Search

Resumo Esse artigo discute como a luta indígena do povo Mbya Guarani pode ser compreendida como uma dimensão necessária para o estudo da promoção de saúde; luta que se dá em uma situação em que as comunidades manifestam a vivência de uma série de conflitos denunciados, como desrespeito do Estado brasileiro aos seus direitos constitucionais. Realizamos uma análise dialógica de discursos de lideranças Mbya Guarani, presentes em noticiários produzidos por coletivos indígenas e no documentário “Teko Rexaĩ: Saúde Guarani Mbyá”. Discutimos as tensões entre a concepção Guarani de Teko Porã e o que está previsto pelo Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena. Argumentamos que as concepções de saúde e de cuidado, desde o enfoque do construtivismo semiótico-cultural em psicologia e suas interfaces com a reflexão ética, devem considerar o ethos indígena. Isso permite repensar o papel dos agentes de saúde em relação aos problemas relatados pelas lideranças indígenas. Abstract This paper discusses how the struggle of the Mbya Guarani people can be comprehended as a necessary dimension for the study of health care promotion. Struggle that happens in a situation manifested by the communities that includes the experience of a series of conflicts denounced as Brazilian State disrespect to their constitutional rights. We developed a dialogical analysis of discourses uttered by Mbya Guarani leaders, published by indigenous associations and in the documentary “Teko Rexaĩ: Saúde Guarani Mbyá”. We discussed the tensions between the Guarani conception of Teko Porã and what is proposed by the Brazilian Subsystem of Indigenous Health Attention. We argue that the conceptions of health and care, from the framework of Semiotic-Cultural Constructivism in psychology and its interfaces with the ethical reflection, should consider the indigenous ethos. It allow us to rethink about the role other the healthcare agents in relation to the issues reported by the indigenous leaders. Résumé Cet article met en question la manière dont la lutte du peuple Mbya Guarani peut être considerée comme une dimension nécessaire pour l’étude de la promotion de la santée. Elle se déroule dans un contexte où les communités expriment une série de conflits dénoncés comme le manque de respect de l’Etat Brésilien à leurs droits constitutionnels. On a réalisé une analyse dialogique des discours des leaders Mbya Guarani dans les nouvelles produites par les groupes indigènes et aussi, dans le documentaire “Teko Rexaï: Saúde Guarani-Mbya”. Les tensions, entre la conception guaraní de Teko Porá et les dispositions du Sous-système d’Atencao à Saúde Indigène, sont discutées. Nous soutenons que les conceptins de la santé et des soins, au point de vue du constructivisme sémio-culturel dans la psycologie et ses interfaces avec la réflexion éthique, devraient tenir compte de l’ ethos autochtone. Cela permet de repenser le rôle des agents de la santée en rélation avec les problèmes rapportés par les leaders autochtones. Resumen Este artículo discute cómo la lucha indígena del pueblo Mbya Guarani puede ser considerada como dimensión necesaria para el estudio de la promoción de salud. Lucha que se da en un contexto en que las comunidades manifiestan una serie de conflictos denunciados como falta de respeto desde el Estado brasilero a sus derechos constitucionales. Se realizó un análisis dialógico de discursos de líderes Mbya Guarani en noticias producidas por colectivos indígenas, y en el documental “Teko Rexaĩ: Saúde Guarani Mbyá”. Se discute las tensiones entre la concepción Guarani de Teko Porã y lo previsto por el Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena. Argumentamos que las concepciones de salud y cuidado, desde el foco del constructivismo semiótico-cultural en psicología y sus interfaces con la reflexión ética, deben considerar un ethos indígena. Esto permite re-pensar el papel que tienen los agentes de salud en relación a los problemas relatados por los líderes indígenas.

Malarial threat is receding in India and for achieving malaria-free status, vector biology is regaining its due importance for targeting species-specific interventions in place and time. Anopheles minimus, the major vector of malaria in north-east India, is disappearing fast evidenced by reduced levels of malaria transmission and morbidity. An. minimus is a species complex comprising three sibling species of which An. minimus s.s., formally named as An. minimus, is recorded to occur in east and north-east India. It is highly anthropophilic and responsible for fulminating outbreaks of malaria evidenced by incrimination records in range of its distribution. For its control, DDT continues to be the insecticide of choice for indoor residual spraying; however, populations are highly resilient in response to residual insecticides for paradigm shift in vector behaviour from indoor resting to outdoors resulting in continued transmission. Extra-domiciliary transmission of malaria is a challenge for which newer interventions, viz., attractive toxic sugar bait, eave-tube technology, nano-synthesized pesticides, new adult repellents, oviposition deterrents need to be field-evaluated under local geo-epidemiological conditions. To keep vector populations at bay, it is advocated to upscale interventions for 'universal coverage' of human populations at risk to check malaria transmission and spread of drug-resistant malaria.

