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Abstract Indacaterol, a β2 agonist prescribed for long-term management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. In this study the first MISPE cartridges was developed using indacaterol as a template for its selective extraction from rat lung tissues, enabling precise pharmacokinetic evaluation at the drug’s site of action. A molecular imprinting polymer was synthesized using indacaterol as a template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker with a molar ratio (1: 4: 20). The polymer was characterized by a high binding capacity of 9840 ± 0.86 and high selectivity with an imprinting factor of 4.53 ± 0.12. The synthesized polymer was utilized as a sorbent in solid-phase extraction to purify and extract indacaterol from lung tissue matrix. The optimum molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) conditions were 20.0 mg of molecular imprinting polymer and non-imprinting polymer, acetonitrile as the loading solvent, acetonitrile: water (20: 80; by volume) as the washing solvent, and methanol: acetic acid (90: 10; by volume) as the eluting solvent. A pharmacokinetic study was performed for indacaterol in rat lungs using the synthesized and optimized MISPE cartridge as a tool for sample purification. These parameters were determined in the lung tissues of rats emphasizing the local exposure of indacaterol to its target organ. The Cmax and Tmax were 51.020 ± 2.810 µg mL− 1 and 0.083 ± 0.001 h, respectively. The AUC 0−24 and AUC0 − inf were 175.920 ± 1.053 and 542.000 ± 5.245 µg h mL− 1, respectively. The elimination rate constant was 0.014 ± 0.00012 h− 1 and the half-life time was 48.510 ± 0.012 h. This study successfully developed and optimized MISPE cartridges using indacaterol as a template, enabling precise pharmacokinetic evaluation in rat lung tissues. The cartridges demonstrated high binding capacity and selectivity, providing crucial insights into the local exposure of indacaterol at its site of action.

In this study, surface imprinting technology was used for the one-step preparation of a core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe3O4-NH2@MIP) with amino functionalized magnetic iron trioxide (Fe3O4-NH2) as the magnetic core at a mass ratio of juglone to functional monomer to cross-linking agent of 1:8:40. The structure, morphology and magnetic strength of the material were characterized by multiple techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption performance was studied through dynamic adsorption and isothermal adsorption experiments. Results showed that an imprinted layer with a thickness of about 75 nm was successfully polymerized on the surface of Fe3O4-NH2, with a nearly spherical shape and a regular crystal structure and a saturation magnetic strength of 48.50 emu/g. The layer could be quickly separated in five seconds. When the adsorption time was 100 minutes and the concentration of juglone was 100 μg/mL, good adsorption performance was obtained with an adsorption capacity of 32.89 μg/mg, the kinetic adsorption process was closer to a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption data accorded with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating that Fe3O4-NH2@MIP enables efficient separation and enrichment of juglone from walnut green peel extract. This study is of reference significance for the development of more biological activity of juglone and the expansion of its application in food, pharmaceutical and other industries.

An ultrasensitive and selective voltammetric platform combined a molecularly imprinted poly(pyrrole) membrane with Ag-nanoparticle-functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (MIP/BPNS-AgNPs) was developed for trace GAT detection. The physicochemical properties of the MIP/BPNS-AgNPs were studied by various spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. BPNS-AgNPs improved the ambient stability and electrochemical activity of the BPNS and possessed a large surface area for accommodating abundant templates to produce specific imprinted sites. The resulting MIP/BPNS-AgNP-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) greatly enhanced voltammetric responses for GAT. The MIP/BPNS-AgNP/GCE exhibited admirable GAT determination performance, with two linear responses (0.001–1 and 1–50 μM), high sensitivity (9.965 and 0.5378 μA μM−1), and a low detection limit of 0.2 nM. In addition, the MIP electrode could selectively detect GAT in complex matrices and retain roust responses for a month. The applicability of MIP/BPNS-AgNP/GCE toward the detection of GAT in pharmaceutical formulations, milk, and human serum was verified with satisfactory results.

Statins reduce cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Rosuvastatin (ROS) is a statin drug used to prevent cardiovascular diseases and treat abnormal lipids. This study describes the design and fabrication of a nanomaterial-assisted molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for ROS determination. In addition, MIP-based electrochemical sensors were designed to detect ROS in both standard solutions and serum samples. In the MIP-based electrochemical sensor developed via the photopolymerization (PP) technique on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, were used zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as a pore former, p-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) as functional monomer, ROS as template molecule. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to carry out detailed characterizations concerning surface morphology and electrochemistry. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linearity range of the designed sensor was found 1.0 × 10−13–1.0 × 10−12 M. The superior selectivity of the MIP-based sensor against ROS in the presence of their binary mixtures was confirmed by interference studies. The recovery rates of the MIP-based sensors were calculated as 100.35 % and 99.16 % in commercial tablet form and serum samples, respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor's relative selectivity coefficient (k′) was calculated, and it provided good selectivity for ROS over the NIP sensor. In conclusion, this newly developed sensor offers an advantageous approach for selective, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective analysis of ROS from binary mixtures. Additionally, this study is the first electrochemical sensor using nanomaterial-assisted MIP technology for ROS analysis, and its sensitivity is higher than that of other studies in the literature.

