediment. • Microplastic levels in water and river morphology were found correlated. • Fibers were the most abundant shape of microplastics in water and sediment. • Zones with industrial wastewater release may have affected microplastic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Ergene Nehri Hayat Buluyor

Author

M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı

Subjects
trace, ergene river, environment, dirtiness, trakya, ergene nehri, çevre, kirlilik, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Science, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Bu makale Trakya Bölgesinin can damarını oluşturan ve özellikle son yıllarda kirlilik boyutunun en üst düzeye ulaştığı Ergene Nehrinde yapılan rehabilitasyon çalışmalarına dikkat çekmek üzere ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Ergene Eylem Planı kapsamında Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı öncülüğünde gerçekleştirilen ıslah çalışmalarının artarak devam ettiği ve bölgenin kalkınmasına bu tür çalışmaların son derece katkılar sağlayacağı perspektifine dayandırılarak konuyla ilgilenen tüm araştırmacıların bakış açısına katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmüştür. Ergene Nehrinin özellikle sanayi tesislerinin atık suları ile kirletilmesi ve buna paralel olarak toprak ve su kaynakları ile birlikte nüfus ve yaşam tarzına olumsuz etkiler doğurduğu ortadadır. Ancak ilgili Bakanlığın öncülüğünde yürütülen ve bölgeyi ayağa kaldıracak bu tür çalışmanın bölgesel anlamda Trakya'ya son derece katkılara sağlayacağı aşikârdır. Özellikle Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı bölgede su kirliliğinin takibi ve sürekli izlenebilir halde tutulması konusunda ciddi adımlar atmıştır. Bu anlamda bölgede 2007-2010 yılları arasında gerçekleşen su parametreleri izleme kapsamında bazı kirlilik parametrelerinden üçte iki oranında iyileşme sağlanmıştır. Bu anlamda ileri atıksu arıtma tesisleri kurulmuş ve bir kısmının da inşaları halen devam etmektedir. Bölge için rehabilite çalışmaları hız kesmeden devam etmekte ve iki yıl içerisinde Ergene Nehrinin de yürütülen çevre kirliliği sorunlarının minimum düzeye indirgeneceği ve bu konuda somut çıktılar alınacağı Kurumlar bazında yürütülen çalışmaların neticesinde ortaya konulacaktır.

Published
2014

9. Trace and Toxic Element Levels in River Sediments.

Author

Tokatli, Cem and Baştatli, Yasin

Subjects
*ECOSYSTEM management, *SEDIMENTS, *HEAVY metals, *NICKEL, *COPPER
Abstract

The Meriç River is the longest river of the Balkans and it can be declared as most important aquatic ecosystem in the Thrace Region of Turkey. The Tunca and Ergene rivers are the most important branches of the Meriç and they are known to be exposed to important organic and inorganic pollution from agriculture and industry in their basins. We evaluated the sediment quality of the three rivers by determining a total of 25 trace and toxic element accumulations, including lithium (Li), boron (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), and lead (Pb). Also, oneway ANOVA testing was used to determine the statistical differences of element accumulations among the stations, and cluster analysis (CA) was used to classify the rivers according to sediment qualities and to classify the elements according to accumulation levels. As a result of the study, statistically significant differences were identified among the investigated rivers in terms of almost all the trace and toxic elements and the contamination levels of investigated aquatic ecosystems as follows: Ergene River > Meriç River > Tunca River in general. According to the results of elemental CA, five statistically significant clusters were formed: "most intense elements," "second most intense elements," "moderately intense elements," "second rarest elements," and "rarest elements." According to the results of locational CA, two statistically significant clusters were formed: "highly contaminated locations" and "moderately contaminated locations." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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10. Contamination assessment of ecotoxic metals in recent sediments from the Ergene River, Turkey.

Author

Erol, Sari, Neven, Cukrov, Stanislav, Frančišković-Bilinski, Ali, Kurt Mehmet, and Mihri, Halli

Abstract

The Ergene River is a highly contaminated river that passes through the most heavily industrialized area in Turkey and receives municipal, industrial and agricultural effluents from Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ cities in the Thrace Basin. In order to investigate the pollution level of selected toxic metals in the river, 20 surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed. Concentrations of 29 elements were determined using ICP-MS in the fine fraction (<63 µm) of sediments. The degree of pollution in the sediments of the Ergene River was examined using enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Intensification of agricultural and industrial activities within the river basin have caused a considerable increase in metal concentrations, such as Cu (EF = 12.1), Ni (EF = 7.89), Zn (EF = 5.73), As (EF = 4.63), Cr (EF = 3.62) and Ag (EF = 3.12) in the surface sediments of the Ergene River. This result indicated that the investigated samples were moderately contaminated with Ag, Cr and As, moderately to severely contaminated with Zn and Ni, and severely contaminated with Cu. Igeo values also suggest Cu, Ni, Zn, As, Ag and Cr enrichment in the Ergene River sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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11. Assessment of Water Quality in the Meriç River as an Ecosystem Element in Turkey's Thrace Region.

