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The authors would like to acknowledge the continuous support and guidance of the colleagues and family members. The author would like to acknowledge the constant support and guidance from Anila Pathak, Nupur Chaturvedi, Meleana Chaturvedi and Aaryana Pathak. ORCID: 0000-0002-2750-8483 (Shubham Pathak)., Natural disasters have been a significant hurdle in the economic growth of middle-income developing countries. Thailand has also been suffering from recurring flood disasters and was most which are severely affected during the 2011 floods. This paper aims to identify the various factors that impact the speed of disaster recovery among the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) severely affected by the floods in Pathumthani province in central Thailand, and how it is related to its speed decision of neighbours SMEs. The methodology adopts a spatial econometric model, to analysis and understand each of the chosen factors' impact. The findings include the impact of disaster resilience, mitigation and planning at the SME level as well as the government level. The absence of accurate perception of actual risk, flood insurance and disaster management planning before the 2011 floods had contributed to the severity of the impacts during the 2011 floods.

Heavy rainfall frequently occurred in Kyushu and triggers the landslides every year. This study observes the landslides which occurred in Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. The landslides in this study, consisting of the same soil materials, tuff breccia and andesite materials; however, the landslide mechanisms were different. Two landslides occurred caused by heavy rainfall in the different timing of the landslide occurrence, and another landslide occurred without the heavy rainfall or an earthquake occurs. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the physical and mechanical properties of tuff breccia and andesite materials with diverse landslide mechanisms. This study performed soil stratigraphic analysis and soil hardness measurements in the field, and performed physical properties, saturated permeability, mechanical properties, and XRD tests in the laboratory. This study found that characteristics of tuff breccia and andesite in diverse mechanisms of landslides were not very different, especially on the landslides caused by heavy rainfall. Furthermore, the landslide in the andesite and tuff breccia areas could be divided into three types based on the timing of the landslide occurrence, scale of the landslide, and landslide mechanisms.

Introduction: Nepal is vulnerable to many hazards and disasters. Geographically, Nepal is situated at the Indi-an and Eurasian seismic plates and is prone to disasters like floods, landslides, fire, and earthquakes. The earthquake of April 25, 2015, with a 7.8 Richter scale and several aftershocks, have resulted in a considerable loss of human lives, physical infrastructure, and natural resources in Nepal. Many studies on the impacts of the earthquake mentioned the challenges in community recovery. This paper examines and explains the impact of earthquakes on family and community, how family and community cope during the disaster. Besides coping mechanisms, this paper explains discourses or conflicts in the family and communities. The paper is an outcome of a statistical analysis of 912 households' survey conducted in Nepal's central hill, Kispang Rural municipality, a community affected by the 2015 earthquake in Nuwakot district. Methods: This research relies on literature review, key informant interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), field visits, expert interviews, etic and emic approaches to observe from the field. The research questionnaires were prepared and performed a household survey of 912 households. Various questions on how the earthquake in Nepal "X" has created the "Y" impacts and discourses or conflict in the family and the community in Nepal's central hills were analyzed. Results: The earthquake has impacted the families and communities; however, the families and communities had shown distinct coping mechanisms to stay resilient to the impact—various factors were identified where family discourses and conflict escalated, which has impacted the community peace. Family level discourses and conflict emerged mainly in collectivist society or joint or extended families. Gender-based violence/ conflict is also measured and found augmented after the earthquake in the community. Conclusion: The research study concluded that family discourses and conflict emerged when disaster relief and reconstruction policies do not incorporate the affected communities' needs. The multi-dimensional holistic, integrated policies that integrate all the affected communities' needs will support building community and family-level peace. Discriminative policies that divide families and communities should not be practiced.

Many people face various types of disasters every year. Within the framework of disaster logistics, temporary shelter areas should be identified before any disaster occurs. The main purpose of this study is to determine the temporary shelter areas in case of a disaster. Fuzzy TOPSIS method was used to fulfill this aim in Ankara due to its being capital and second biggest city of Turkey. In this context, five alternatives were evaluated according to ten criteria determined in accordance with national and international standards by taking expert opinions. Among the five different alternative locations, Etimesgut has been identified as the most suitable temporary shelter area for Ankara. Mamak takes the last place in the ranking. In addition, as a result of the order of alternatives, Yenimahalle was in the second, Çankaya was in the third and Keçiören was in the fourth place in the ranking. Different from the previous studies in the literature, this study focuses on all of the potential disasters. No study has been known on location selection problem of temporary shelter areas after the disaster for Ankara Province., Her yıl birçok insan çeşitli afet türleri ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Afet lojistiği çerçevesinde, afetzedelerin barınma sorununu çözmek adına geçici barınma alanlarının yerlerinin afet öncesinde belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Afet sonrası geçici barınma alanlarının seçimi ele alınan problemin ana amacını oluştururken, bu problem gerek Türkiye’nin başkenti, gerekse 2. büyük kenti olmasından ötürü Ankara ili üzerinde Bulanık TOPSIS tekniği ile test edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, uzman görüşleri alınarak, ulusal ve uluslararası standartlara uygun olarak belirlenen on adet kritere göre beş adet alternatif değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz kapsamında değerlendirilen beş farklı alternatif lokasyon arasında, Ankara ili için Etimesgut en uygun geçici barınma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Mamak sıralamada son sırada yer almıştır. Ayrıca, alternatiflerin sıralanması sonucu Yenimahalle ikinci, Çankaya üçüncü ve Keçiören dördüncü sırada çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada literatürdeki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, bir afet türüne odaklanılmamış; ele alınan potansiyel afetlerin tümüne odaklanılmıştır. Bilinebildiği kadarıyla, bu çalışma ile Ankara ili için afet sonrası geçici barınma alanları ilk kez tespit edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada trafik yoğunluğundan kaynaklanan ağır metal konsantrasyonunun izlenmesinde zeytin ağacının (Olea eurpaea L.) biyomonitör olarak kullanılma potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Artvin ili kent merkezinde trafik yoğunluğunun farklı olduğu altı farklı istasyondan toplanan toprak, yaprak, meyve ve kabuk örneklerindeki % kükürt miktarı, elementel analiz cihazı ile Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb ve Al içerikleri ise ICP-OES ile belirlenmiştir. Analiz ölçümlerinin doğruluğu toprak örnekleri için LGC 6187 ve bitki örnekleri için ERM-CD 281 standart referans madde kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Elde edilen ölçüm sonuçlarındaki farklılıklar ise ANOVA testi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; toprak, yaprak, meyve ve kabukta yüzdesel olarak en yüksek kükürt değeri trafik yoğunluğunun en fazla olduğu noktalarda tespit edilmiştir. Bitki ve toprak örneklerindeki Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb ve Al elementleri için ağır metal konsantrasyonları yapılan diğer çalışmalar ve yönetmeliklerle karşılaştırılmış ve tüm metallerin sınır değeler içerisinde bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Yapılan istatiksel çalışmalarda; noktalar arasında %95 güven düzeyinde anlamlı bir fark olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca trafiğin yoğun olduğu alanlardan uzaklaştıkça toprak, yaprak, meyve ve kabuğun metal konsantrasyonlarında azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum zeytinin trafik kaynaklı kirliliğin belirlenmesinde biyomonitör olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

The study area is located of Şiran District Center in the southwest of Gümüşhane (NE Turkey). In this study, hydrogeochemical characteristics of water resources in district center were examined and metal element contents were determined. In the study area, the basement rocks are represented by Eocene Kelkit formation, which is composed of sandstone, claystone, marl, shale and tuff, and this unit is covered unconformably by the Quaternary aged alluvium. These units form granular porous unconfined aquifers according to the hydrogeological features. The pH, specific conductance (SC) and hardness (Fr°) values of the water resources in the study area varied between 5.41-7.48, 106.9-141.3 µS/cm and 4.72-6.78 (n= 18), respectively. According to the classification of Intra-Continental Water Resources, these data show that the samples are mostly class-I and II, rarely class-III water quality characteristics. The water resources in the study area are generally classified as Ca-Mg-HCO3 type carbonated (Ca+Mg>Na+K), and generally their weak acids are more than strong acids (HCO3>SO4+Cl). In the study area, (Ca+Mg)/(SO4+HCO3) ratios indicated the effect of silicate weathering in the waters, and the Cl/(Cl+HCO3) and (Na+K)/(Na+K+Ca) ratios show that the chemistry of waters is controlled by the chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals, hence, reflect the water-rock interaction. Except for a few, the concentration of dissolved potentially toxic elements in the water samples were distributed within acceptable limits. Consequently, the hydrogeochemical results showed that the water resources in the study area were in the category of good class waters in terms of drinking water., İnceleme alanı, Gümüşhane (KD Türkiye) ilinin güneybatısında yer alan Şiran ilçe merkezini kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ilçe merkezindeki suların hidrojeokimyasal karakteristikleri incelenmiş ve metal element içerikleri belirlenmiştir. İnceleme alanında, temel birimleri kumtaşı, kiltaşı, marn, şeyl ve tüf ardışımından meydana gelen Eosen yaşlı Kelkit Formasyonu oluşturmakta olup Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyon ile uyumsuz bir şekilde örtülmüştür. Bu birimler hidrojeolojik özelliklerine göre taneli gözenekli serbest akiferleri oluşturmaktadır. Örneklerin pH, özgül elektriksel iletkenlik (ÖEİ) ve toplam sertlik (Fr°) değerleri sırasıyla 5.41-7.48, 106.9-141.3 μS/cm ve 4.72-6.78 (n= 18) arasında değişmektedir. Bu veriler, Kıta İçi Yerüstü Su Kaynakları sınıflamasına göre, suların çoğunlukla I. ve II. sınıf, az oranda ise III. sınıf kalitede olduğunu göstermektedir. İnceleme alanındaki sular genelde Ca-Mg-HCO3 tipli karbonatlı (Ca+Mg>Na+K) olup, zayıf asit kökleri güçlü asit köklerinden (HCO3>SO4+Cl) daha fazladır. İnceleme alanındaki suların (Ca+Mg)/(SO4+HCO3) oranları sularda silikat ayrışmasının etkisini işaret etmekte, Cl/(Cl+HCO3) ve (Na+K)/(Na+K+Ca) oranları ise, bu suların kimyasının kayaç yapıcı minerallerin kimyasal ayrışması tarafından kontrol edildiğini, dolayısıyla su-kayaç etkileşimini göstermektedir. Su örneklerindeki çözünmüş potansiyel toksik element içerikleri, birkaç örnek dışında, kabul edilebilir sınırlar arasında dağılım sergilemektedir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen hidrojeokimyasal veriler, inceleme alanındaki suların genel olarak içme suyu açısından iyi sınıf sular kategorisinde yer aldığını göstermiştir.