Em estudos sobre problemas de saúde, a obtenção de dados demográficos espacializados é essencial para a compreensão dos processos de transmissão e dispersão de doenças, bem como para o cálculo da taxa de incidência, que são fundamentais para as estratégias de controle e de prevenção. O desenvolvimento e a aplicação de métodos de estimativa populacional, em escala de detalhe, visando à obtenção do número da população, principalmente durante os anos intercensitários, podem contribuir para a análise da incidência de determinada doença. O objetivo do artigo é apresentar um método de estimativa da população, elaborado a partir de uma adaptação do método people in pixel (Cruz et al., 2007), podendo ser aplicado em unidades espaciais de diferentes resoluções. O método utiliza imagens de satélite e dados censitários. Aplicou-se a estimativa populacional anual das "zonas de saúde" (ZBS) do Distrito Federal - Brasil, entre 2007 e 2014, a fim de estudar a distribuição espacial das taxas de incidência de dengue ao longo do tempo. Este estudo permitiu identificar as áreas de alta transmissão de dengue e mostrar a variabilidade interanual dos padrões espaciais de transmissão da doença, o que pode contribuir para a definição de estratégias de controle da dengue no Distrito Federal. In health studies, obtaining spatialized demographic data is essential for understanding diseases transmission and dispersal processes, and for calculating the incidence rate as well, which are fundamental to control and prevention strategies. The development and application of population estimation methods, in a detailed scale, aiming to obtain population number, mainly during non-census years, may contribute to the analysis of the incidence of a particular disease. This paper aims to present a population estimation method, developed from an adaptation of the people in pixel method (Cruz et al., 2007), and can be applied in spatial units of different resolutions. The annual population estimation of the "health zones" (ZBS) of the Federal District of Brazil between 2007 and 2014 was applied in order to study the spatial distribution of dengue incidence rates over time. This study allowed to identify areas of high dengue transmission and show the interannual variability of spatial transmission patterns of the disease, which may contribute to the definition of dengue control strategies in the Federal District of Brazil. Dans les études épidémiologiques, l‘obtention de données démographiques spatialisées est essentielle pour la compréhension des processus de transmission et de dispersion des maladies, ainsi que pour le calcul du taux d’incidence, qui sont fondamentaux pour la définition des stratégies de contrôle et de prévention. Le développement et l'application de méthodes d'estimation de la population, pour les années inter-censitaires et/ou au sein d’unités spatiales, sont pertinentes et représentent un apport significatif dans le domaine de la santé publique. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter une méthode d’estimation de la population basée sur la méthode people in pixel (Cruz et al., 2007), qui peut être appliquée à des unités spatiales de différentes résolutions. Elle a été appliquée dans le District Fédéral du Brésil, pour l’estimation annuelle de la population des « zones de santé » entre 2007 et 2014, et ce, afin d’étudier la distribution spatiale des taux incidence de la dengue au cours du temps. Cette étude a permis d’identifier les zones à forte transmission de la dengue et de démontrer la variabilité inter-annuelle des patrons spatiaux de transmission de la maladie. Ces résultats contribuent ainsi à la définition de stratégie de contrôle de la dengue dans le District Fédéral.

Has massive distribution of insecticide-treated-nets contributed to the reduction in in- fant mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 15 years? Using large household surveys collected in 16 countries and exploiting the spatial correlation in distribution campaigns, we estimate the relationship between the diffusion of bednets and the progress in child sur- vival. We find no evidence of a causal link in cities, and no impact either in rural areas with low malaria prevalence. By contrast, in highly malarious rural areas where bednet coverage reached high levels, above 75% of households, infant mortality has been reduced by at least 3 percentage points, which amounts to 25% of the initial mortality. The identified impact is even higher for the children of mothers with no education. It lies at the upper bound found with RCTs, most likely because those were implemented in contexts with lower mortality and/or malaria prevalence; JEL Codes: I1, J1, O1, F35

After several decades of effort, malaria prevalence decreased and China is currently approaching elimination throughout the country. The distribution of malaria vectors was reduced but former secondary species such as Anopheles sinensis are becoming predominant. Although China achieved zero indigenous case report in 2017, imported malaria cases are occurring throughout the country. Imported malaria cases and the presence of efficient malaria vectors in the country increase the risk of re-introduction of the disease. Former non-endemic provinces in China are now impacted by imported malaria but remain less efficient in detecting and managing cases. Profiles of imported malaria patients were analyzed and correspond mostly to overseas expatriate workers. International collaboration focusing on cross-border areas and mobile population should be intensified as well as surveillance. The lessons learned from malaria elimination in China could serve as a reference to other countries engaged in this process.