Author

Tokatli, Cem

Subjects
*WATER quality, *RIVER ecology, *AQUATIC ecology, *CHEMICAL oxygen demand
Abstract

The Meriç River is the most important aquatic ecosystem in the Thrace Region of Turkey and the longest river of the Balkans. In the present study, water quality of the Meriç River in the rainy season was investigated and the pressure of the Tunca and Ergene rivers on the system was evaluated by a statistical approach using cluster analysis (CA). Water samples were collected from five stations (two of them from the downstream the Tuna and Ergene and three from the Meriç) in spring 2015. A total of 19 physical, chemical, and biological water quality parameters -- including temperature, dissolved oxygen, percentage of oxygen saturation, pH, conductivity, TDS, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total carbon, total inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, and cyanide -- were measured. According to detected data, pollution levels of the investigated rivers were as follows; Ergene River > Tunca > Meriç River. It was also determined that the Ergene and Tunca reduce the water quality of the Meriç significantly after they fall. And also according to the results of CA, three statistically significant clusters were formed, which corresponded to the Ergene (Cluster 1); upstream and midstream of the Meriç (Cluster 2), and downstream of the Meriç and Tunca (Cluster 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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12. Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method.

Author

Sungur, Ali, Soylak, Mustafa, Yilmaz, Selehattin, and Özcan, Hasan

Subjects
HEAVY metal content of sediments, ANALYSIS of heavy metals, HEAVY metals & the environment, TRACE metals -- Environmental aspects, SEQUENTIAL analysis
Abstract

Utilizing the sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) proposed by The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), the trace metals present in the sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey, were determined. The sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. The flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for metal determination. The validation of the results was checked by the analysis of the BCR-701 standard reference material. The relationship existing between the sediment characteristics and metal fractions was identified using the correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to find out the grouping of the sampling sites based on the similarities of the heavy metals in the bioavailable fraction. When the extractable amounts of heavy metals are considered, the quantity of the mobile fractions (viz., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of the heavy metals is observed to be higher when compared with that of the immobile fraction (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Besides, it was statistically discovered that the organic matter, pH and clay contents could influence the bonding of the analyte metals in various forms. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of the sampling stations, with group I (S5-8) and group II (S3, S4 and S9) showing higher environmental risks. The risk assessment code indicated that the highly mobile soluble fractions of Mn, Zn, Cd and Co created a high environmental risk which could result in negative impacts on the aquatic biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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13. Assessment of Arsenic and Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey.

Author

Halli, Mihri, Sari, Erol, and Kurt, Mehmet Ali

Subjects
*HEAVY metal toxicology, *RIVER sediments, *WATER temperature, *HEAVY metal content of water
Abstract

20 surface sediments recovered from the Ergene River have been analyzed in order to assess the extent of anthropogenic inputs into the river. The results of enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) reveal that the sediments of the Ergene River were not polluted with Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni, but were moderately polluted with As, Cr, Pb, V, and Zn. The highest CF and PLI of As, Cr, and V were observed near the industrial district of Çorlu. These CF and PLI values indicated anthropogenic influence caused by the input of untreated industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

14. Photochemical fate of emerging pollutants in the urbanized river: effects of antropogenic and natural water components

Author

Nigdeli, Müge, Balcıoğlu, Işıl, and Çevre Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Çevre Mühendisliği, Water pollution, Ergene River
Abstract