The unique geography and fragile geological condition have made Nepal more prone to various types of disasters. The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake had a serious effect on one-third of the population of Nepal. Disaster comes with both opportunities and consequences. It depends on how a country and affected people deal with the situations. After the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, many people especially those from the affected districts were assumed to be sensitized regarding the consequences of Earthquake disaster. In general, the disaster affected people have certainly gained know-how of the disaster to some extent even through experiences. But, the people who are less affected by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake are yet to be aware of its major consequences. Hence, this research aims to understand the perception of people who were not severely affected by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake but they are at high risk of future earthquake events. This research evaluated whether such people are aware of the major disaster consequences or not. Likewise, it also evaluated whether they are working on the risk reduction and disaster preparedness plans to minimize human and property loss in the future or not. So, this research was carried out in the rapidly urbanizing Pokhara City situated in the western part of Nepal which is at high risk of various types of disasters including earthquakes. The research was focused on understanding the perception of risk perceived by the people of Pokhara City in the aftermath of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. A household survey was conducted that involved the individual interview of a total of 152 participants from randomly selected houses. Various questions related to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) issues including readiness and mitigating behaviour of people, disaster risk adaptation and perceptions were asked. Histogram analysis, distribution analysis, bivariate correlations and independent sample t-tests were conducted to examine the relationship between people in disaster education-related programs and how they are following key DRR issues related to dependent (criterion) variables. A series of independent sample t-tests were conducted to examine the effects of age, gender, and disaster events on the dependent variables. Likewise, to evaluate the coherency of the data provided by the respondents, the Partial Credit Model (PCM) was used. Validity, reliability and unidimensionality of the scale were further evaluated by using PCM. The findings of this research show that the people residing in such a rapidly urbanizing Pokhara City are completely unaware of the major consequences of various types of disasters. Almost 60% of the respondents even well-educated conceived that the disaster is merely the act of God that is beyond our imagination to control and mitigate. This easily concludes that in Pokhara City, the local community, technicians and even policymakers are unaware of the proper disaster management plans and policies. Pokhara city lacks awareness of upcoming disasters and it is a serious drawback that can create too many issues in sustainable development practices in the city.

In water loss management, monitoring system behavior and analyzing system performance according to appropriate indicators is very important for improving operating conditions. However, appropriate calculation tools should be used to make these analyzes accurately, regularly, systematically and precisely. Therefore, in this study, the most appropriate indicators were determined based on the indicators proposed IWA and other organizations in literature in order to analyze and monitor the process performance in water loss management. A web-based "GGS basic performance analysis calculation tool" has been developed to systematically calculate these indicators and monitor performance. This tool basically includes volumetric and percentage indicators, service connection and per line length indicators, administrative and physical loss, economic and cost, failure and network rehabilitation indicators. The details of this tool were detailed, its advantages were discussed by analyzing of sample data set. It is believed that this analysis tool developed in this study will provide significant contributions to the analysis and monitoring of the performance of the Utilities in terms of water loss management and its components, and to evaluate the process performance for active leakage control activities

Statistical downscaling methods are based on determination of statistical relationships between low resolution atmospheric variables and measured climate parameters from meteorological stations. In this study, it was aimed to estimate the monthly mean temperature measured from 12 meteorological stations in and around the Eastern Black Sea Basin using atmospheric variables in the EraInterim re-analysis data set with grid resolution (0.75° x 0.75°). For this purpose, the variables of precipitation, temperature, sea surface pressure, surface air pressure and air temperature, geopotential height and relative humidity at 850, 500 and 200 hPa pressure levels in the EraInterim re-analysis data set were used as independent variables. Monthly mean temperature values measured from meteorological stations (1981-2010) were used as dependent variables. Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) method selected as downscaling method. The root mean square error, scattering index, mean absolute error and Nash Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficient statistics were used to evaluate the performance of the MARS model based on the station. The NS value calculated for all stations was in the range of 0.9-1.0. In addition, the global scale variables selected from the EraInterim data set were found to be quite successful in estimating local temperature values. The results obtained from the study showed that MARS statistical downscaling method can be used to downscale the coarse scale atmospheric variables to the regional scale., İstatistiksel ölçek indirgeme yöntemleri düşük çözünürlüğe sahip atmosferik değişkenler ile istasyonlardan ölçülmüş meteorolojik parametreler arasında istatistiksel ilişkiler kurulmasına dayanan yöntemlerdir. Bu çalışmada (0,75° x 0,75°) sayısal ağ çözünürlüğüne sahip EraInterim re-analiz veri setinde yer alan atmosferik değişkenler kullanılarak Doğu Karadeniz Havzası’nda ve çevresinde yer alan 12 meteoroloji istasyonundan ölçülmüş olan aylık ortalama sıcaklık parametresinin her bir istasyon için tahmin edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla EraInterim re-analiz veri setinde yer alan yüzeysel parametrelerden yağış, sıcaklık, deniz yüzeyi basıncı ve yüzeysel hava basıncı ile 850, 500 ve 200 hPa basınç seviyelerindeki hava sıcaklığı, jeopotansiyel yükseklik ve rölatif nem atmosferik değişkenleri bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Meteoroloji istasyonlarından (1981-2010) döneminde ölçülmüş olan aylık ortalama sıcaklık değerleri ise bağımlı değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Ölçek indirgeme yöntemi olarak çok değişkenli uyarlanabilir regresyon eğrileri (ÇDURE) yöntemi seçilmiştir. İstasyon temelinde kurulmuş olan ÇDURE model performanslarının değerlendirilmesi için ortalama karesel hatanın karekökü, saçılım indeksi, ortalama mutlak hata ve Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) etkinlik katsayısı istatistikleri kullanılmıştır. Hesaplanan NS değerinin tüm istasyonlar için 0.9-1.0 aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca EraInterim veri setinden seçilmiş olan küresel ölçekli değişkenlerin yerel ölçekteki sıcaklık değerleri tahmininde başarılı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuçlar ÇDURE istatistiksel ölçek indirgeme yönteminin kaba ölçekli atmosferik değişkenlerin bölgesel ölçeğe indirgenmesinde kullanılabilir olduğunu göstermiştir.

This study differs from previous similar studies in three main directions. Firstly, the location of the most suitable facilities that can provide regional service were determined by applying clustering method. Thus, not only one airport facility in a single location serving across the country was determined, which separates this research from the others. Secondly, in the previous studies, Istanbul Airport was not taken into account because it has not been put into service. Therefore, this study takes that particular airport into consideration. Thirdly, optimum solutions for such new situation were produced with more up-to-date data and using a modern optimization method, the tree seed algorithm. As a result of the analyzes made based on traffic data, traffic-based weight coefficients and location data from which transportation distances were obtained, a total of sixteen ideal airports were recommended that can provide service to their regions, especially during emergencies or after any disaster. In accordance with the suggestions of this research, it is expected that progress will be made in minimizing the loss of time and expense, and especially minimizing the loss of life thanks to the services which can be provided by air transportation in any emergency., Bu çalışma, önceki benzer çalışmalardan üç ana yönden ayrılmaktadır. Birincisi, yöntem olarak diğerlerinden ayrılarak ülke çapında sadece tek bir lokasyondaki havalimanı tesisi değil kümeleme yöntemi uygulanarak bölgesel hizmet verebilecek en uygun tesisler tespit edilmiştir. İkincisi, önceki çalışmalarda İstanbul Havalimanı henüz hizmete girmediğinden dolayı değerlendirmeye alınmamışken, bu çalışmada optimizasyon hesaplarına dahil edilmiştir. Üçüncüsü, yeni durumun önceki çalışmalara nazaran daha güncel verilerle ve daha güncel bir optimizasyon yöntemi olan ağaç tohum algoritması kullanılarak optimum çözümler üretilmiştir. Trafik verileri, trafiğe dayalı ağırlık katsayıları ve ulaşım mesafelerinin elde edildiği konum verilerine dayanarak yapılan analizler sonucunda, toplam on altı havalimanı kendi bölgelerine, özellikle herhangi bir felaket sırasında veya sonrasındaki acil durumlarda, servis sağlayabilecek ideal havalimanları bu çalışmada ortaya çıkarılarak tavsiye edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın önerileri doğrultusunda, herhangi bir acil durumda gerekli olan ve havayolu ile sağlanabilecek hizmetler sayesinde zaman ve gider kaybının azaltılması gibi amaçlar gözetilirken daha da önemlisi can kaybının en az düzeye indirilmesi konusunda ilerleme kaydedilmesi beklenmektedir.

The article's abstract is not available.