À partir d’une approche anthropo-historique des représentations, cette étude se penche sur la manière dont le dessinateur – André Chéret – représente corporellement son héros dans la Bande dessinée Rahan. À une époque pré-historique, le dessinateur plonge ses jeunes lecteurs dans un univers où les codes gestuels du héros sont proches de l’univers sportif des années 1970-1980. Reflet le plus légitime de l’excellence corporelle, la norme sportive élève ainsi le héros de ses semblables et renforce son identification auprès de son lectorat de plus en plus adepte de la chose sportive. Cependant, le dessinateur n’hésite pas à distordre la réalité pratique du geste sportif pour mieux le représenter. Il s’émancipe ainsi de certains critères d’efficacité sportifs pour rendre le graphisme du mouvement plus visible. Finalement, la norme sportive n’est pas le dessein d’André Chéret, il n’est qu’un moyen au service du projet moral du scénario. Based on an anthropo-historical approach, the aim of this study is to analyse how the draftsman – André Chéret – depicts his hero in the Rahan’s comic strip. In a pre-historic period, the artist plunges his young readers into a world where a hero uses sports gestures very close to sports of the 1970s-1980s. The sporting standard raises the hero of this fellow men and reinforces his identification with his readership adept to sport. However, André Chéret does not hesitate to distort the pratical reality of sport gesture to represent it better. He so becomes emancipated to sports efficiency criteria to return the movement handwriting more visible. Finally, the sports standard is not the intention of André Chéret, it is only a way into the moral project of the scenario.

International audience; Background: In this laboratory study we measured the trophic performances of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae), both being vectors of the dengue fever, chikungunya and zika virus in the world. Methods: Depending on the quantities of plant material contained in the breeding sites, the bioassays enabled to assess the times it took for 50% of imaginal emergence to occur (IEt50). They also enabled to determine the amounts of plant material needed for 50% of adult emergence (IE50).Results: Water containing 3.3 g of plant material per liter allowed 50% of Ae. albopictus adults to emerge within 8 days (IEt50), against 60 days at 0.5g/liter. As for Ae. aegypti, the IEt50 took 8 days at 3.3g/l against 29 days at 1.7g/l. The IE50 also revealed that 0.61g of plant material were needed for a 50% of adult emergence of Ae. albopictus. To reach the same survival rate among Ae. aegypti, the larvae must grow in an environment twice as rich in food supply. Conclusion: This research work has revealed that the Ae. albopictus larvae can develop in water collections where the shortage of organic material hinders or compromises the development and survival of Ae. aegypti. The outstanding trophic performances of Ae. albopictus would thus partly account for the invasive character of Ae. albopictus, as well as the dying out of its competitor Ae. aegypti in the regions of the world shared by both species.

The Ocean and the resources that it provides are vital to human survival, yet its sheer vastness poses difficulties for regulating this space, adding to its mysteries and challenges. In an industry that is dangerous in the best of circumstances – the International Maritime Organization (IMO) reports that the annual loss of human life due to fishing practices is 24,000 people – forced labour conditions have a devastating effect. In the Cost of Coercion report, the International Labour Organization (ILO) explains that the fishing industry is particularly vulnerable to abuse in recruiting practices, and "the isolation and confined circumstances of this group of workers, together with frequent difficulties in identifying legal liabilities towards crews, can make them particularly vulnerable." Furthermore, the IMO identifies the need for balancing efficient business practices with preventing forced labor arrangements and abuses. Seafarers are vulnerable workers. They work on very long, generally temporary, contracts and can be hired and fired at will.The high seas could be one of the most challenging domains to regulate: the right of every nation and the responsibility of no nation. The maritime legislation ratified in this space reflects these tensions: attempting to balance the diametrically opposed forces of openness and ownership. There is a need for balance between the openness to navigate the seas unhindered and the communal sense of ownership that is necessary to deter greedy and unabashed consumption of maritime life, environmental resources, and human capital. Consequently, the scale of maritime jurisprudence favours openness at the expense of ownership. Maritime legislation identifies the plethora of issues contributing to forced labor including: fraudulent employmentdocuments, excessive overtime, lack of adequate training, flags of convenience, constant reflagging, and transshipment. However, maritime legislation does not name an overarching authority with the power to police the high seas, instead leaving it to flag states and port states to regulate and monitor vessel activity. Furthermore, environmental degradation exacerbates poor labour conditions on fishing vessels. As fishing stocks become more depleted, competition for limited resources increases, driving vessels to cut costs – including labor – in order to continue to operate, given lower profit margins. Vessels need to travel much further into deep waters in order to reach stocks that have not yet been depleted. Operating in the maritime global commons tempts fishing establishments to focus on short-term incentives and defection from stewardship of these shared resources. However, this is a narrow, short-term view of business incentives, ultimately leading to behaviours that are detrimental to the longevity of the fishing industry. Lacking any overarching authority with the power to police the high seas, flag states and port states are left to regulate and monitor vessel activity. Even so, fishing vessels are often exempt from the stricter regulations imposed on shipping vessels. Maritime legislation does not account for the power dynamics between supplier and retailernations ultimately creating a transnational vacuum of authority: an ipso facto zone of impunity., L'océan et les ressources qu'il fournit sont essentiels à la survie humaine, mais son immensité représente un défi pour la régulation de cet espace, sans compter ses mystères et ses enjeux. Dans une industrie qui est dangereuse dans le meilleur des cas, les conditions de travail ont un effet dévastateur. L'Organisation maritime internationale (OMI) rapporte que la perte annuelle de vies humaines en raison de pratiques de pêche est de 24 000 personnes forcées. Dans le rapport sur le coût du travail forcé, l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) explique que l'industrie de la pêche est particulièrement vulnérable aux abus dans les pratiques de recrutement, et « l'isolement et les circonstances confinées de ce groupe de travailleurs, avec de fréquentes difficultés dans l'identification des responsabilités légales envers les équipages, peuvent les rendre particulièrement vulnérables... ». En outre, l'OMI identifie la nécessité d'un équilibre entre les pratiques commerciales efficaces et la prévention des abus et des arrangements de travail forcé. Les gens de mer sont des travailleurs vulnérables. Ils travaillent sur des contrats très longs, généralement temporaires, et peuvent être recrutés et licenciés à volonté. La haute mer pourrait être l'un des domaines les plus difficiles à réglementer-le droit de chaque nation et la responsabilité d'aucune nation. La législation maritime ratifiée dans cet espace reflète ces tensions : tenter d'équilibrer les forces diamétralement opposées-l'ouverture et la possession. L'ouverture de naviguer dans les mers sans entraves et le sens commun de la propriété qui est nécessaire pour prévenir la consommation avide et éhontée de la vie marine, des ressources environnementales et du capital humain doivent être équilibrés. Par conséquent, la dimension de la jurisprudence maritime favorise l’ouverture au détriment de la protection. La législation maritime identifie une pléthore de questions qui contribuent au travail forcé, y compris : des documents d’emploi frauduleux, des heures supplémentaires excessives, le manque de formation adéquate, des pavillons de complaisance, le changement de pavillon constant et le transbordement en mer. Toutefois, le droit de la mer ne dispose pas d’une autorité globale avec le pouvoir depolice en haute mer, laissant aux États du pavillon et aux États du port la réglementation et la surveillance de l’activité des navires.En outre, la dégradation de l’environnement exacerbe les mauvaises conditions de travail à bord des navires de pêche. Comme les stocks de pêche deviennent plus appauvris, la concurrence pour les ressources limitées augmente, les navires réduisent les coûts de production - y compris le travail - afin de continuer à fonctionner, compte tenu des marges bénéficiaires inférieures. Les navires doivent se déplacer beaucoup plus loin dans les eaux profondes afin d’atteindre les stocks qui ne sont pas encore épuisés. Les établissements de pêche tentent de se concentrer sur les incitations à court terme, aux dépens des biens communs mondiaux, en raison de la défaillance de la gestion de ces ressources partagées. Cependant, il s’agit d’unevision étroite, à court terme, des incitations commerciales, conduisant finalement à des comportements qui nuisent à la longévité de l’industrie de la pêche. Dépourvus de toute autorité globale avec un pouvoir de police de la haute mer, les États du pavillon et les États du port sont laissés à la réglementation et à la surveillance de l’activité des navires. Même ainsi, les navires de pêche sont souvent exemptés des réglementations plus strictes imposées aux navires de transport. Le droit de la mer ne tient pas compte de la dynamique du pouvoir entre le fournisseur et le consommateur, créant ainsi un vide transnational de l’autorité : une zone ipso facto de l’impunité.