Kentleşme ile tatlı su ekosistemlerinde ortaya çıkan mikrokirleticiler (EC) artmaktadır. Bazı EC'ler Avrupa Su Çevre Direktifi'ne göre spesifik kirleticiler olarak listelenmesine rağmen, çeşitli EC'larin fotokimyasal akıbeti hakkında nispeten az bilgi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, altı model EC'nin hem sentetik çözelti hem de Ergene Nehri su örneklerinde simüle edilmiş güneş ışığına maruz bırakılarak eş zamanlı bozulması araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma sadece seçili EC'lerin nehir suyuna fotodegradasyonuna değil, aynı zamanda nehir suyunda bulunan kirleticilere de odaklanmıştır. Laboratuar deneyleri, doğrudan ve dolaylı fotoliz yolunu açığa çıkaracak şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Su bileşenlerinin, model EC'lerin fotodegradasyon kinetiği üzerindeki etkilerini açıklığa kavuşturmak için, endüstriyel faaliyetlerden uzak, ancak tarımsal ve konut faaliyetlerine yakın olan bölgeden elde edilen sekiz nehir suyu örneği, organik ve inorganik parametrelerle karakterize edilmiştir. Numune alma alanından bağımsız olarak elde edilen nehir suyu örneklerinde EC olarak dört endüstriyel kirletici ve iki pestisit elde edilmiştir, ki bunlar fotodegredasyona dirençlidirler, ancak bir atık su arıtma tesisinin atık suyunu alan su matrisinde de 100 mg L-1 konsantrasyonda siprofloksasin, clothianidin, imazamoks, imidakloprid, tetrasiklin ve triklosan 1360 W m-2 ışık yoğunluğu ile 300 dakikalık ışınlama süresi içinde tamamen bozunmuştur. Doğrudan fotoliz, siprofloksasin, tetrasiklin ve triklosan için önemli bir yoldur. Hem nehir suyu numunelerinin hem de EC'larin farklı optik özellikleri, fotodegradasyon hızı sabitlerine katkıda bulunmuştur. Emerging contaminants (ECs) in freshwater ecosystems are increasing with urbanization. Although some of ECs are listed as specific pollutants according to the European Water Framework Directive, there is relatively little information on the photochemical fate of various ECs. In this study, simultaneous degradation of six model ECs was investigated in both synthetic solution and Ergene River water samples by exposing them to the simulated solar light. This study was not only focused on the photodegradation of spiked ECs to the river water, but also the contaminants already found in river water. The laboratory experiments were conducted in a way to explore the direct and indirect photolysis pathway. To clarify the effects of water components on the photodegradation kinetics of model ECs in eight river water samples, which were obtained from the region far away from industrial activities, but close to the agricultural and residential activities, were characterized with organic and inorganic parameters. The detected ECs, which were four industrial pollutants and two pesticides in the river water samples regardless of the sampling site, were persistent to photodegradation while the complete degradation of ciprofloxacin, clothianidin, imazamox, imidacloprid, tetracycline and triclosan spiked at 100 mg L-1 concentration was achieved within 300 min irradiation time with 1360 W m-2 light intensity even in the water matrix receiving the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. Direct photolysis was a significant pathway for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and triclosan. The different optical properties both river water samples and ECs have the contribution on their photodegradation rate constants. 91

Published
2020

15. Determination of river pollution sources using source apportionment method: Ergene river

Author

Çingiroğlu, Fulya, Kaynak Tezel, Burçak, and Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Cluster analysis, Çevre Mühendisliği, Geographical information systems, Ergene River
Abstract