With the industrial revolution, environmental problems have diversified and have increased significantly, affecting both the natural and the human environment. Air pollution, which is among the most important of these environmental problems, has been a serious problem today as it was in the past. In this study, which examines the human factors affecting air quality and pollution between 2007-2019 in the provinces of Southeast Anatolia Region, pollution shows continuity especially in certain provinces. Depending on this continuity, our aim is to detect air pollution in the provinces of the region and offer solutions to them. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) analysis was used through Geographic Information Systems to detect the spatial change of air pollution. With this analysis method, interpolation was provided between the measurements. The provinces with the highest SO2 concentration are Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2007, Şırnak in 2012, Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2017 and Şanlıurfa in 2019. PM10 annual average concentration is high in Batman in 2007, Gaziantep, Batman and Siirt in 2012, Şanlıurfa in 2017 and Şırnak in 2019. The number of population living in the city, the type and quality of fuel used in residences and industry, the number of industrial enterprises and the number of vehicles are among the important human factors affecting pollution. In this sense, local and national administrations should take serious measures in the air pollution that causes human health to deteriorate or even die., Sanayi devrimiyle birlikte çevre sorunları çeşitlenmiş ve önemli ölçüde artış göstererek hem doğal hem de beşerî çevreyi etkilemiştir. Bu çevre sorunlarının en önemlileri arasında yer alan hava kirliliği geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de ciddi bir sorun olmuştur. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi illerinde 2007-2019 yılları arasında hava kalitesi ve kirliliğine etki eden beşeri unsurların incelendiği bu çalışmada, kirlilik özellikle belirli illerde süreklilik göstermektedir. Bu sürekliliğe bağlı olarak amacımız bölge illerindeki hava kirliliğini tespit etmek ve bunlara çözüm önerisi sunabilmektir. Hava kirliliğinin mekânsal değişimini tespit etmek için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri aracılığıyla IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu analiz yöntemiyle ölçümler arasında enterpolasyon sağlanmıştır. SO2 konsantrasyonun en fazla olduğu iller 2007’de Şanlıurfa ve Siirt, 2012’de Şırnak, 2017’de Şanlıurfa ve Siirt ve 2019’da da Şanlıurfa’dır. PM10’de ise 2007’de Batman, 2012’de Gaziantep, Batman ve Siirt, 2017’de Şanlıurfa ve 2019’da da Şırnak’ta yıllık ortalama konsantrasyon fazladır. Kirliliğin artmasında en önemli beşeri unsurlar; şehirde yaşayan nüfus miktarı, konutlarda ve sanayide kullanılan yakıt türü ve kalitesi, sanayiye bağlı işletme sayısı ve araç sayısıdır. Bu manada insan sağlığının bozulmasına hatta ölümlere neden olan hava kirliliğinde yerel ve ulusal yönetimlerin ciddi önlem alması gerekmektedir.

In recent years, the negative effects of climate change on water resources have been observed. Due to the decrease in precipitation in the Burdur Lake basin, there is serious volume loss especially in surface waters. In this study, basin drought analysis was performed using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and China Z index (CZI) methods. For this, precipitation data of 6 different meteorological stations located in and around the basin were used. In addition, the relationships between SPI and CZI indices are statistically revealed. In Burdur Meteorology station, it was determined that the longest drought period was experienced in the 24-month time scale with the SPI method since January 1951 with 1612 days. However, the most severe drought has been determined to have lasted 2250 days with a severity of 70.027 since January 1989. According to the drought analysis using the China Z index at the same meteorology station, the longest drought periods were 1553 days since January 1989, with a severity of 70.782. According to the obtained results, medium and mild droughts were detected around the Burdur Lake and south of the basin in 2019. In addition, the R2 values of both methods (0.96-0.98) are quite high and very close index values were calculated., Son yıllarda su kaynakları üzerinde iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkileri daha fazla gözlenmeye başlamıştır. Burdur Gölü havzasında da yağışların azalmasına bağlı olarak özellikle yüzey sularında ciddi miktarlarda hacim kayıpları söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada, standartlaştırılmış yağış indeksi (SPI) ve Çin Z indeksi (CZI) yöntemleri kullanılarak havzaya yönelik kuraklık analizleri yapılmıştır. Bunun için havza içerisinde ve çevresinde bulunan 6 farklı meteoroloji istasyonuna ait yağış verileri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca SPI ve CZI indeksleri arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Burdur Meteoroloji istasyonunda en uzun kuraklık döneminin 24 aylık zaman ölçeğinde SPI yöntem ile yapılan analizlerde 1612 gün ile 1951 yılının Ocak ayından itibaren yaşandığı, bununla birlikte en şiddetli kuraklığın ise 1989 yılının Ocak ayından itibaren 70.027 şiddetinde 2250 gün sürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Aynı meteoroloji istasyonunda Çin Z indeksi kullanılarak yapılan kuraklık analizlerine göre ise en uzun kuraklık dönemlerinin 1989 yılının Ocak ayından itibaren 70.782 şiddetinde 1553 gün sürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 2019 yılında Burdur Gölü çevresi ile havzanın güneyinde orta ve hafif kuraklıklar tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca her iki yöntemin R2 değerleri (0.96-0.98) oldukça yüksek olup birbirlerine çok yakın indeks değerleri hesaplanmıştır.

Environmental noise from traffic, industry and entertainment in cities has been one of the important environmental problems. In developed countries, noise from highways, airways and railways are the second major health problem. Traffic noise has negative effects on human health. The traffic noise exposes are occurring in the high populated living areas. Strategic noise maps are prepared to identify these noise areas in cities and to create liveable cities. Thus, problems related to environmental noise are identified and necessary control measures can be taken. In this study, strategic noise maps arising from the road traffic in Gaziantep with high population density were created with traffic counts and simulation program. Within the scope of the study, a total of 193 km of highways, 161 km of which are main roads, were modelled and vehicle counts were made on 33 road sections. Strategic noise maps were prepared for daytime, evening and night with the obtained simulation data. Then, the population ratios in the regions exceeding the noise limit values caused by road traffic were calculated. According to this; 5.4% of the population of Gaziantep is exposed to traffic noise levels above the critical levels determined during the day, 8.2% in the evening and 7.5% at night. Sensitive areas, 201 schools and 95 hospitals, are located in these noise areas and are exposed to traffic noise levels., Kentlerde, trafik, sanayi ve eğlence gibi çeşitli faaliyetlerden oluşan çevresel gürültü önemli çevre sorunlarından birisi olmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkelerdeki sağlık sorunları sıralamasında kara, hava ve demiryollarındaki trafikten kaynaklanan gürültü ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Trafikten kaynaklanan gürültünün, insan sağlığı üzerinde negatif etkileri bulunmaktadır. Yüksek nüfus yoğunluğu olan yaşam alanları trafikten kaynaklı gürültü maruziyetlerinin oluştuğu bölgelerdir. Kentlerdeki gürültü alanlarını belirlemek ve yaşanabilir kentler oluşturmak için stratejik gürültü haritaları hazırlanmaktadır. Böylece, çevresel gürültü ile ilgili sorunlar belirlenmekte ve gerekli kontrol tedbirleri alınabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Gaziantep’te nüfus yoğunluğu yüksek olan bölgelerde karayolu trafiğinden kaynaklanan stratejik gürültü haritaları trafik sayımları ve simülasyon programı ile oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında 161 km'si ana karayolu olmak üzere toplam 193 km karayolu modellenmiş ve 33 yol kesitinde araç sayımı yapılmıştır. Elde edilen simülasyon verileri ile gündüz, akşam ve gece için stratejik gürültü haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra, karayolu trafiğinden kaynaklanan gürültü sınır değerlerini aşan bölgelerdeki nüfus oranları hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre; Gaziantep nüfusunun % 5,4’ü gündüzleri, % 8,2’si akşamları ve % 7,5’i geceleri belirlenen kritik seviyelerin üzerinde karayolu kaynaklı gürültü seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Hassas bölgeler olan 201 okul ve 95 hastane bu gürültü alanlarında bulunmakta ve karayolu kaynaklı gürültü seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır.

During the last decade, 2.4 billion individuals, the majority of which were residing in low economic growth countries, became victim of global disasters. As economic growth is correlated with the resilience of a nation against a disaster, therefore developing and underdeveloped nations significantly face higher magnitude of losses. With Pakistan being a developing country, the present study takes into account the most recently accomplished mega project of METROBUS service that is currently operational in the twin metropolitan cities of Pakistan i.e. Islamabad and Rawalpindi to study the pre and post development perspectives of project in terms of the hazard perception, prospect disaster threats it poses towards the society in case of major seismic activity and the magnitude of disaster preparedness associated to the potential hazardous circumstances as result of seismic event occurrence. Statistical evaluations for the current study were conducted utilizing the SmartPLS 3.0, being based upon the information collected through 336 self-supervised surveyed responses. The results of the current study indicated, the respondents to be highly in favor of the commute service project, but at the same time, they highlighted the concerns regarding socio-economic adversities faced during the project development phases as well as after its completion. Further, the respondents expressed major reservations regarding the disaster management measures taken by the potential stakeholders of the project. Despite the fact that most of the respondents were well educated, the lack of awareness regarding preparedness against any possible project related disastrous situation, was observed. To mitigate the potential disaster losses associated to the project, respondents suggested that the national authorities should proactively provide awareness to the public and assure the availability of all necessary facilities, in case of any hazardous situation; seismic in particular. Considering the practical implications, the current study may be useful for other developing countries, which too faced similar concerns during development of comparable megaprojects and share similar environmental conditions.

The Atlantic coast of Morocco has been exposed to marine submersion events from storm surges and tsunamis which have resulted in human and economic losses. The absence of long term records for these hazards makes it difficult to trace their behavior through time, which is the first step to prepare proactive adaptation strategies for events that may happen in the future. In this paper, we present a late Holocene record of marine submersion events along the Atlantic coast of Morocco using a 2.7 m sediment core sampled from the Tahaddart estuary. The sedimentological and geochemical analyses conducted on this geological archive showed a mud-dominated sequence with 14 allochthonous sandy layers (E1-E14) left by marine high-energy events. The deposition age of three layers (E1, E13 and E14) has been determined using conventional dating methods (210Pbex, 137Cs and 14C). The first layer, introduced as E1 seems to fit with the great Lisbon tsunami in 1755 CE (Common Era), an event dated for the first time along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The other two layers, referred to as E13 and E14, were dated between 3464 and 2837 cal BP (calibrated years Before Present) and chronologically correlated with marine high-energy deposits found on the Spanish Atlantic coast. This correlation confirms the existence of another regional event around 3200 BP.