About 71 % of the Earth's surface is covered by water. 1 That's the reason why we call it the "Blue Planet". Taking this into account, it's not surprising that the oceans play a significant role for life on Earth, not only as a major source of food, but also because of its great importance regarding the global trade. 2 In times of globalization the sea transport has become more and more essential, especially with respect to the population's supply with vital goods. This is further confirmed by the fact that 90 % of the world's trade is carried by sea. 3 However, the frictionless transport is threatened by a number of risks which have their origin in the maritime area, e.g. ship accidents, maritime terrorism or piracy. 4 Since it has the potential for causing serious damage in view of economical and ecological matters but also referring to people's life and physical integrity, the contribution will focus on the last-mentioned field of illegal activities at sea. Although piracy is as old as the seafaring itself 5 it is subject to a continuous change. Modern piracy can no longer be equated with the romantic piracy of the past. The attacks are more brutal and its effects on the maritime security even larger., Environ 71% de la surface de la Terre est recouverte d'eau. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous l'appelons la « Planète Bleue ». Compte tenu de cela, il n'est pas surprenant que les océans jouent un rôle important pour la vie sur Terre, non seulement comme source de nourriture, mais aussi en raison de leur grande importance concernant le commerce mondial. En période de globalisation, le transport maritime est devenu de plus en plus essentiel, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'approvisionnement de la population en produits vitaux. Ceci est confirmé par le fait que 90% du commerce mondial sont transportés par mer. Cependant, le transport sans friction est menacé par un certain nombre de risques qui trouvent leur origine dans l'espace maritime, comme par exemple les évènements de mer, le terrorisme maritime ou la piraterie sur laquelle cette contribution se focalise. Elle considère ainsi les dommages potentiellement graves résultant des actes de piraterie, phénomène menaçant les enjeux économiques et écologiques en présence et pouvant porter atteinte à la vie et à l'intégrité physique des individus en mer, Bien que la piraterie soit aussi vieille que les marins eux-mêmes, ce phénomène se transforme continuellement. La piraterie moderne ne peut plus être assimilée à la piraterie romantique du passé. Les attaques sont plus brutales et leurs effets sur la sécurité maritime semblent plus importants.