Trakya Bölgesi'ndeki Ergene Havzası, nehir kirliliği sorunlarıyla ilgili haberlerle gündeme gelmektedir. Nehir havzasında bulunan illerden özellikle Tekirdağ, İstanbul'a yakın olan coğrafi konumu nedeniyle yoğun sanayi faaliyetlerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bölgedeki kontrolsüz sanayileşme ve plansız kentleşme 1990'lardan günümüze kadar hızla artış göstererek çok sayıda çevre sorununa sebep olmuştur.Ergene Nehri ve kolları nehir havzasına su temini için kullanılmaktadır. Sanayi tesislerinin önemli bir kısmı Tekirdağ ili Çorlu Deresi yakınındaki Çorlu-Çerkezköy bölgesinde yoğunlaşmakta ve bu sebeple nehirdeki kirlilik Ergene Nehri'nin başlangıcından itibaren gözlenmektedir. Bölgede yaklaşık 1 768 000 kişi yaşamakta ve yaklaşık 2 000 sanayi tesisi bulunmaktadır. Bölge nüfusu, organize sanayi bölgelerinin ve sanayi faaliyetlerinin etkisi ile artmaktadır. Ayrıca, nehir havzasında sanayi faaliyetleri kadar tarımsal faaliyetler de yoğun olarak yürütülmektedir.Kirlilik seviyesini ve havzadaki su kaynaklarının potansiyel kullanım alanlarını belirlemek için nehirde belirli noktalarda su kalitesi analizleri yapılmaktadır. Örnekleme ve ölçümler, havza yönetiminde problemleri tanımlayabilmede kirlilik kaynakları envanteri ile birlikte kullanılan önemli araçlardır. Belirli ve öncelikli kirleticiler için Çevresel Kalite Standartları (ÇKS), `Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği`ne eklenmiş olup önümüzdeki süreçte bu kirleticilerin takip edilmesi gerekecektir. Bu kirletici maddelerin ölçümü, farklı kirlilik kaynaklarını ayırt etmek için rutin konvensiyonel kirletici ölçümlerine göre daha fazla bilgi verecektir.Bu tez çalışmasında, öncelikle Ergene Havzası ve alt havza sınırları yüksek çözünürlüklü bir Dijital Yükseklik Modeli (DEM) verileri kullanılarak ArcGIS yazılımı ile belirlenmiştir. Mevcut nehir ile ArcGIS tarafından oluşturulan nehir, insan müdahaleleri ile nehir yatağının ve su sulama kanallarının değişmesi sebebiyle, Google Earth kullanılarak karşılaştırılmış ve ölçüm noktalarının belirlenebilmesi için mevcut nehir kolları oluşturulmuştur.Havzada bulunan deşarj noktalarının sayısına ve mekansal dağılımına göre toplam 75 örnekleme yeri belirlenmiştir. Bu örnekleme noktaları dağıtılırken temel olarak nehir kirlilik dağılımının belirlenmesi ve farklı kirlilik kaynaklarının etkilerinin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu sebepten 2 örnekleme yeri nehrin temiz olduğu düşünülen başlangıç noktalarından, 21 örnekleme yeri nehir boyunca kirliliği takie etmek için, 25 örnekleme yeri nehre bağlanan ana nehir kolları girişlerini takip etmek için, 13 örnekleme yeri belirli endüstriyel sektör için, 14 örnekleme yeri ise çok yoğun endüstriyel aktivitenin olduğu noktaları belirleyebilmek için belirlenmiştir. Endüstriyel kirliliği belirleyebilmek için seçilen örnekleme yerleri alt havzalarda yer alan endüstriyel kaynakların sayı, kapasite ve çeşitleri göz önünde bulundurularak ikili bir ağaç modeli algoritması ile belirlenmiştir. Bunların yanında evsel, katı atık ve tarım kaynaklı kirlilikten etkilenebilecek örnekleme yerleri de belirlenmiştir.Seçilen 75 ölçüm yerlerinde yaz, sonbahar ve kış olmak üzere üç mevsim gerçekleştirilmiş ölçüm sonuçları değerlendirilmiş ve Ergene Nehri'nin kirlilik durumunu anlamak ve kaynak katkılarını belirlemek için istatistiksel analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir.Ergene Nehri'ndeki 75 örnekleme yerinden konvansiyonel kirleticilere ve metallere ek olarak 223 mikrokirleticinin üç mevsim (yaz, sonbahar ve kış) ölçüm sonuçları kullanılmıştır. 223 mikrokirleticiden, yaz mevsiminde 132, sonbahar mevsiminde 136 ve kış mevsiminde 97 mikrokirletici en az bir örnekleme yerinde tespit edilmiştir. Ölçümler değerlendirildiğinde en kirli noktalar Çorlu Deresi üzerinde ve nehrin başlangıç kısımlarında görülmektedir. Özellikle organize sanayi bölgeleri ve endüstriyel aktivitenin yoğun olduğu noktalarda üç mevsim için de kirlilik seviyeleri nehrin diğer kısımlarına göre yüksektir. Kış mevsimi ölçüm sonuçlarında farklı olarak metal kirleticilerin daha çok gözlendiği görülmüştür.Kirlilik durumunu anlamak ve kirlilik kaynaklarının kontrolü için kirlilik kaynakları ve katkılarınınn belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz teknikleri olan Kümeleme Analizi (KA), Temel Bileşen Analizi (TBA) ve Pozitif Matris Faktorizasyonu (PMF) kullanılarak ölçümler değerlendirilmiş, kaynak parmak izleri ve kaynak katkıları belirlenmiştir. Çok değişkenli istatistiksel analizler tüm nehir, ana nehir ve Çorlu Deresi için ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır.Kümeleme Analizi, Ward bağlantı yöntemi ile, üç mevsim için normalize edilmiş konsantrasyon değerleri kullanılarak kirleticiler ve örnekleme yerleri için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kümeleme Analizi sonuçlarına göre örnekleme yerleri üç mevsimde de ilki nispeten daha temiz, ikincisi kirlenmiş yerleri içeren iki ana kümeye ayrılmaktadır. Ayrıca kirletici ve örnekleme yeri kümelerini birlikte gösteren ısı haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Bu