In Nepal, rockfall related studies are rarely conducted and are limited to the landslide study along with few case studies on rockfall events. Rockfall problems in Nepal are more frequent in the Higher Himalayan region than Midland and Lesser Himalayan regions. In the glaciated valley and glacial lakes, rockfall and associated tsunami like huge wave are a recently initiated research. In this context, a glacial lake of the Himalaya, named as Imja Glacial Lake situated in eastern Nepal has been selected to understand the rockfall problems and their possible consequences. The lake was formed at the end part of the Imja glacier. The northern valley slope of Imja Glacier Lake, i.e. southern slope of the Island Peak has serious problem of rockfall into the lake. Rockfall simulation was performed during this research with field data. Three different Plots were defined for simulation of rockfall. Among them, Plot III seems to be the most hazardous since the detached boulders on the higher elevation can enter into the lake with the maximum velocity of 40 m/s with pre-impact energy more than 3500 kJ. This can develop a surge in the lake water that can break moraine dam. This leads to a serious threat to the downstream communities. Moreover, this research confirms that the rockfall hazard in the higher mountain region of Nepal is critical to creating flash floods due to tsunamis like surge in the lake water and breaching of the dam.

Lava flows have threatened and/or inundated inhabited areas and/or their supporting networks 38 times at 12 volcanoes in the past 70 years. A systematic evaluation of these events has not been undertaken, making it hard to compare eruptions, create lava flow vulnerability models to support impact assessments, and deduce best practices for managing lava flow crises. In this paper, we summarise all 38 basaltic lava flow crises and conduct a gap analysis by evaluating published literature. Eleven data types that could support enhanced physical impact studies and/or research on the societal effects of lava flows were identified. Four of the data types (preparation actions and narrative, eruption narrative, response narrative, and evacuation data) have been well-documented (i.e. documented in at least half the eruptions). Communication approaches and recovery narratives have been included in at least a quarter of the studied eruptions, and their documentation in the literature is increasing with time. Five data types (lava flow attribute data, detailed physical impact data, and information on lava flow hazard modelling, community reactions, and applications of learnings) have only been documented a handful of times each. We suggest that standardisation of data collection and data storage could increase the frequency with which these data types are documented. Finally, we use the case studies to extract lessons about how community understanding of volcanic hazards influences community resilience and how lava flow modelling can inform planning. We also describe lessons relating to evacuation processes, mitigation methods, and recovery.

This study has been carried out to trend analysis on drought indices in the West Black Sea Region. Drought is very important subject for climate researchers in recent years. In this study, it was investigated whether there is a trend in drought indices by using trend analysis methods. Firstly, the standardized precipitation index and De Martonne index were obtained for the trend analysis. After then, the Mann-Kendall test was applied to the drought indexes. The data network used in this study consists of 6 stations spanning from 1960 to 2015. The used data was selected to reflect general hydro-climatic conditions of the Western Black Sea Region. According to the trend analysis, there is an increasing trend that is not statistically significant at the 5% significance level in all stations in the extremely severe drought class for the 1-month standard precipitation index. On the other hand, the negative z values were determined in annual and winter De-Martonne indexes. The application of a trend detection in observed precipitations were resulted in the identification of decreasing trends in November, December and January precipitations for the mostly of stations., Bu çalışmada Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde elde edilen kuraklık indisleri üzerine trend analizi uygulanmıştır. Kuraklık, iklim araştırmacıları için son yıllarda çok önem verilen bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma içinde, trend analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak, kuraklık indislerinde trend olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Trend analizi için ilk önce standart yağış indisi ve De martonne indisi elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra Mann-Kendall testi bu kuraklık indisleri üzerine uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler 1960 ve 2015 yılları arasında verilere sahip 6 istasyona aittir. Kullanılan veriler Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinin genel hidrolojik özelliklerini yansıtacak şekilde seçilmiştir. Trend analizine göre, 1 aylık standart yağış indisi için Aşırı Şiddetli Kuraklık sınıfında tüm istasyonlarda istatistiksel olarak %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde önemli olmayan artan eğilim vardır. Diğer yandan De-Martonne indeksine göre kış aylarında ve yıllık olarak negatif z değerleri belirlenmiştir. Gözlenmiş yağışlarda trend belirlemek için yapılan araştırmada, Kasım, Aralık ve Ocak aylarında istasyonların çoğunda azalma eğilimleri belirlenmiştir.

Orman yangın organizasyonları, yangınlarla mücadelede başarılı olabilmek için doğru, güncel ve kolaylıkla elde edilebilir bilgilere ihtiyaç duyar. Bu bilgilerin temini, yangın risk ve tehlike potansiyeli ile yangın davranışı hakkında doğru ve hızlı bilgi verebilen kapsamlı bir sistemin varlığı ile mümkün olabilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye orman yangın organizasyonu ve yangın yönetim planlamalarında kullanılabilecek bir Karar Destek Sisteminin (KDS) kavramsal çerçevesi, yapısı ve hiyerarşisi belirlenmiştir. KDS tasarımında, bir bütün halinde veya ayrı ayrı çalışabilecek dört alt sistem öngörülmüştür. Bunlar; i) Yangın Bilgi Sistemi; orman yangınları ile ilgili mekânsal, zamansal ve tanımlayıcı bilgilerin depolandığı ve veriler üzerinden akıllı sorgulamaların yapılabildiği alt sistem, ii) Yangın Çıkma İhtimalini Tahmin Sistemi; sabit ve değişken çevre faktörlerini dikkate alan ve belirli bir alan için yangın risk ve tehlike potansiyelini derecelendiren alt sistem, iii) Meteorolojik Yangın İndeksi Sistemi; yanıcı madde nemine bağlı olarak yanıcı maddelerin tutuşabilirliğini belirleyen ve yangının başlaması durumunda potansiyel yangın yayılma oranı ve yangın şiddeti hakkında bilgi veren alt sistem ve iv) Yangın Davranışı Tahmin Sistemi; yangın davranışını farklı hava halleri, topoğrafya ve yanıcı madde özelliklerine bağlı olarak tahmin etmeye çalışan alt sistemidir. Geliştirilen sistem tasarımı uygulamada kullanılabilecek şekilde hazır hale geldiğinde, orman yangınları ile mücadelede yangın yöneticilerine yangın öncesi, yangınla mücadele ve yangın sonrası planlamalarda önemli katkılar sunacak potansiyeldedir.

At Campi Flegrei caldera, volcanic unrest hazards during 1982–1984 caused significant building damage and led to the evacuation of over 40,000 residents in the central town of Pozzuoli. Past hazard assessments in this region have focused on eruption hazards rather than on hazards from volcanic unrest. In this study, we developed a hypothetical unrest hazard scenario applied to three locations within Campi Flegrei caldera: Pozzuoli, Agnano and Baia. We also collated GIS exposure datasets and used vulnerability models of building and road damage to carry out an impact assessment for future volcanic unrest at these three test locations. The resulting impact maps provide useful insight into the effects future unrest could have on businesses, buildings and livelihoods within Campi Flegrei.The impact maps show that, depending on the location of unrest, evacuations associated with future unrest may involve displacement of large numbers of residents, and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. The Agnano scenario is associated with the greatest impact and involves the potential evacuation of 136,000 people and damage to about 2400 buildings, with up to 200 km of roads and 17 km of high-voltage electricity network also exposed. Agnano also lies between Naples and the rest of Campi Flegrei, so that damage to infrastructure may trigger a cascade of obstacles to managing evacuations and repairs during an emergency. The results highlight how a simple impact assessment can be used to explore the possible effects of future unrest hazard, and the importance of considering scenarios in which renewed ground uplift is not necessarily focused beneath Pozzuoli.