Abstract The integration of advanced materials and photonic nanostructures can lead to enhanced biodetection capabilities, crucial in clinical scenarios and point‐of‐care diagnostics, where simplified strategies are essential. Herein, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) photonic nanostructure is demonstrated, which selectively binding to transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β), in which the sensing transduction is enhanced by bound states in the continuum (BICs). The MIP operating as a synthetic antibody matrix and coupled with BIC resonance, enhances the optical response to TGF‐β at imprinted sites, leading to an augmented detection capability, thoroughly evaluated through spectral shift and optical lever analogue readout. The validation underscores the MIP‐BIC sensor capability to detect TGF‐β in spiked saliva, achieving a limit of detection of 10 fM and a resolution of 0.5 pM at physiological concentrations, with a precision of two orders of magnitude above discrimination threshold in patients. The MIP tailored selectivity is highlighted by an imprinting factor of 52, showcasing the sensor resistance to interference from other analytes. The MIP‐BIC sensor architecture streamlines the detection process eliminating the need for complex sandwich immunoassays and demonstrates the potential for high‐precision quantification. This positions the system as a robust tool for biomarker detection, especially in real‐world diagnostic scenarios.

Abstract In this study, a sensitive and selective fluorescent chemosensor was developed for the determination of pirimicarb pesticide by adopting the surface molecular imprinting approach. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanocomposite was prepared using pirimicarb as the template molecule, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, and graphene quantum dots as a fluorophore (MIP-CuFe2O4/GQDs). It was then characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The response surface methodology (RSM) was also employed to optimize and estimate the effective parameters of pirimicarb adsorption by this polymer. According to the experimental results, the average particle size and imprinting factor (IF) of this polymer are 53.61 nm and 2.48, respectively. Moreover, this polymer has an excellent ability to adsorb pirimicarb with a removal percentage of 99.92 at pH = 7.54, initial pirimicarb concentration = 10.17 mg/L, polymer dosage = 840 mg/L, and contact time = 6.15 min. The detection of pirimicarb was performed by fluorescence spectroscopy at a concentration range of 0–50 mg/L, and a sensitivity of 15.808 a.u/mg and a limit of detection of 1.79 mg/L were obtained. Real samples with RSD less than 2 were measured using this chemosensor. Besides, the proposed chemosensor demonstrated remarkable selectivity by checking some other insecticides with similar and different molecular structures to pirimicarb, such as diazinon, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos.

In this study, a novel methodology has been developed for the rapid and sensitive analysis of bongkrekic acid (BA), a highly toxic bacterial metabolite, using a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated wooden-tip coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MIPWT-ESI-MS). A MIPWT solid phase microextraction (SPME) probe specifically tailored for BA was fabricated, by employing dummy template molecules/functional monomers in the imprinting coating modification. This approach exhibits an enrichment factor (EF) of 683 ± 53 for efficient extraction of BA from aqueous matrices, demonstrating the utility of dummy templates in enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the MIPWT-ESI-MS method. The analytical performance of the MIPWT-ESI-MS method was evaluated, demonstrating a desirable linear correlation (r = 0.9988), along with remarkable sensitivity by a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) at 0.05 μg/L and 0.16 μg/L in pure water, respectively. Additionally, the method demonstrated high repeatability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) < 3.9 % (n = 6) and reproducibility with an RSD < 13.4 %. The practical application of the method was confirmed through the successful analysis of real-world samples, including tap water, wastewater from a food processing factory, and the aqueous extracts of food samples, with BA detected at 0.296 µg/L in Tremella. Spiking experiments further validated the accuracy of the method, with recoveries ranging from 81 % to 97 %. This study integrates MIP with ambient mass spectrometry, offering a robust, selective, and sensitive tool for the monitoring of trace BA levels in complex food and environmental samples, contributing significantly to public health safety and food quality control.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality around the world. Diagnosis of CVD using biosensing strategy poised to improve the precision and efficiency of CVD treatment in standard clinical practice. Electrochemical biosensors show great promise for early and accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, paving the way for personalized medicine and improved patient outcomes. Nanomaterials are emerging as a must need tool in biosensor fabrication. Graphene-based nanomaterials exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and enhanced biofunctionalization ability for the receptor molecules, serving as an ideal platform for sensitive and selective biosensing applications, which in turn offers high sensitivity, rapid response times, and portability, making them ideal for point-of-care testing. The use of aptamers or molecularly imprinted polymers over antibodies as receptor can provide tool to develop innovative, highly stable biosensors over classical biosensors. In this review, electrochemical state-of-art technology for biosensor development incorporating graphene-related nanomaterials are discussed. Recently developed graphene-based electrochemical nanobiosensors for cardiac biomarker detection are reviewed. Current trends in biosensing strategy and future perspectives are outlined, with a focus on the potential use of graphene-related nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensing platforms.