ısı haritalarında nehrin benzer kirlilik özellikleri gösteren bölgeleri ve birbiri ile yüksek korelasyon gösteren kirleticiler kümelenmektedir. Özellikle benzer muhtemel kirlilik kaynaklarına sahip örnekleme yerleri benzerlik göstermekte ve spesifik endüstriyel kaynaklar için seçilen yerler birbirlerinden kolayca ayrılabilmektedir. TBA üç mevsimde, en az bir ölçümü Saptama Sınırı (LOD) üzerinde olan kirleticilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk 5-6 ana bileşen genellikle veri setindeki yüksek varyasyonu açıklamaktadır. Toplam varyansın %50'si ilk yedi bileşenle açıklanmaktadır. TBA, sadece >%12.5 ve >%25 saptama verimliliği olan kirleticiler kullanılarak da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kirleticiler kullanıldığında ana nehir ile Çorlu Deresi sonuçları, tüm mevsimler için açıklanabilen toplam varyansların arttığını göstermektedir. Çorlu Deresi, üç mevsimde saptama verimliliği >%25 olan kirleticiler ile gerçekleştirildiğinde on temel bileşen ile varyans yaklaşık %100 olarak açıklanmaktadır. Çorlu Deresi'nde, en az bir noktada tespit edilen ölçümlerle yapılan TBA, ilk üç bileşeni ile toplam varyansın %50'si açıklamaktadır.PMF çalışmaları üç mevsim (yaz, sonbahar, kış) ve üç durum (tüm nehir, ana nehir ve Çorlu Deresi) için üç ile yedi faktör olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Optimum faktör sayısı yaz mevsiminde Ergene Nehri için 6 faktör, ana nehir için 6 faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için 5 faktör olarak; sonbahar mevsiminde Ergene Nehri için 5 faktör, ana nehir için 6 faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için 5 faktör; kış mevsiminde Ergene Nehri için 5 faktör, ana nehir için 5 faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için 4 faktör olarak bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, aynı faktörlerin, sırasıyla Ergene Nehri, ana nehir ve Çorlu Deresi için veri değişkenliğin yaklaşık %50, %70 ve %70'ini açıkladığı TBA sonuçları ile de tutarlıdır.PMF çalışmaları, üç mevsim için üç ile yedi faktör ve üç durum için % 25 saptama sınırı üzerinde kalan kirleticilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kirleticilerin neredeyse tamamı S / N oranlarına göre `Güçlü` olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Fit parametresinin kalitesine (Qtrue / Qexpected) göre optimum sayıda faktör belirlenmiştir. En iyi çözümler, yaz mesiminde Ergene Nehri için altı faktör, ana nehir için beş faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için altı faktör; sonbahar mevsiminde Ergene Nehri için altı faktör, ana nehir için beş faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için altı faktör; kış mevsiminde Ergene Nehri için beş faktör, ana nehir için altı faktör ve Çorlu Deresi için altı faktör olarak bulunmuştur. PMF çalışmaları farklı durumlar için yapılmış olsa da, PMF sonuçlarının % 25 saptama sınırı üzerinde kalan kirleticilerle ana nehir ve Çorlu Deresi için en kararlı çözümleri sağladıkları bulunmuştur ve kaynakların tanımlanmasında kullanılmıştır.Faktör sayısı belirlendikten sonra, kirletici maddelerin kaynak profillerine katkılarını daha iyi anlamak için önyükleme, yer değiştirme ve önyükleme-yer değiştirme yöntemleri kullanılarak belirsizlik analizi yapılmıştır. Ana nehir ve Çorlu Deresi için faktör parmak izleri, faktör katkıları ve üç yöntem kullanılarak faktör katsayılarının belirsizlik tahminleri üç mevsim için elde edilmiştir. Faktörler için önemli katkıları bulunan kirleticiler ve katkıları birleştirilerek her bir faktördeki önemli kirleticiler belirlenmiştir. Yüksek faktör parmak izleri yüzdelerine ve düşük belirsizliğe sahip kirleticilere göre sıralama yapılmıştır. Kirlilik kaynaklarının yerini anlamak için, PMF'nin örnekleme yerlerine faktör katkısı nehrin başlangıcından itibaren uzaklığa (km) ve akış yönüne göre çizilmiştir.Yaz mevsimi için ana nehrin faktör profilleri ve katkılarına göre, yaz mevsimi için Faktör 1 endüstriyel kirleticilerden oluşmaktadır. Literatüre göre, kirleticiler belirli sektörlerle ilgilidir. Faktör 1 belirli endüstriyel kaynakları temsil etmektedir. Faktör 2, endüstriyel, evsel ve tarımsal kirleticiler ile açıklanmaktadır, bu nedenle, evsel, tarımsal ve endüstriyel karışık kaynaklar olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 3, korozyon önleyici, otomotiv ve metal ürünleri kaynakları gibi endüstriyel kaynaklardan etkilenmiştir, bu nedenle karışık endüstriyel olarak tanımlanabilir. Faktör 4 tarım ilaçlarının bulunması sebebiyle tarım olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 5 güçlü bir şekilde metallerle açıklanmaktadır, bu sebeple metal endüstrisi olarak belirlenmiştir.Sonbaharda, Faktör 1 en yüksek faktör profillerine sahip maddeler yüzey aktif madde, dezenfektan, biyosit, güneş koruyucu madde, PCP, güneş koruyucu ürünler, otomotiv ve metal ürünler kaplama maddeleri gibi karışık endüstriyel ve konvensiyonel kirleticilerden oluşmaktadır, bu nedenle endüstriyel ve evsel olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 2, pestisit, herbisit, metabolit, sinerjist, PCP, güneş koruyucu ürünler, sentetik