The Ocean and the resources that it provides are vital to human survival, yet its sheer vastness poses difficulties for regulating this space, adding to its mysteries and challenges. In an industry that is dangerous in the best of circumstances – the International Maritime Organization (IMO) reports that the annual loss of human life due to fishing practices is 24,000 people – forced labour conditions have a devastating effect. In the Cost of Coercion report, the International Labour Organization (ILO) explains that the fishing industry is particularly vulnerable to abuse in recruiting practices, and "the isolation and confined circumstances of this group of workers, together with frequent difficulties in identifying legal liabilities towards crews, can make them particularly vulnerable." Furthermore, the IMO identifies the need for balancing efficient business practices with preventing forced labor arrangements and abuses. Seafarers are vulnerable workers. They work on very long, generally temporary, contracts and can be hired and fired at will.The high seas could be one of the most challenging domains to regulate: the right of every nation and the responsibility of no nation. The maritime legislation ratified in this space reflects these tensions: attempting to balance the diametrically opposed forces of openness and ownership. There is a need for balance between the openness to navigate the seas unhindered and the communal sense of ownership that is necessary to deter greedy and unabashed consumption of maritime life, environmental resources, and human capital. Consequently, the scale of maritime jurisprudence favours openness at the expense of ownership. Maritime legislation identifies the plethora of issues contributing to forced labor including: fraudulent employmentdocuments, excessive overtime, lack of adequate training, flags of convenience, constant reflagging, and transshipment. However, maritime legislation does not name an overarching authority with the power to police the high seas, instead leaving it to flag states and port states to regulate and monitor vessel activity. Furthermore, environmental degradation exacerbates poor labour conditions on fishing vessels. As fishing stocks become more depleted, competition for limited resources increases, driving vessels to cut costs – including labor – in order to continue to operate, given lower profit margins. Vessels need to travel much further into deep waters in order to reach stocks that have not yet been depleted. Operating in the maritime global commons tempts fishing establishments to focus on short-term incentives and defection from stewardship of these shared resources. However, this is a narrow, short-term view of business incentives, ultimately leading to behaviours that are detrimental to the longevity of the fishing industry. Lacking any overarching authority with the power to police the high seas, flag states and port states are left to regulate and monitor vessel activity. Even so, fishing vessels are often exempt from the stricter regulations imposed on shipping vessels. Maritime legislation does not account for the power dynamics between supplier and retailernations ultimately creating a transnational vacuum of authority: an ipso facto zone of impunity., L'océan et les ressources qu'il fournit sont essentiels à la survie humaine, mais son immensité représente un défi pour la régulation de cet espace, sans compter ses mystères et ses enjeux. Dans une industrie qui est dangereuse dans le meilleur des cas, les conditions de travail ont un effet dévastateur. L'Organisation maritime internationale (OMI) rapporte que la perte annuelle de vies humaines en raison de pratiques de pêche est de 24 000 personnes forcées. Dans le rapport sur le coût du travail forcé, l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) explique que l'industrie de la pêche est particulièrement vulnérable aux abus dans les pratiques de recrutement, et « l'isolement et les circonstances confinées de ce groupe de travailleurs, avec de fréquentes difficultés dans l'identification des responsabilités légales envers les équipages, peuvent les rendre particulièrement vulnérables... ». En outre, l'OMI identifie la nécessité d'un équilibre entre les pratiques commerciales efficaces et la prévention des abus et des arrangements de travail forcé. Les gens de mer sont des travailleurs vulnérables. Ils travaillent sur des contrats très longs, généralement temporaires, et peuvent être recrutés et licenciés à volonté. La haute mer pourrait être l'un des domaines les plus difficiles à réglementer-le droit de chaque nation et la responsabilité d'aucune nation. La législation maritime ratifiée dans cet espace reflète ces tensions : tenter d'équilibrer les forces diamétralement opposées-l'ouverture et la possession. L'ouverture de naviguer dans les mers sans entraves et le sens commun de la propriété qui est nécessaire pour prévenir la consommation avide et éhontée de la vie marine, des ressources environnementales et du capital humain doivent être équilibrés. Par conséquent, la dimension de la jurisprudence maritime favorise l’ouverture au détriment de la protection. La législation maritime identifie une pléthore de questions qui contribuent au travail forcé, y compris : des documents d’emploi frauduleux, des heures supplémentaires excessives, le manque de formation adéquate, des pavillons de complaisance, le changement de pavillon constant et le transbordement en mer. Toutefois, le droit de la mer ne dispose pas d’une autorité globale avec le pouvoir depolice en haute mer, laissant aux États du pavillon et aux États du port la réglementation et la surveillance de l’activité des navires.En outre, la dégradation de l’environnement exacerbe les mauvaises conditions de travail à bord des navires de pêche. Comme les stocks de pêche deviennent plus appauvris, la concurrence pour les ressources limitées augmente, les navires réduisent les coûts de production - y compris le travail - afin de continuer à fonctionner, compte tenu des marges bénéficiaires inférieures. Les navires doivent se déplacer beaucoup plus loin dans les eaux profondes afin d’atteindre les stocks qui ne sont pas encore épuisés. Les établissements de pêche tentent de se concentrer sur les incitations à court terme, aux dépens des biens communs mondiaux, en raison de la défaillance de la gestion de ces ressources partagées. Cependant, il s’agit d’unevision étroite, à court terme, des incitations commerciales, conduisant finalement à des comportements qui nuisent à la longévité de l’industrie de la pêche. Dépourvus de toute autorité globale avec un pouvoir de police de la haute mer, les États du pavillon et les États du port sont laissés à la réglementation et à la surveillance de l’activité des navires. Même ainsi, les navires de pêche sont souvent exemptés des réglementations plus strictes imposées aux navires de transport. Le droit de la mer ne tient pas compte de la dynamique du pouvoir entre le fournisseur et le consommateur, créant ainsi un vide transnational de l’autorité : une zone ipso facto de l’impunité.