In this work, the authors represent a comprehensive approach for the development and validation of a novel graphite-supported molecularly imprinted poly(methyl methacrylate) electrode for the selective and sensitive detection of aloe emodin (AE) in aloe-based cosmetic products. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques in phosphate buffer saline. Surface morphology, structural characteristics, and imprinting endorsement were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Under the optimal conditions, the electrode showed an oxidative differential pulse voltammetry peak at -0.2931±0.011 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, saturated KCl). The current was increased linearly with increasing concentrations of AE from 0.0005 to 350 µM, with a low detection limit of 0.0003 µM. The voltammetric analysis has been validated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods. A partial least square regression model was developed to correlate the results obtained from the proposed system with the reference values obtained by RP-HPLC. The model showed a high prediction accuracy of 95.95 % for the detection of AE in cosmetic samples. The developed electrode provides a low-cost, rapid, easy, and convenient method for the detection of AE in cosmetic products, offering potential benefits for quality control and safety assessment in the cosmetic industry.

Abstract The antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) have been reported to be among the emerging water pollutants as a results attention is being paid on their analysis. This work therefore explored for the first time the multi-template MIP for the selective removal of selected ARVDs (abacavir, efavirenz and nevirapine) in wastewater, river water and tap water. The adsorption studies of a multi-template MIP were conducted by determining the effect of an increase in ARVDs concentration in solution and the effect of an increase in contact time between the sorbent and the ARVDs. High adsorption efficiencies were observed for abacavir, efavirenz and nevirapine analytes within 5 min and the maximum adsorption efficiency was observed at 60 min ranging from 94.76 to 96.93%. Adsorption kinetics showed that pseudo-second rate order was the best fitting model, while adsorption isotherms indicated that the Freundlich isotherm (R 2 = 0.94–0.98) best described the adsorption mechanism of ARVDs onto the MIPs. These results indicated that the electrostatic attractions influenced the multilayer coverage and chemisorption process. Selectivity studies conducted in the presence of competitors gave the recoveries between 92 and 98% for the target analytes, while they were 63–79% for competitors indicating good selectivity and strong affinity of the polymer towards the target analytes. Reusability studies showed that the MIP can be reused for up to 8 cycles with recoveries above 92% for all target ARVDs. The application of the MIP-DSPE method to wastewater, river and tap water samples gave concentrations of 28.75–178.02, 1.95–13.15 and 2.17–6.27 µg L−1, respectively. These results indicate the potential unplanned consumption of ARVDs upon drinking contaminated water which could result to their resistance by the human body. Therefore, their continuous monitoring as well as investigation of their removal strategies is of paramount importance.

Abstract Glyphosate (GLY) is a widely used herbicide with an important role in agriculture. It effectively controls weeds, enhancing agricultural yield and product quality. However, its use raises significant concerns such as potential risks to non-target ecosystems and human health. In response to these concerns, we develop an electrochemical sensor with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and gold nanoparticles for GLY detection. The sensor includes a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) functionalized with gold nanoparticles and a self-assembled polyvinyl carboxylic acid chloride (PVC-COOH) layer. GLY compounds interact with carboxylic groups and are encapsulated by a polymer of methacrylic acid (MAA) cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Electrochemical performance was assessed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Morphological characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sensor exhibits impressive selectivity, detecting GLY within a range of 273–1200 pg/mL with minimal interference from other pesticides. It boasts a low detection limit of 0.8 pg/mL (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3) by DPV and 0.001 pg/mL by EIS. The sensor’s versatility extends to various sample types, including surface water, agricultural wastewater, soil, and cucumber, demonstrating high recovery rates (> 96.05%) and low relative standard deviation (RSD) (