koku, aroma maddelerinden etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle, Faktör 2, bu çalışmada tarımsal ve endüstriyel kaynak olarak belirlenmiştir. Faktör 3, endüstriyel, evsel ve tarımsal kirleticilerden azar miktarda etkilenmektedir, bu nedenle, karışık tarım, sanayi ve endüstri kaynakları olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 4 çoğunlukla PCP, antibiyotik ve konvansiyonel gibi konvansiyonel kaynaklardan etkilenmektedir, bu nedenle evsel olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 5 yüksek oranda NO3'ten ve az miktarda pestisitlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu sebeple, Faktör 5 ana nehir için tarım ve yüzeysel akış olarak belirlenmiştir.Kış mevsiminde Faktör 1, en yüksek faktör profillerine sahip alev geciktirici, solvent, boya üretimi, kaplama üretimi, pestisit, herbisit, korozyon inhibitörü, ilaç prekürsörü ve antifriz gibi özel endüstriyel kirleticiler ile karakterize edilmiştir, bu nedenle solvent ve boya endüstrisi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 2, saat, bilgisayar, floresan lambalar, otomotiv, kablolar, metal ve elektronik ürünler, boya üretimi için özel olarak metal kirleticilerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmada Faktör 2 otomotiv endüstrisi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 3, konvansiyonel kirleticiler ve korozyon önleyici, ilaç öncüsü, antifriz ve antisanking maddesi ve endüstriyel kaynaklardan etkilenmektedir; Bu nedenle, Faktör 3, karışık evsel ve endüstriyel kaynak olarak tanımlanabilir. Faktör 4, çoğunlukla güneş koruyucu ajan, PCP, güneş koruyucu ürünler, yüzey aktif madde, kimyasal madde üretimi, kaplama maddeleri gibi endüstriyel kaynaklardan etkilenmektedir, bu nedenle karışık endüstriyel kaynak olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 5 yoğun olarak metallerden oluşmaktadı, bu nedenle Faktör 5'in metal endüstrisi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Faktör 5, konvansiyonel ve evsel kirleticilerden güçlü bir şekilde etkilenmektedir ve hayvancılık faaliyetleri olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ergene Watershed in Thrace Region has been in the news about the river pollution problems. The provinces within the watershed, especially Tekirdağ, have intense industrial activity due to the geographical location. Uncontrolled industrialization and unplanned urbanization have increased rapidly since 1990s in the region, and caused numerous environmental problems. Ergene River and its tributaries supply water to the watershed. A significant part of the industrial facilities is concentrated in the Çorlu-Çerkezköy region close to Çorlu Stream in Tekirdağ Province, and the pollution in the river starts in this region, which is at the beginning of Ergene River. The population has been also increasing by the influence of the organized industrial districts and industrial activities. There are approximately 1 768 000 people living and 2 000 industries in the region. Additionally, agricultural activities are carried out intensively in the watershed as well as the industrial activities.Water quality is analyzed to estimate pollution level and determine the potential uses of the water source. Sampling and measurements are the important steps in watershed management along with the inventory of pollution sources to identify the problem. Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for specific and priority pollutants recently included in `Surface Water Quality Regulation`. Measurements of these pollutants give more information than the routine monitoring for conventional pollutants to distinguish different pollution sources.Firstly, Ergene Watershed, boundaries of watersheds, and river were determined using ArcGIS software using a current high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) dataset. The current river was investigated using Google Earth to take into account the human interferences such as changes in riverbed and water irrigation channels. A total of 75 sampling locations were determined according to the number and spatial distribution of discharge points in the watershed. Measurements were evaluated and statistical analyses were performed to understand the characteristics of Ergene River pollution and contributing sources. In this study, three season (summer, fall, and winter) measurements of several micropollutants in addition to conventional pollutants and metals were used from 75 sampling locations in Ergene River. Pollution sources and contributions need to be identified to understand the state of the pollution and control pollution sources. Thus, source identification and apportionment using multivariate statistical analysis techniques namingly Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were performed for this study. Out of 223 micropollutants, total of 132 in summer, 136 in fall, and 97 in winter were detected at least one sampling location. The multivariate statistical analyses were performed for the whole river, main river, and Çorlu Stream only. CA using Ward linkage method was performed with measured pollutants