In the Nopoor project, a hundred researchers from all over the world set out to explore the successes and failures of poverty alleviation efforts in Africa, Asia and Latin America, discovering missing links, new insights, and previously overlooked topics. This blend of voices and perspectives presents comprehensive and challenging responses to key poverty debates of our time, bridging the gap between research and practice. The reader will find research results and evidence-based policy recommendations, written in an accessible, engaging, and stimulating way.

International audience

This essay uses the life history of Albert O. Hirschman, especially the years of his active political engagements that preceded his intellectual career, to explore the “micro-history” of choices about whether to stay and fight or back and flee. It also considers some of Hirschman’s own thinking about action—and the choices between exercising voice, loyalty, or defection, the bases of his influential book, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Finally, it explores the ever-complicated connections between personal experience and theoretical reflection. Basé sur des éléments biographiques de la vie d’Albert O. Hirschman, en particulier les années de son engagement politique précédant sa carrière intellectuelle, cet essai explore la « micro-histoire » des choix qu’il fit : rester et combattre ou se retirer et fuir. L’essai étudie aussi la pensée de Hirschman sur l’action, c’est-à-dire le choix entre exercer le droit à la parole, la loyauté, ou se taire, alternatives explorées dans son ouvrage influent Exit, Voice and Loyalty. L’étude analyse enfin les relations infiniment compliquées entre expérience personnelle et réflexion théorique.

BACKGROUND: Programmes of pre-elimination of malaria have been implemented in Senegal since 2010, and the burden of malaria has decreased substantially. These changes in the epidemiology should be monitored with effective tools that allow changes in patterns of transmission to be estimated. In Dielmo and Ndiop, two villages of Senegal with different malaria endemicity, infections have been followed longitudinally for 20 years, during which time there have been several control interventions leading to substantial decreases of transmission. This study aimed to compare malaria antibody responses of the inhabitants of these two villages, between 2000 and 2010, using schizont crude extracts of a local strain of P. falciparum (Pf Sch07/03). METHODS: Sera collected from inhabitants of the two villages (141 from Dielmo and 79 from Ndiop in 2000; 143 from Dielmo and 79 from Ndiop in 2010) were used to assess the prevalence of antibodies against crude schizont extracts of Pf Sch07/03. Three ages groups were defined: [5-9] yrs, [10-14] yrs and [15-19] yrs. Statistical comparisons were performed. Seroprevalence and the magnitude of antibody responses were compared between age groups, villages and periods. RESULTS: Overall seroprevalence to P.fSch07/03 decreased between 2000 and 2010 in both villages: from 94.4% to 44.4% in Dielmo and from 74.4% to 34.6% in Ndiop. The difference between Dielmo and Ndiop was highly significant in 2000 (p0.20). The decrease in seroprevalence was larger in younger (more than 40%) than older (less than 19%) inhabitants. Longitudinal monitoring of the younger group showed that seroprevalence decreased between 2000 and 2010 in Dielmo from 98.7 to 79.3, but not in Ndiop from 67.6 to 66.7. The magnitude of antibody responses in seropositive individuals was significantly higher in 2000 than 2010 for both villages. CONCLUSIONS: Crude extracts of P. falciparum are appropriate tools for evaluating malaria prevalence at different periods, and in both low and high endemic area. Using crude extracts from local strains to assess transmission may allow efficient evaluation of the consequences of control programs on malaria transmission.