In this study, flow values and pollution loads of point pollutant sources in Uluabat Lake basin were monitored in 4 different sampling points for 12 months in August 2013-July 2014 period and spatial and temporal changes of parameters were examined. The monitored parameters were suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (TP) parameters. As a result of the study, the average flow rate of Mustafakemalpaşa Stream (MKP Stream) was found to be 8.91 m3 /sec and Kocasu Stream was 19.72 m3 /sec. It was observed that the average flow rate values were higher than other point sources. Akçalar Creek is the point source with the lowest flow rate and the average flow rate is 0.03 m 3/sec. It was found that MKP Stream, which is the inlet stream to the lake, carries a high amount of pollution to the lake. When the pollution loads were evaluated, it was found that Akçalar Creek carries the least pollutant (TN:19.6 tons/year; TP:0.3 tons/year; KOI:74 tons/year; BOI:50.5 tons/year; AKM:41.4 tons/year), and Uluabat pumping station has the highest pollution load (TN:333.6 tons/year; TP:5.3 tons/year; KOI:1570 tons/year; BOI:662.5 tons/year; AKM:368.4 tons/year)., Bu çalışmada Uluabat Gölü havzasında bulunan noktasal kirletici kaynaklara ait debi değerleri ve kirlilik yükleri, Ağustos 2013-Temmuz 2014 dönemlerini kapsayan süreçte, 12 ay boyunca, 4 farklı örnekleme noktasında izlenmiş ve parametrelerin mekânsal ve zamansal değişimleri irdelenmiştir. İzlenen parametreler; askıda katı madde (AKM), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOI), biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOI), amonyum azotu (NH4-N), nitrat azotu (NO3-N), toplam azot (TN), fosfat fosforu (PO4-P) ve toplam fosfor (TP) parametreleridir. Çalışma sonucunda, Mustafakemalpaşa Çayı’nın (MKP Çayı)ortalama debi değerinin 8.91 m3/sn ve Kocasu Çayı’nın ise 19.72 m3/sn olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulunan ortalama debi değerlerinin diğer noktasal kaynaklara göre yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Akçalar Deresi en düşük debiye sahip noktasal kaynak olup ortalama debisi 0.03 m3/sn’dir. Göle giriş akarsuyu olan MKP Çayı’nın göle yüksek miktarda kirlilik taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Kirlilik yükleri değerlendirildiğinde Akçalar Deresi’nin göle en az kirletici yükü taşıdığı (TN:19.6 ton/yıl; TP:0.3 ton/yıl; KOI:74 ton/yıl; BOI:50.5 ton/yıl; AKM:41.4 ton/yıl), Uluabat pompa istasyonunun ise en çok kirletici yükü (TN:333.6 ton/yıl; TP:5.3 ton/yıl; KOI:1570 ton/yıl; BOI:662.5 ton/yıl; AKM:368.4 ton/yıl) taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Since the World is facing with detrimental effects of the global warming, some precautions are needed to be taken at international, national, regional and local levels. The fact that global warming originates mostly from urbanization and cities imposes serious responsibilities for local governments. In this study, Ümraniye which is a rapidly developing and populous district was chosen as the pilot area. The carbon footprint of transportation, housing, industry, public institutions (hospitals, schools, etc.) within the district was investigated. Also the carbon footprint of Ümraniye Municipality's own activities was calculated. In this context, the data of natural gas and electricity consumption as well as the route, number, fuel type and consumption of public transport and private vehicles, collected from related institutions for 2017 were taken into consideration. According to the obtained results, the carbon footprint in the district came from housing, business and public institutions, transportation, industry at the rate of 43%, 35%, 16%, 4% respectively. Among all, it was determined that especially the effect of the electricity consumption in business and public institutions (29%) and housing (22%) were major for the carbon footprint. It was found that the impact of private vehicle use (50%) was quite high compared to public transport (12%). The carbon footprint resulting from the municipality's own activities has a low share of 3% in total. The carbon footprint per person in the district was calculated as 2.55 tonne CO2/capita., Bugün olumsuz etkileri ile karşı karşıya olduğumuz küresel ısınmanın azaltılması yönünde uluslararası, ulusal, bölgesel ve yerel düzeyde önlemler alınması yoluna gidilmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın büyük ölçüde kentleşmeden ve kentlerden kaynaklanması, yerel yönetimlere önemli sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul’un ilçelerinden hızlı bir şekilde gelişmekte olan ve önemli bir nüfusu barındıran Ümraniye ilçesi pilot bölge olarak seçilmiştir. İlçe sınırları içerisinde yer alan konutlar, sanayiler, ticarethaneler ve resmi kurumlar (hastane, okul, vb.) ile ulaşım kaynaklı karbon ayak izinin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra Ümraniye Belediyesinin kendi faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan karbon ayak izi de belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ilgili kurumlardan toplanan 2017 yılı doğalgaz ve elektrik tüketim verileri ile toplu taşıma ve özel araçların güzergah, sayı, yakıt cinsi ve tüketimleri dikkate alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, karbon ayak izinin bu kaynaklar arasında konutlarda %43, ticarethane ve resmi kurumlarda %35, ulaşımda %16, sanayide %4 ve dış ortam aydınlatmalarında %1 olarak dağıldığı gözlenmiştir. Bu kaynaklardan özellikle ticarethaneler ve resmi kurumlar (%29) ile konutlarda (%22) elektrik kullanımının etkisinin büyük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ulaşımda özel araç kullanımının etkisinin (%50), toplu taşımaya (%12) göre oldukça yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Belediyenin kendi faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan karbon ayak izinin ise toplam içinde %3 oranla düşük bir paya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. İlçede kişi baına düşen emisyon 2,55 ton CO2/kişi olarak hesaplanmıştır.

Preliminary field assessment of the geological evidence for the September 2016 multiple tremors was felt as far as 10 km in Nok and Chori villages in the north and northwest of Kwoi respectively. This involved systematic studies of the crack pattern and intensity on buildings, rocks and hanging walls of slopes around the area with the highest shock. The structural mapping was complemented by composite images of SPOT 5, supplementary subsurface investigations utilized aeromagnetic data, seismic data, and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the area. Results show that the major evidence that proved a possible link to the area of highest impact is the tremor triggered displacement of a 4 by 3 m diameter rock boulder situated about a kilometre from the Kwoi town, some 3 km from the nearest epicentre that fell through a cumulative distance of 25 m, splitting the fresh granite boulder into two and creating a high impact scar on its path. Seismic vibrations that shook the residents of Kwoi and environs (with epicentres located along a NE-SW linear traverse and remotely coinciding with buried fractures) appear to have been generated and propagated laterally from the rocks along a northwest-southeast profile. Despite the non-homogenous strengths of the impacted buildings, the near-consistency of the E-W striking walls being the most fractured gives a remote connection with the major 345° to 015° fracture patterns on the granitic plutons that shields Kwoi town to the north. Additionally, the intensity of the fractures and collapse in the buildings increased south-westwards from the perceived area of highest impact. A possible tectonic origin related to stress build up in the rocks of the area for the tremors can be insinuated thereby foreclosing the theory of a non-tectonic origin being considered in some quarters including the recent Mpape Abuja tremor of 2018. All these epicentres plot along an extrapolated trend that coincides with the Chain Fracture Zone of the North Atlantic.

Landslides bring about serious environmental problems. Roadside landslides are a common natural phenomenon. They are often triggered by a combination of steep relief, rainfall and soil properties. The loss of upper fertile soil layer is among the most significant environmental problems induced by landslides. Such losses lead to land degradation. This study was conducted to compare some characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, lime, organic matter, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), texture, aggregate stability, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and clay activity) of the soils (0-10 cm depth) taken from inside and wheat field of a landslide occurred at the side of Canakkale-Bursa highway (around Sevketiye section). In comparison of soil properties the paired t test was used. While wheat field samples had higher electrical conductivity, organic matter, available potassium (K), clay, silt, and plasticity index, but lower pH and fine sand contents than the inside samples. Statistically significant differences were not observed in terms of lime, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), coarse sand, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and clay activity. Farmyard manure, harvest residues or compost can be applied to improve soil characteristics in landslide-influenced areas.

Simada area is found in the South Gondar Zone of Amhara National Regional State and it is 780Km far from Addis Ababa. Physiographically, it is part of the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. This area is part of the Guna Mountain which is characterized by weathered volcanic rocks, rugged morphology with deeply incised gorges, heavy rainfall and active surface processes. Many landslides have occurred on August 2018 after a period of heavy rainfall and they caused many damages to the local people. In this study, Frequency Ratio (FR) and Weights of Evidence (WoE) models were applied to evaluate the landslide causative factors and generate landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs). The landslide inventory map that consists of 576 active and passive landslide scarps was prepared from intensive fieldwork and Google Earth image interpretation. These landslide locations were randomly divided into 80% training and 20% validation datasets. Seven landslide causal factors including aspect, slope, curvature, lithology, land use, rainfall and distance to stream were combined with a training dataset using GIS tools to generate the LSMs of the study area. Then the area was divided into five landslide susceptibility zones of very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Later, the resulting maps have been validated by using area under the curve and landslide density index methods. The result showed that the predictive rate of FR and WoE models were 88.2% and 84.8%, respectively. This indicated that the LSM produced by FR model showed a better performance than that of WoE model. Finally, the LSMs produced by FR and WoE models can be used by decision-makers for land use planning and landslide mitigation purpose.

Local authorities i.e. government officials working at the district level and below and elected representatives of municipalities are the steering body of local-level disaster response mechanism in Nepal. The effectiveness of response operation moreover depends on their competency. This paper investigates their disaster response knowledge, preparedness, and perception, and to identify gaps and suggest recommendations.The prevailing competency of Nepalese local authorities doesn’t warrant an effective response during the time of disaster. They lack awareness and preparedness. Amidst their positive perception towards the need of disaster response capacity building, in the void of an effective mechanism, the government has failed to enhance their competency.The national investment for disaster response competency building is meager in Nepal. The country heavily relies on foreign aid. The present capacity-building mechanism should be redressed from the newer dynamic.

Background Tunisia is one of countries most affected by desertification. Sustainability of its resources, particularly agricultural ones, is closely dependent on it. Studies have multiplied to understand this phenomenon and consequently try to reduce its consequences on society. In recent decades, attempts have been made to find methods of forecasting and predicting desertification. Today, with significant progress made in remote sensing and GIS techniques, there is a better control of data from field, environment and society. This now makes it possible to produce documents that are much more accurate and reliable than before. This paper aims to assess sensitivity to desertification in a region of central Tunisia using remote sensing tools, GIS and guidelines of MEDALUS (Desertification and Land Use in the Mediterranean) model. Integration of different parameters with weighted values in a GIS system resulted in indices of climate, soil, vegetation and management. Result In almost all cases, indices reveal the preponderance of soils, vegetation, climate and management of moderate and especially poor quality. Overlaying the four indices by multiplying them according to model equation yields the final sensitivity index map. This index shows that study area is in an advanced stage of desertification since most of its surface area (82%) is in critical class. The rest is considered as fragile. Whole region is therefore placed in of high sensitivity classes of desertification. This situation is linked to a very poor vegetation cover, unstructured and low-developed soils, cultural practices based on tillage and high livestock numbers in regard to low natural grazing resources. It is also due to a farming system not taking into account soil natural vulnerability. Conclusion As natural resources, in current context of exploitation, cannot regenerate so quickly, pressure on environment is remarkable, exacerbating at the same time desertification problem. Continuing with current practices with clear signs of degradation may make situation irreversible in near future. Therefore, immediate action is necessary to stop degradation and preserve future generations’ resources.