and sampling locations for three seasons with normalized concentration values. CA for sampling locations indicated two main clusters; first one with relatively clean locations and another one with polluted locations for all seasons. In addition, heatmaps were created.PCA was performed to the three seasons with pollutants with at least one measurement above Limit of Detection (LOD). The first 5-6 principal components usually explain more variation and 50% of the total variance was explained with the first seven components. PCA was also performed only with pollutants with more than 12.5% and 25% detection efficiency. For these cases, and main river, Çorlu Stream results, explained total variances were increased for all seasons. Çorlu Stream for three seasons with >25% detection of pollutants was identified approximately 100% with ten components. Fifty percent of the total variance was explained with the first three components Çorlu Stream with all measurements as well.PMF runs were performed for three to seven factors for three seasons (summer, fall, winter) and three cases (whole river, main river, and Çorlu Stream). Optimum number of factors were found as six factors for Ergene River, six factors for main river, and five factors for Çorlu Stream in summer; five factors for Ergene River, six factors for main river, and five factors for Çorlu Stream in fall; five factors for Ergene River, five factors for main river, and four factors for Çorlu Stream in winter. These findings were also consistent with the PCA results in which the same factors explained approximately 50%, 70%, and 70% of the variability in the dataset for Ergene River, main river, and Çorlu Stream, respectively.PMF runs were performed for three to seven factors for three seasons and three cases with pollutants greater than 25% detection frequency, and almost all of these pollutants were categorized as `Strong` according to their S/N ratio. According to the quality of fit parameter (Qtrue/Qexpected), optimum numbers of factors were determined as six factors for Ergene River, five factors for main river, and six factors for Çorlu Stream in summer; six factors for Ergene River, five factors for main river, and six factors for Çorlu Stream in fall; five factors for Ergene River, six factors for main river, and six factors for Çorlu Stream in winter. PMF results for the main river and Çorlu Stream with pollutants greater than 25% detection frequency were found to give the most stable solutions and used for identification of the sources. After determination the number of factors, uncertainty runs using Bootstrap (BS) and Displacement (DISP) methods were performed to understand the contributions of pollutants to source profiles. Factor fingerprints, factor contributions, and uncertainty methods error estimations of factor contributions for main river in three seasons were obtained. Major contributed pollutants for the factors and their contribution (%) in main river were combined, and contributions were indicated the important pollutants in each factor. According to pollutants with high factor profile percentages and low uncertainty, ranking was made. To understand the location of pollution sources, the factor contributions to the sampling locations of PMF were plotted against the distance from the beginning of the river (km) and the direction of flow.According to PMF results, Factor 1 was characterized by industrial pollutants, Factor 2 was by industrial, domestic, and agricultural pollutants, Factor 3 by industrial pollutants used in corrosion inhibitor, automotive and metal production, Factor 4 by pesticides, and Factor 5 strongly by metal pollutants in summer.In fall, Factor 1 was characterized by mixed industrial and domestic pollutants, Factor 2 by pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides, Factor 3 by industrial, domestic, and agricultural pollutants, Factor 4 mostly by domestic pollutants and Factor 5 by NO3 and pesticides. In winter, Factor 1 was characterized by specific industrial pollutants which can be identified as solvent and paint industry, Factor 2 by metal pollutants, Factor 3 by conventional pollutants and corrosion inhibitors, drug precursors, Factor by industrial pollutants and Factor 5 by metal pollutants, Factor 6 was strongly influenced by conventional and domestic pollutants in winter. According to PMF factor contributions for sampling locations, Factor 1 in summer, Factor 1 in fall, and Factors 1 and 4 in winter; Factor 2 in summer, Factor 3 in fall, and Factor 3 in winter; Factor 3 in summer, Factor 3 in fall, and Factor 4 in winter; Factor 4 in summer, Factor 5 in fall, and Factor 3 in winter; and Factor 5 in summer, Factor 4 in fall, and Factor 5 in winter were found similar contributed in main river. Factor 2 in winter was not related other factors in other seasons.According to PMF factor contributions for pollutants in main river, Factors 1 in summer, 1 in fall, and 4 in winter, Factors 2 in summer, and 3 fall, Factors 4 in summer, 5 in fall, and 4 in winter, Factors 5 in fall, 5 in winter were found similar. 195