Palm Protect is an EU-funded program (2012-14) entitled: “Strategies for eradication and containment of invasive palm borers, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon. The project aims at throwing light on aspects of the pest biology in Europe, which are unknown and preclude efficient control, validating new and reliable methods for detection and control, and implementing them into strategies for eradication of the palm borers both at the points of entry in the EU and in the infested areas. The project also aims at providing with an economic analysis to value palm services and management options and to disseminate the findings to the stakeholders. Palm Protect associates 12 research organisations, 1 SME, UK, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Israel and Egypt. It is based on 6 actions: Management, Biology, Detection, Control, Economics and Dissemination. France contributes by INRA (Versailles et Sophia Antipolis) and CIRAD, which are particularly involved to provide new fundamentals about adult mobility, semiochemicals and parasitoids. The results will make it possible to improve European regulation and its efficacy from a consolidated scientific background in compliance with the standards in force for pest control; Palm Protect est un programme financé par l’UE (2012-14) intitulé ‘Stratégies pour l'éradication et le confinement des ravageurs invasifs des palmiers P. archon et R. ferrugineus’. Il a pour objectifs d’éclairer les éléments inconnus de la biologie en Europe de ces espèces qui limitent l’efficacité de la lutte, de valider des méthodes et des stratégies fiables et nouvelles pour leur détection, leur gestion et leur éradication tant aux points d’entrée que dans les zones contaminées. Palm Protect diffusera le fruit de ces travaux à tous les acteurs de la filière ‘palmiers’. Le programme associe 12 organismes de recherche, une PME, le Royaume-Uni, l’Espagne, la France, la Grèce, l’Italie, la Slovénie, Israël et L’Egypte. Il comprend 6 actions : Coordination, Biologie, Détection et surveillance, Lutte, Economie et Diffusion des acquis. La France contribue par l'INRA (Versailles et Sophia Antipolis) et le CIRAD, et s’implique fortement dans l’acquisition de connaissances nouvelles sur le déplacement des adultes, les médiateurs chimiques et les parasitoïdes. Les résultats serviront de base pour améliorer la réglementation européenne et son efficacité à partir de données scientifiques en application des règles générales en vigueur pour le contrôle des bio-agresseurs

Palm Protect est un programme financé par l’UE (2012-14) intitulé ‘Stratégies pour l'éradication et le confinement des ravageurs invasifs des palmiers P. archon et R. ferrugineus’. Il a pour objectifs d’éclairer les éléments inconnus de la biologie en Europe de ces espèces qui limitent l’efficacité de la lutte, de valider des méthodes et des stratégies fiables et nouvelles pour leur détection, leur gestion et leur éradication tant aux points d’entrée que dans les zones contaminées. Palm Protect diffusera le fruit de ces travaux à tous les acteurs de la filière ‘palmiers’. Le programme associe 12 organismes de recherche, une PME, le Royaume-Uni, l’Espagne, la France, la Grèce, l’Italie, la Slovénie, Israël et L’Egypte. Il comprend 6 actions : Coordination, Biologie, Détection et surveillance, Lutte, Economie et Diffusion des acquis. La France contribue par l'INRA (Versailles et Sophia Antipolis) et le CIRAD, et s’implique fortement dans l’acquisition de connaissances nouvelles sur le déplacement des adultes, les médiateurs chimiques et les parasitoïdes. Les résultats serviront de base pour améliorer la réglementation européenne et son efficacité à partir de données scientifiques en application des règles générales en vigueur pour le contrôle des bio-agresseurs, Palm Protect is an EU-funded program (2012-14) entitled: “Strategies for eradication and containment of invasive palm borers, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Paysandisia archon. The project aims at throwing light on aspects of the pest biology in Europe, which are unknown and preclude efficient control, validating new and reliable methods for detection and control, and implementing them into strategies for eradication of the palm borers both at the points of entry in the EU and in the infested areas. The project also aims at providing with an economic analysis to value palm services and management options and to disseminate the findings to the stakeholders. Palm Protect associates 12 research organisations, 1 SME, UK, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Israel and Egypt. It is based on 6 actions: Management, Biology, Detection, Control, Economics and Dissemination. France contributes by INRA (Versailles et Sophia Antipolis) and CIRAD, which are particularly involved to provide new fundamentals about adult mobility, semiochemicals and parasitoids. The results will make it possible to improve European regulation and its efficacy from a consolidated scientific background in compliance with the standards in force for pest control

Background: On October 21, 2010, Haiti was struck by a cholera epidemic for the first time in over a century. Epidemiological and molecular genetic data have clearly demonstrated that the bacterium was imported. Nevertheless, the persistence of the epidemic for more than two years, the high incidence rates in some coastal areas and the seasonal exacerbations of the epidemic during the rainy seasons have prompted us to examine the levels of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the Haitian aquatic environment. Methods: In July 2012, during the warm and rainy season, 36 aquatic stations were sampled to search for toxigenic V. cholerae. These stations included fresh, brackish and saline surface waters as well as waste water; the sampling sites were located in both rural and urban areas (around Port-au-Prince and Gonaïves) located in the West and Artibonite Departments. V. cholerae bacteria were detected in enrichment cultures of water samples (sample volumes included 1 L, 100 mL, 10 mL, 1 mL, 0.1 mL, 0.01 mL and 0.001 mL depending on the context). Detection methods included both culture on selective agar (for strain isolation) and PCR assays targeting the genes ompW (V. cholerae species), O1-rfb and O139-rfb (O1 and O139 V. cholerae serogroups, respectively), and the cholera toxin gene ctxA, which is present exclusively in toxigenic cholera strains. Results: A total of 411 culturable V. cholerae isolates from 29 stations were obtained via selective culture; however, only one of these isolates displayed a late positive reaction with polyvalent anti-O1 serum. Positive V. cholerae PCR results were obtained from each of the 32 tested stations (a total of 77 enrichments out of 107 yielded a positive result); only one sample yielded a positive V. cholerae O1 PCR result. The cholera toxin gene ctxA was never detected via PCR with either primer pair, which includes samples derived from the two stations yielding positive O1 culture or positive O1 PCR results. Therefore, we could not demonstrate the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 among the 36 stations sampled. This suggests that all water samples analyzed contained less than 10 toxigenic V. cholerae O1 bacteria per liter, a level 1000-fold below the dose that has been shown to provoke cholera in healthy adults. Conclusions: Currently, there is no evidence of a significant level of contamination of the aquatic environment in Haiti by the imported toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strain. The reemergence of cholera outbreaks in Haiti during rainy seasons is therefore more likely due to persisting outbreaks insufficiently tackled during the dry periods rather than the commonly suspected aquatic reservoir of toxigenic bacteria.