In this research, the concentrations of nitrates were investigated in well water sampled from the irrigated perimeter of Beni Moussa (Tadla plain, Morocco), and human health risks via ingestion and dermal pathways for individuals in different age brackets were assessed using the chronic daily intake, the dermal absorbed dose and hazard index (HI).The results showed that the groundwater NO3 contents were between 4.20 to 80.46 mg L− 1, with an average of 32.11 mg L− 1, indicating anthropogenic inputs caused by the infiltration of nitrates not consumed by plants or surface industrial and domestic wastewater into the shallow aquifer. Compared to the Moroccan standard, 17.78%, 40.00%, 37.78% and 4.44% of sampled wells showed poor, fair, good or excellent quality, respectively. For non-carcinogenic risk, the oral ingestion of nitrate appeared to be the main exposure pathway for local human receptors causing the high non-carcinogenic risk, and the dermal exposure met within the accepted precautionary criterion. Infants in the study area are more likely to experience adverse effects to higher nitrate level in groundwater (3.04E-01 HI HI HI HI HI values was greatly influenced by human activities and population density.The results of this study could help to shape effective environmental management measures for enhancing the groundwater quality and ensuring safe drinking water.

The 1990 initiation of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction marked its 30th year in 2019. The three decades since then have seen significant developments in science and technology and their incorporation into the decision making in the field of disaster risk reduction. The disasters that have occurred during that time have enhanced the importance of the field, and new research and innovations have evolved. This article summarizes this evolution through the review of specific milestones. While the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 provides opportunities for synergies with the sustainable development agenda, the science and technology communities have also changed their roles from advisory to co-designing and co-delivering solutions. Higher education plays an important role in developing new generations of professionals, and the role of thematic incubation in higher education institutions is highlighted along with the development of the professional society in disaster risk reduction. The evolution from Society 4.0 (information age) to Society 5.0 will see an enhanced role of the technology-driven approach in disaster risk reduction, while traditional knowledge and indigenous technologies still remain valid for society. Scientists and science communities need to be more sensitive to changing the “last mile” concept to “first mile” thinking with respect to the users’ needs and perspectives.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 recognizes health at the heart of disaster risk management (DRM) at the global policy level. Five years on, it has catalyzed the rapid development of the field of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health EDRM) by providing a mandate for building partnerships as well as enhancing scientific research. Key milestones achieved include publication of the World Health Organization’s Health EDRM Framework, development of the WHO Thematic Platform for Health EDRM and the WHO Health EDRM Research Network, and further application of health information principles to DRM. Furthermore, health actors at all levels have continued to engage in the Sendai Framework processes and have had a key role in its implementation and proposed monitoring. There have been significant gains made through the partnership of health and DRM, but the relationship has not been without its challenges. Many national, regional, and global initiatives continue to operate with a lack of consistency and of linkages to respond to the Sendai Framework’s call for embedding health resilience in DRM, and conversely, embedding DRM in health resilience. Overcoming this hurdle is important, and doing so will be a key marker of success of the next 10 years of partnership under the Sendai Framework.

Performing exercises is of utmost importance for hospital preparedness. Tabletop exercises are more straightforward and less expensive comparing to operation-based exercises. Iran University of Medical Sciences, using public and private sector partnerships in the field of health, held a joint tabletop exercise. This exercise aimed to enhance the ability to respond efficiently to disasters. Findings of this study revealed that not only performing continuous training and partnership through both public and private sectors is essential for hospitals’ preparedness, but also promoting the training level can provide a ground for integration and trust among all private and public centers. Consequently, these endeavors can be beneficial in preparing for disasters and emergencies. This article aims to describe the experience of holding a joint tabletop exercise.

This research explored the basic issue of what preparedness means and entails to people in Fako Division, Cameroon—a place threated by many hazards and that has experienced many disasters. Findings from the analysis of the 33 interviews conducted in this study indicate that preparedness is a dynamic state of readiness that is dependent on context, a social process, and a process of completing activities to save lives and minimize the effects of disasters. In addition, the research determined that Cameroonians view a wholly prepared person as someone who would: (1) have knowledge about hazards and what to do about them; (2) engage others, including their families and neighbors, in discussions about activities related to hazards; and (3) participate in activities to minimize loss from hazards, sustain themselves in the face of hazards, and flee from hazards. The findings from the interview data synchronize to a large extent with what is implied, but not clearly stated, in the existing research literature. The article addresses this synchrony, posits a definition of preparedness, and identifies the theoretical components of preparedness.

This study focuses on the casualty-load distribution problem that arises when a mass casualty incident (MCI) necessitates the engagement of multiple medical facilities. Employing discrete event simulations, the study analyzed different MCI response regimes in Lahore, Pakistan, that vary in terms of the level of casualty-load distribution and the required coordination between the incident site and the responding hospitals. Past terrorist attacks in this major metropolitan area were considered to set up experiments for comparing delays in treatment under the modeled regimes. The analysis highlights that the number of casualties that are allowed to queue up at the nearest hospital before diverting the casualty traffic to an alternate hospital can be an important factor in reducing the overall treatment delays. Prematurely diverting the casualty traffic from the incident site to an alternate hospital can increase the travel time, while a delay in diversion can overload the nearest hospital, which can lead to overall longer waiting times in the queue. The casualty distribution mechanisms based only on the responding hospitals’ available capacity and current load can perform inefficiently because they overlook the trade-off between the times casualties spend in traveling and in queues.

This study explores risk transfer options that precarious and marginal urban communities could use to protect themselves from future damages and losses generated by socio-natural hazards and disasters at the individual and community levels. The design is framed within an evidence-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategy and follows the case study research approach. We analyze the 2018 Neighborhood Approach for DRR programming evaluation carried out in four Latin American cities’ informal settlements and review relevant risk transfer experiences aimed at vulnerable populations. We calculate the pure risk premium for the four cases selected, using a previous catastrophe risk assessment for earthquakes and landslides. We propose three risk transfer options based on our analysis: (1) voluntary collective insurance; (2) structural reinforcement with a comprehensive housing insurance; and (3) hybrid parametric insurance. Risk transfer mechanisms conventionally focus on residual risk management. Here, due to the precariousness of the analyzed urban settings, the proposed alternatives go beyond the management of just residual risk to positively impact the beneficiaries’ quality of life and the reduction of the built environment’s physical vulnerability in the short and medium terms. Our study proposes a prospective estimation of future risk despite the limitations of data availability. This study opens a window to new approaches and proposes a systematic process to design DRR policy aimed at the poor and vulnerable strata of society.

Climate change, especially as reflected in heat waves, is a rising threat worldwide. Appropriate use of cooling devices can protect people from health impacts during a heat wave. A population-based telephone survey was conducted in a representative sample of residents in Hong Kong to investigate ownership and use of domestic cooling devices, identify correlates, and examine their associations with risk perception of potential health impact of climate change. More than 90% of the 1002 respondents owned and used cooling devices at home. The majority (57.7%) perceived the potential health risk of climate change at a high level. However, risk perception had no relationship with ownership and utilization of cooling devices. Old people (≥ 65 years), the low-educated, those with low income, and those with chronic diseases were more likely not to use air conditioners when feeling hot. Our findings suggest that there are no signs showing people have taken more protective actions although half of respondents recognized climate change as a threat. Familial economic condition may be a major determinant in ownership and use of air conditioners at home. Old people and those with chronic diseases are at high risk of adverse exposure to climate change and therefore should be equipped with appropriate measures to use cooling devices.

In 2013, scientists implemented a binational exchange for emergency planners and responders in communities near Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia and volcanoes of the Cascade Range of the United States (US). This program was designed to promote understanding of volcanic disasters and effective mitigation options, motivate participants to strengthen emergency planning efforts, and promote trust-building among participants. The 2013 Binational Exchange was funded by the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), a joint U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)—U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) program.During a week-long visit to Colombian emergency response agencies, Nevado del Ruiz, and lahar-destroyed ruins of the city of Armero and the region of Viejo Rio Claro, US participants became familiar with Colombian counterparts who have had recent and frequent experiences addressing volcanic crises. Aging survivors and authorities of the Nevado del Ruiz catastrophe of 1985 gave participants first-hand accounts, and ideas for improved preparedness and response. While in the US, Colombian participants observed emergency response capabilities and facilities, and received training in systems of incident command. Colombians made presentations to the US public and officials about the similarities of lahar risks in both nations.This article describes the 2013 Binational Exchange as an experiential learning event and uses results of post-exchange discussions and interviews as evidence of steps achieved within the learning process. Six years hence, this article provides examples of progress with volcano hazards mitigation in both nations. The article offers the binational exchange model as an effective tool that employs both experiential learning and socialization of participants to create a highly motivating and effective learning environment.

The city of Banda Aceh stands on Holocene fluvial basin sediment, surrounded by the Aceh and Seulimeum fault segments where large magnitude earthquakes can occur at any time. Such earthquakes could cause extensive physical infrastructure damages, injuries, and economic loss. This research aims to produce several earthquake scenarios, to determine the damage ratio of the buildings and its distribution in these different scenarios and to estimate the number of potential casualties and economic loss. Data analysis in this research includes modelling an earthquake by applying a ground motion model for shallow crustal earthquakes to yield an intensity map after the correction for site effects. The damage ratios for different types of buildings were calculated using the fragility curves of buildings that were developed by other researchers. Building occupants at different times, building damage ratios, and injury ratios were used to determine the number of injured residents in the earthquake scenario. The results show that Banda Aceh could be potentially experience earthquake ground motion within the intensity range from MMI VII to IX due to earthquakes of Mw 6.5 to Mw 7.0. The Mw 7.0 earthquake on the Aceh segment is the worst case scenario, causing building damage throughout Banda Aceh with casualty rates of 3.5–20% of the population in buildings in general if it happened during daytime, with economic loss about 3320 million USD. Mitigation and preparedness programs for the Banda Aceh community are therefore very important in order to reduce the potential level of damage, personal injury, and economic loss due to future earthquakes.