Published
2018

16. Trace and toxic element levels in river sediments

Author

Yasin Baştatli and Cem Tokatli

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Sediment quality, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trace (semiology), Tunca river, Trace and toxic elements, Environmental chemistry, Ergene river, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Meriç river, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The Meriç River is the longest river of the Balkans and it can be declared as most important aquatic ecosystem in the Thrace Region of Turkey. The Tunca and Ergene rivers are the most important branches of the Meriç and they are known to be exposed to important organic and inorganic pollution from agriculture and industry in their basins. We evaluated the sediment quality of the three rivers by determining a total of 25 trace and toxic element accumulations, including lithium (Li), boron (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), titanium (Ti), and lead (Pb). Also, oneway ANOVA testing was used to determine the statistical differences of element accumulations among the stations, and cluster analysis (CA) was used to classify the rivers according to sediment qualities and to classify the elements according to accumulation levels. As a result of the study, statistically significant differences were identified among the investigated rivers in terms of almost all the trace and toxic elements and the contamination levels of investigated aquatic ecosystems as follows: Ergene River > Meriç River > Tunca River in general. According to the results of elemental CA, five statistically significant clusters were formed: “most intense elements,” “second most intense elements,” “moderately intense elements,” “second rarest elements,” and “rarest elements.” According to the results of locational CA, two statistically significant clusters were formed: “highly contaminated locations” and “moderately contaminated locations.”. © 2016, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Published
2016

17. Investigating the toxicity and genotoxicity of Büyükçekmece Lake, Çorlu and Ergene streams

Author

Yildiz, Abdülkadir, Petek, Mustafa, and Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Çevre Mühendisliği, Toxicity, Büyükçekmece Lake, Ergene River, Genotoxicity
Abstract

Bu çalışmada Büyükçekmece gölü, Çorlu ve Ergene derelerinden su numuneleri alınıp, kirliliğin toksik ve genotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu analizlerin yanında çeşitli fizikokimyasal analizler de yapılmıştır.. Yapılan bu analizlerle, İstanbul gibi bir megakentin en önemli içme suyu kaynaklarından olan Büyükçekmece gölündeki ve Türkiye'nin önemli havzalarından olan ve yoğun sanayinin olduğu Ergene havzasındaki Çorlu deresi, Ergene deresi ve bu iki derenin birleşmesinden oluşan Ergene nehrindeki kirliliğin sebep olduğu toksik ve genotoksik etkiler incelenmiştir.Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda Büyükçekmece gölündeki numunelerden TEM otoyolu köprüsünden alınan BL-2 örnekleme noktasında SOS IF değerinin iki mevsimde 1,2 den büyük olduğu yani genotoksik etkinin görüldüğü saptanmıştır. Bu noktada TU değeri 0-1 arasında görüldüğünden hafif toksik etki her mevsimde görülmüştür. Çorlu ve Ergene derelerinde ise özellikle sanayinin yoğun olduğu noktalarda toksik ve genotoksik etkiler saptanmıştır. Çorlu deresinde sanayi kirliliğine maruz kalmış CS-5 noktasında SOS IF değeri 2,4 ile 3,8 arasında, TU değeri ise 2,4 ile 4,1olarak görülmüştür. Bu da bu noktada hem toksik hem de genotoksik etkinin varlığını göstermektedir. Ergene deresinde ise yine sanayi atıksu girişiminin fazla olduğu ES 10 noktasında hem toksik hem de genotoksik etkiler saptanmıştır. Bu noktada SOS IF değeri 0,9 ile 2,2 arasında, TU değeri ise 1,7 ile 2,6 arasında görülmüştür. In this study, water samples were collected from Büyükçekmece Lake, Çorlu and Ergene streams after which they were analyzed for the toxic and genotoxic effects of the pollution. Besides these analyses, the samples were also analyzed physically and chemically. As a result of these analyses, the pollution level of Büyükçekmece lake, an important fresh water source for the megacity of Istanbul as well as the pollution in Ergene and Çorlu basins, one of the important and densely industrialized basins in Turkey have been measured together with the toxic and genotoxic effects of this pollution.As a result of the analyses, the samples taken from the BL-2 location of Büyükçekmece Lake near the TEM highway bridge have shown an SOS IF value that is greater than 1.2 in two seasons, thus showing genotoxic effects. The TU value at this location is between 0 and 1, and so it can be classified as mildly toxic in all the seasons. In the Çorlu and Ergene streams, toxic and genotoxic effects have been observed especially at locations subject to heavy industrial discharge. At the heavily industrially discharged location CS-5 of the Çorlu Stream, the SOS IF value has been measured between 2.4 and 3.8 while the TU value is between 2.4 and 4.1. This shows the existence of both toxic and genotoxic effects at this location. In the ES-10 location of the Ergene Stream where there is a heavy industrial discharge, both toxic and genotoxic effect have been observed. The SOS IF value at this location is between 0.9 and 2.2, while the TU value is between 1.7 and 2.6. 72

Published
2013

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