International audience

Scouting is considered an essential component of integrated pest management strategies, but most of the techniques, which involve visual assessment, remain too time-consuming for application on a commercial scale. The global scouting method proposed here for greenhouse rose (Rosa spp.) crops combines several rapid visual methods for common pests and diseases, in a single sampling process. A 2-min observation time per sampling unit is required, with two observers. The sampling unit consists of a single stem with its flower and the corresponding basal foliage. A 90-unit regular grid (1 U/6.4 m2) was used, with weekly assessments, including a spatial distribution approach, for pest monitoring. Different grid sizes were simulated and tested with reference data, to determine whether to decrease the number of sampling units. A grid size of 1 U/21 m2 was found to be acceptable, with no significant loss of information. A more realistic and cheaper sampling strategy of this type is more likely to be accepted by growers, increasing the efficiency of crop monitoring and leading to more rational decisions.

International audience; Au cours de la Ruée vers l’or, de nombreux immigrés irlandais organisent des spectacles de lutte professionnelle, jetant les bases économiques du catch. La structuration progressive de cette activité est concomitante à un mécanisme d’aller-retour, pour certains de ces immigrés, entre Irlande et Amérique du Nord, ce qui illustre un mode particulier d’acculturation.

International audience; Cette présentation est l’étude de la récurrence des « gimmicks » (pour le catch) ou des motifs (dans les luttes traditionnelles), soulignant la dimension narrative du sport, par le biais de détails significatifs dans ce cas.

International audience; In many circumstances in afforestation, the quick development of very competitive herbaceous and shrubby species can compromise tree establishment. At present, this vegetation is often controlled by chemical and mechanical operations, whereas they are criticized from environmental points of view; some alternatives are under study. The cover crop technique, i.e. sowing in place of the spontaneous competitive vegetation a cover plant mixture assumed to be less competitive, is an example of potential ecological engineering. In addition with the control of competition for resources, the cover plants are thought to offer protection against frost and scorching temperatures to the young trees, or to avoid the water run-off encountered on bare soil. Despite promising results obtained in some experiments, there are also a lot of negative data. In fact the fundamental basis of the technique, i.e. a less competitiveness of the cover crops relative to young trees, and an improvement of microclimate, were relatively little or not assessed. Based on some recent data recorded in some experimental sites in France, we will discuss these issues and the potential of the technique as an alternative to herbicides in afforestation.

Background We undertook a population genetics analysis of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis, a major vector of sleeping sickness in West Africa, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers. Our aims were to estimate effective population size and the degree of isolation between coastal sites on the mainland of Guinea and Loos Islands. The sampling locations encompassed Dubréka, the area with the highest Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) prevalence in West Africa, mangrove and savannah sites on the mainland, and two islands, Fotoba and Kassa, within the Loos archipelago. These data are discussed with respect to the feasibility and sustainability of control strategies in those sites currently experiencing, or at risk of, sleeping sickness. Principal Findings We found very low migration rates between sites except between those sampled around the Dubréka area that seems to contain a widely dispersed and panmictic population. In the Kassa island samples, various effective population size estimates all converged on surprisingly small values (10, Author Summary Guinea is the country with the highest prevalence of sleeping sickness in West Africa, and we undertook a population genetics analysis there of the most dangerous tsetse fly species of West Africa, Glossina palpalis gambiensis. Our aims were to estimate effective population size and the degree of isolation between coastal sites on the mainland of Guinea (including Dubréka, a highly prevalent sleeping sickness focus) and Loos Islands in order to get the most possible accurate vision of feasibility and sustainability of anti-tsetse strategies of these sites. We found very low migration rates of tsetse between sites except between those situated in the Dubréka area, which seems to contain a widely distributed panmictic tsetse population (i.e. a population where mating occurs at random). Effective population sizes on Loos islands estimated with various techniques all converged to surprisingly small values. These values might be explained by a recent decrease in tsetse numbers on Kassa Island due to bauxite mining activities. But on the other sites, other explanations have to be found, including possible variance in reproductive success. Our genetic results suggest that different control strategies should be advised on the mainland (reduction in tsetse densities, no elimination) compared to the islands (total elimination feasible). This approach could be extended to many areas where vector control of Human and Animal Trypanosomoses is contemplated.

Invading Nature- Springer Series in Invasion Ecology by James A. Drake (Series Editor); International audience