Although time-averaged shear wave velocity to the depth of 30 m (Vs30) is an important indicator of earthquake site effects, it is difficult to obtain. Several proxies have been used either individually or in combination to infer Vs30 values during seismic hazard estimation under limited observational conditions. Sichuan Province is an area highly prone to earthquakes. Complex geological structures and lack of drilling sites mean that it is particularly important to establish a suitable approach for the estimation of Vs30 values for site classification. This study compared the application of three proxy-based approaches—geology-based, topographic slope-based, and terrain-based—to the estimation of Vs30 values in Sichuan Province. The results revealed that the residual between the measured logVs30 values and the estimations derived from the terrain-based approach was smallest, indicating best predictability. Stability analysis of the three approaches also showed that the terrain-based approach performed best. However, its performance in the plain area was poor, that is, the Vs30 values were mostly underestimated. This might indicate that the old strata, hard rock, and alluvial deposits formed by Quaternary glacier sediments were not identified appropriately in the plain area, highlighting the need for localized corrections.

This study investigated how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a country perceive major global risks. The aim was to explore how country attributes and circumstances affect SME assessments of the likelihood, impacts, and rankings of global risks, and to find out if SME risk assessment and rankings differ from the global rankings. Data were gathered using an online survey of manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. The results show that global economic risks and geopolitical risks are of major concern for SMEs, and environmental risks are at the bottom of their ranking. Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. Profound social instability and failure of urban planning were among the top societal risks for the SMEs. Although the global environmental and disaster risks were ranked lowest on the list, man-made environmental damage and disasters and major natural hazard-induced disasters were ranked the highest among this group of risks. Overall, the results show that SMEs at a country level, for example Turkey, perceive global risks differently than the major global players.

Structural failure of buildings, roads, and other infrastructures has led to the loss of lives and monumental damage to the economy. In developing countries such as Nigeria, the failures are always attributed to the nature/type of soils in the area without considering other factors. With the increase in civil engineering constructions and the scramble for a limited portion of competent soils for such constructions, land, therefore, is becoming man’s most priced commodity for agriculture, residential and industrial purposes. No works of such have been done in the area, it is, therefore, imperative to study the cause(s) to prevent further loss of lives and the negative effects of such on the economy. The study was carried out at Panyam and some surrounding localities on latitudes N9021′ and N9026′ and longitudes 9011′E and 9016′E an area of 72 km2. A total of forty samples were collected out of which twenty were selected for swelling potentials determination due to their cohesive nature within the 1.5 m depth. To characterize the swelling of the soils, inferential testing methods; direct method comprising Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index with values ranging from 30% – 70% and 10% – 27% respectively, and the indirect method (Free Swell Index, FSI) whose values range from 9.1% – 90% were used. Most of the soils analyzed based on the geotechnical standards were categorized relatively safe for civil infrastructure. Structural studies employed the direct measurements of surface structures to get the orientations of structures measured. Landsat image and Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) map of the area was acquired from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) for subsurface structural analysis. The RTP-TMI (reduce to pole) grid data of the area were processed to improve magnetic anomalies associated with edges of surface/near-surface geological structures using the MAGMAP two-dimensional fast fourier transform (2D-FFT) filters package in Oasis Montaj v7.2 software. Geophysical studies using aeromagnetic data at a near-surface depth of 40 m and fractures measured on the surface both revealed a major trend in the NNE – SSW. It was observed that structures constructed across the major trend suffered little to moderate damage while those constructed along the major fractures trend suffered severe damage. It was concluded that both soils and fractures played individual roles in the collapse of infrastructure in the area.

Background A methodology for the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the impact of debris flow in a road environment has been developed and applied to two sites that are typically subject to high frequency-low magnitude and low frequency-high magnitude events. The methodology considers the probability of an event of a typical size, and the conditional probabilities of a vehicle being affected, given an event, and of damage (fatality) occurring given that the vehicle is affected. Scenarios covering a vehicle being hit by a debris flow and of a vehicle hitting a debris flow are considered. The computed Personal Individual Risk (PIR) is used to calculate worst case fatality probabilities for commuters and logistics truck drivers. The overall risk to society is expressed both by the annual probability of fatality amongst all road users, the Potential Loss of Life (PLL), and using the F-N diagram and is used to demonstrate the effect of a programme of management and mitigation works on the societal risk at one of the sites. The authors believe that this is the first full, formal quantitative risk assessment for debris flow risk to road users. Results The PIR for a single trip through the sites ranges between 1.147E-10 for the low frequency-high magnitude site and 1.583E-09 for the high frequency-low magnitude site. These figures increase to 1.248E-07 and 1.922E-06, respectively, when more frequent travellers are considered. The PLL for the two sites ranges between 2.616E-04 for the low frequency-high magnitude site and 4.083E-03 for the high frequency-low magnitude site. The F-N diagrams illustrate the Broadly Acceptable level of risk at the low frequency-high magnitude site and the partially Unacceptable level of risk at the high frequency-low magnitude site. The risk at the high frequency-low magnitude site is reduced to ALARP levels when management and mitigation measures extant as of October 2014 are considered. Conclusions The QRA proves an effective technique for understanding, comparing and articulating the differences in levels of risk and the temporal changes in risk at a given site as a result of landslide risk reduction activities.

Introduction: Nepal is known for its cultural diversity and ethnicity. Despite its unique characteristics, Nepalese society has marked visible social and gender divisions that constrain the overall growth of the nation. Low decision-making power, poor control over assets, long working hours, inadequate membership to community institutions, poor access to credit services, and lack of access to appropriate information are some key indicators. However, it was also worth mentioning that places where there is effective leadership to address the gender-based constraints, the outcomes are more promising in attaining growth, dignity, self-confidence, and respect, answering to some of the common constraints. Methods: This research relies on literature review, expert interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), simulations, and Key Informant Interviews. The expert interviews were conducted in-person to get detailed information on some of the organization-based interventions. Results: The study showed that since the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the workload pressure has increased especially for women. It also increased the exposure to some of the common risks such as gender-based violence, women & child trafficking, abuses, stress, family tension, health care issues, fear, and other challenges. However, leaderships shown by organizations, communities, and individuals have positive impact on reducing gender-based violence. Also, reduction of other constraints such as long walking to fetch water, long working hours, restricted movements, decision making for self-improvement, lack of recognition, and seeking permission to attend social events has been addressed by community level and individual leaderships. The places where such constraints of the women have been addressed, their engagement in disaster preparedness activities are more promising. Conclusion: The research study concluded that there is potential leadership among women groups, family members, and community-based organizations to ensure the reduction of gender-based constraints, and it is helping women for productive engagement.

Globally erosion has been considered as an environmental and agricultural problem since the first agricultural revolution. In Ethiopia gully erosion has been recorded as a very serious and common socio-economic and environmental problem of several watersheds. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess the drivers, dynamics and impacts of gully erosion in case of Tabota Koromo and Koromo Danshe watersheds, South-Central Ethiopia. The intended objectives were achieved by triangulating the image analysis with the data obtained from GPS, group discussion, interview, house hold survey, field observation and field measurement. The result of the study indicated that gully erosion was initiated in the steep slope following the 1970s and 1980s land cover change and other anthropogenic factors. In addition, the soil properties and steep slope (gravity) of the land have contributed in exacerbating the problems. Gully erosion caused physical, social and economic impacts in the area. According to the participants on group discussion and interview, the socio-economic impacts of gully erosion were loss of life for a 12 year boy, injuries of five live stocks, and decline of yields throughout the year. Result from field measurement and observation depicted that loss of soil (1,080,782.6m3) and loss of biodiversity are the major physical impacts of gully erosion. Yet there are promising conditions to rehabilitate the gullied area for sustainable ecosystem services in the watersheds. These promising conditions are the availability of high labour forces, access of transportation, civic societies working on natural resource conservation and the green economy development policy of the country. Therefore, concerned government bodies and the local communities at different level need to set plan and work for implementation in a way to use the existing opportunities.

In this research, Turkey's perception of society on disaster preparedness policies aimed comparative study. In this context, a field survey was carried out in Van, where the disaster occurred recently (2011) and in Bitlis, where no recent disaster occurred. Thus, it is aimed to determine whether the perception of society regarding the practices made in line with disaster preparedness policies makes any difference between these two provinces. The sample of the research is composed of the staff of the university in each province and the sample is composed of staff who volunteers to participate in the research from these two universities. Data obtained from the research were subjected descriptive statistical analysis, factor, correlation, T test and ANOVA analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in general in our country to an effective level of disaster preparedness policies. In addition, it was concluded that the living situation of the disaster did not affect the disaster awareness level of the individuals. It is thought that the results of the research will be helpful for the determination of the situation in preparation of disaster for the stakeholders. Nevertheless, the results are expected to contribute to policy-makers as well.

The mining industry is one ofthe most important industrial activities that are playing a role to developmentof the modern society and at same time, this industry is the world's largestwaste-producing industry. The raw materials, which are needed for thedeveloping technology and industrial activities, are obtained from naturel sourceswith the mine activities. These mine activities can lead to destruction ofbiological diversity and environmental pollution problems. According to theabandonment of mining activities not possible, these activities should also bemore sensitive to protection of natural sources and prevention of environmentalpollution. The appropriate disposalmethods and application of various engineering techniques should beinvestigated for this purpose. Mine waste sludge (or slurry sludge) which isproduced from ore process generally is disposal in on-land storage facilities.The various environmental problems can arise due to acid mine drainage (due tosulfite oxidation), geotechnical stability and some other reasons in on-landstorage areas. Due to negative effects of on-land storage facilities on theenvironment, mine tailings (or mine waste sludge) disposal in the receivingenvironments such as submarine, under constant reduction conditions andgeochemically stable sulphite minerals, can see as a new and safer alternativemethod to land storage facilities. In this study, general disposal methods(especially submarine disposal method) were investigated for mine waste sludge ormine tailings that are forming from ore process. Possible positive and negative environmental effects of this method werediscussed. Submarine disposal plant of mine tailings (for the Black Sea) inTurkey and studies to determine the effects of this discharge were evaluated.According to the results of these experimental studies, the mine tailings (ormine waste sludge) which is discharged to Black Sea are defined as a negativebuoyancy waste because of it moved to bottom of the sea and could not to reachthe strata where living organisms from the anoxic zone., Madencilik endüstrisi modern toplumun gelişmesinde roloynayan en önemli endüstriyel faaliyetlerinden biri olmakla birlikte dünyanınen büyük atık üreten endüstrisidir. Gelişen teknoloji ve endüstriyelfaaliyetlerin ihtiyacı olan hammaddelerin madencilik faaliyetleri ile doğalkaynaklardan elde edilmesi, biyolojik çeşitliliğin yok edilmesine ve çevrekirliliği sorunlarına neden olabilmektedir. Madencilik faaliyetlerindenvazgeçilmesi mümkün olmadığına göre, madenlerin çıkartılmasında kamu yararınınyanında doğal kaynakların korunması ve çevre kirliliği oluşturmaması konusundada daha duyarlı olunmalı ve uygun bertaraf yöntemleri için çeşitli mühendisliktekniklerinin uygulanması hedeflenmelidir. Madencilik faaliyetleri sonucuoluşan atıklardan olan çamur genel olarak arazilerde (atık barajlarında veyaatık döküm sahalarında) depolanarak bertaraf edilmektedir. Bu depolamaalanlarında ise asit maden drenajı (sülfit oksidasyonundan dolayı), geoteknikstabilite ve diğer bazı sebeplerden dolayı çevresel sorunlar meydanagelebilmektedir. Yerüstü atık barajları depolama alanlarında oluşan olumsuznedenlerden dolayı maden atığı çamurların sucul alıcı ortamlarda bertarafı,özellikle sabit indirgeme koşulları altında ve sülfit minerallerininjeokimyasal olarak istikrarlı olduğu derin deniz altlarında bertarafı birseçenek olarak görülebilir. Bu çalışmada, maden atıklarının ve maden cevherizenginleştirme atıklarından olan sulu çamurun (maden atık çamurunun) genel bertarafyöntemleri, özellikle denizaltına deşarj ve denizaltında depolama yöntemiincelenmiştir. Bu yöntemin olası olumlu/olumsuz çevresel etkileritartışılmıştır. Türkiye’de bulunan maden atığı çamuru derin denizaltı depolama(Karadeniz için) tesisi ve bu deşarjın (yöntemin) etkilerini belirlemek içinyapılan deneysel çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda yapılan deneyselçalışmalar değerlendirildiğinde, derin deniz deşarjı tesisiyle Karadeniz’edeşarj edilen maden atık çamurlarının denizin tabanına doğru hareket eden biratık olduğu (negatif yüzerliliğe sahip veya batan atık), anoksik bölgedenoksijenli bölgeye yükselemediği belirlenmiştir.

Within the scope ofthis study, the emission amounts arising from vehicles cruising on the mainhighway in the Tekkekoy district center in Turkey, where the GeneralDirectorate of Highways counted vehicles in 2017, were calculated. The emissionamounts were calculated using the emission factor, the number of vehicles andthe length of the highway. The emission factors were selected suitably from theCORINAIR emission factor database in the form of velocity-related equations asvehicle class, type of fuel, emission standard and engine technology. Thenumbers of vehicles and route lengths were obtained from the data of the StateHighways Traffic Volume Map published by the General Directorate of Highways ofthe Turkish Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Emissions werecalculated separately for 5 pollutants (CO, NOx, VOC, PM and SO2)by using the MATLAB programming language. Emission characteristics for eachtype of pollutant and for each type of vehicle (automobiles, light-dutycommercial vehicles, buses and trucks) were identified depending on vehiclespeeds. The results showed that the amounts of pollutants released to theatmosphere on the main highway where vehicle counts were made in the Tekkekoydistrict center in the year 2017 as 138.56 tons for CO, 150.23 tons for NOx,18.33 tons for VOC, 5,01 tons for PM and 0.20 tons for SO2. Truckshad the highest share for the pollutants NOx and PM respectively as66.36% and50,3%. Passenger cars had the highest share for the pollutants CO, VOCand SO2 respectively as 72.32%, 64.81% and 50%. The amounts ofpollutant emissions were found to be at their minimum values in the speed rangeof 70–90 km/h., Bu çalışmakapsamında Tekkeköy ilçe merkezinde 2017 yılında Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğütarafından taşıt sayımı yapılan ana karayolunda seyir halindeki taşıtlardankaynaklanan emisyon miktarları emisyon faktörü, taşıt sayısı ve yol uzunluğukullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Emisyon faktörleri, CORINAIR emisyon faktörü veritabanından hıza bağlı eşitlikler halinde taşıt sınıfı, yakıt türü, emisyonstandardı ve motor teknolojisine göre uygun olarak seçilmiştir. Taşıt sayılarıve yol uzunluğu T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı Karayolları GenelMüdürlüğü’nün yayınladığı Devlet Yolları Trafik Hacim Haritası verilerindenalınmıştır. Emisyonlar MATLAB programlama dili kullanılarak 5 kirletici için(CO, NOx, UOB, PM ve SO2) ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Herkirletici ve farklı araç türleri için (otomobil, orta yüklü ticari taşıt,otobüs ve kamyon) emisyon karakteristikleri taşıt hızlarına bağlı olarak ortayaçıkarılmıştır. Sonuçlar 2017 yılında Tekkeköy ilçe merkezindeki taşıt sayımıyapılan ana karayolundan atmosfere salınan kirletici miktarlarının CO için 13.56ton, NOx için 150.23 ton, UOB için 18.33 ton, PM için 5.01 ton ve SO2için 0.20 ton olduğunu göstermektedir. Kamyonlar NOx ve PMkirleticileri için sırasıyla %66,36 ve %50,3 değerleri ile en büyük payasahiptir. Otomobiller CO, UOB ve SO2 emisyonları için sırasıyla %72.32,%64.81 ve %50 değerleri ile en büyük paya sahiptir. Kirletici emisyonmiktarlarının 70-90 km/h hız aralığında minimum değerleri aldığıbelirlenmiştir.

Nowadays, it is known that for many reasons such as climate change, the sea level has globally increased. Sea level rises affect coastal ecosystems and threaten coastal settlements. From a geodetic point of view, long term sea level observations are important in terms of determining the datum of vertical control networks. Copula functions, which are frequently used in many fields such as statistics, economics, actuarial analysis, meteorology and hydrology, have a correlation structure that reflects linear and nonlinear relationships and can show local dependencies. In this study, relative sea level changes in the Aegean Sea and the relationship of these changes with sea surface temperature were investigated by using a Copula based trend analysis method. The sea level data used in the study were obtained from 5 tide – gauge stations in the Aegean Sea. Copula based trend analysis was performed in sea level and sea surface temperature time series. The usability of Copula based trend analysis was investigated by comparing it with regression models. As a result, it was observed that although the relative sea level increased rapidly in the Aegean Sea between 1990 and 1998, it decreased between 1999 and 2008. Thanks to the Copula-based trend analysis applied in the sea surface temperature time series, it was observed that the relative sea level rise was caused by the increase in sea surface temperatures between 1990 and 1998. It was determined that sea level decreases between 1999 and 2008 were caused by the decrease in sea surface temperatures.

The biosorption of Cu2+ ions fromaqueous solutions onto the dry waste nitrification organisms (DWNO) which wereenriched in the laboratory was investigated in batch experimental system withrespect to the temperature, initial Cu2+ concentrations, pH, andbiosorbent doses. Considering the R2 value, qexpand qcal, the adsorptionequilibrium was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model which is suggesting that the Cu2+ ions were adsorbed onto the DWNO in a monolayer. The value of qe increased with increasingthe temperature while also increases the release of organic matter and NH4-N from the DWNO. The highest sorption of Cu2+onto DWNO was determined at the initial pH value and temperature of 5.0 and55°C, respectively. The results confirming that the biosorption reaction of Cu2+on the DWNO was thought to be endothermic. A comparison of the kinetic models such as pseudo first and second-order kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich on the sorption ratedemonstrated that the system was best described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The value of ΔG° was decreasing with increasing temperature. It indicates that theadsorption process leads to an increase in Gibbs energy. The negative ΔG° value means the Cu2+sorption onto the DWNO is feasible., Laboratuvarda geliştirilen kuru atık biyolojik nitrifikasyon organizmasına (KANO),Cu+2 iyonlarının biyosorpsiyonu, sıcaklık,başlangıç Cu+2 derişimi, pH ve biyosorbentdozuna göre kesikli ünitelerdearaştırılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar ile elde edilen R2, qdenve qhes değerleri göz önüne alındığında, adsorpsiyon eşitliği, Cu+2iyonlarının KANO’ya biyosorpsiyonu, tek kademe olarak belirtilen en iyi, Langmuirizotermi tarafından tanımlanmaktadır. Deneysel çalışmalarda belirlenen qedeğeri, çözelti sıcaklığı arttıkça yükselirken, KANO yapısından sıcaklık ve pH’abağlı olarak çözeltiye salınan organik madde ve NH4-N artmaktadır. KANO’ya en yüksek Cu+2 biyosorpsiyonu, başlangıç pH ve sıcaklığı olan 5,0 ve 55 °C’de olduğu belirlenmiştir.Deneysel sonuçlar, KANO’ya, Cu+2 biyosorpsiyonunun endotermik bir reaksiyon olduğunugöstermektedir. Sorpsiyon hızı için kinetik modeller, yalancı I. derece ve yalancıII. derece, partikül içi difüzyon, Elovich karşılaştırıldığında, adsorpsiyonunen iyi yalancı II. derece kinetik model tarafından tanımlandığınıgöstermektedir. ΔG° değeri sıcaklık arttıkçaazalmaktadır. Bu durum adsorpsiyon sürecinin Gibbs enerjisinin artmasınısağlamaktadır. Negatif ΔG° değeri, KANO üzerine Cu+2 biyosorpsiyonunun uygulanabilir olduğuanlamına gelmektedir.