In aqueous solution, a non-toxic fluorescent nanosensor incorporating graphene quantum dots encased in molecularly imprinted polymer (GQDs-encased in MIP) is manufactured through a straightforward sol-gel process. During the polymerization process, the functional monomer 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and the cross-linker tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were utilized to bind the biotin in a polymer network. The resulting GQDs@MIP nanocomposite outperformed the similar non-imprinted polymer (GQDs-encased in NIP) in terms of biotin selectivity. Under ideal conditions, the produced GQD-encased in MIP are employed to detect biotin by quenching their fluorescence caused by the target analyte via photo induced electron transfer (PET). The quenching curves of each GQDs-encased in polymer were fitted with the Stern-Volmer-type equation, and GQDs-encased in MIP had a broader linear range and a lower limit of detection than GQDs-encased in NIP. GQDs-encased in MIP fluorescence response is linear with respect to biotin concentration over a wide linear range of at least 0.4 μmol L − 1 to 6.7 μmol L − 1. The detection limit for biotin determination was 315 nmol L − 1. The suggested GQDs-encased in MIP is promising for the measurement of trace biotin in human serum samples because to its non-toxicity, simplicity, and low cost, as well as its strong analytical performance.

IntroductionLuteolin (LTL) is the primary active ingredient in honeysuckle, which exhibited wide pharmacological activities, including heat-clearing, detoxifying, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The conventional method for the extraction of LTL consumed a substantial amount of time and organic solvents, and poor selectivity. Therefore, fabrication of novel material with simple preparation process, low cost and excellent selectivity is of great significance for the extraction and enrichment of LTL from honeysuckle.ResultsIn this system, a novel surface imprinting polymer for luteolin, denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@MIP, was synthesized using covalent-noncovalent synergistic imprinting strategies. 3-acrylamidephenylboric acid was adopted as covalent functional monomer, deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride/methacrylic acid (ChCl/MAA, 1/2, n/n)) and methacrylic acid as the non-covalent functional monomers, and Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles as the magnetic support. The resultant Fe3O4@SiO2@MIP displayed a uniform morphology, good crystallinity, and excellent magnetic properties. Meanwhile, the binding experiments demonstrated that Fe3O4@SiO2@MIP exhibited high binding performance and the maximum adsorption capacity was 20.97 mg/g. Moreover, the selectivity and reusability behavior of them were satisfactory. In addition, this polymer, serving as an adsorbent, presented practical application potential in separation and enrichment of LTL from honeysuckle.ConclusionThe covalent-noncovalent synergistic imprinting strategy could greatly facilitate the preparation of imprinted nanoparticles for the specific recognition of LTL, providing a valuable approach for the enrichment of LTL in complex samples.

Furanocoumarins are secondary plant metabolites found in citrus plants. Essential oils from these plants are widely used in cosmetic products. They have attracted attention for their phototoxicity, which can even lead to skin burns. Therefore, the furanocoumarin concentration is controlled by the European Union according to Regulation (EC) No. 1223/2009, where a limit of 1 mg kg−1 is specified in sun protection and bronzing agents. This study describes the synthesis of two molecularly imprinted polymers (methacrylamide and methacrylic acid as monomers) as novel materials for solid phase extraction. After optimisation of the extraction protocol, both polymers gave satisfying recovery results for a furanocoumarin standard mixture containing the six markers proposed by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA). Furthermore, spiked sun oil samples were extracted using an adapted extraction protocol. Since the studies showed promising results including 75–149 % recovery and 100 % loading efficiency for the methacrylic acid polymer, a validation of the analytical method was performed. Analysis was performed using HPLC-MS/MS in high specificity multi-reaction monitoring mode. The validation showed acceptable results for most parameters. In addition, a comparison with commercially available Strata-X cartridges was completed, revealing superior recovery performance of the molecularly imprinted polymer. In conclusion, molecularly imprinted polymers represent a novel and efficient method for selective solid-phase extraction of phototoxic furanocoumarins.

Abstract This study describes methodologies for extracting and isolating bergenin, a C-glucoside of 4-O-methylgallic acid found in some plants and it presents various in vitro and in vivo biological activities. Bergenin was previously obtained from the Pelthophorum dubim (Fabaceae) roots with a good yield. Conventional chromatographic procedures of the CHCl3 soluble fraction of the MeOH extract gave 3.62% of this glucoside. An HPLC/DAD method was also developed and validated for bergenin and its precursor, gallic acid quantifications. Microwave extractions with different solvents were tested to optimize the extraction of bergenin, varying the temperature and time. MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction) was more efficient than conventional extraction procedures, giving a higher yield of bergenin per root mass (0.45% vs. 0.0839%). Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) based on bergenin as the template molecule, methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized and characterized by FTIR and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Bergenin adsorption experiments using MIP and NIP followed by molecular imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) showed that MIP had a higher selectivity for bergenin than NIP. A dendrochronological study using the proposed method for detection and quantification of gallic acid and bergenin in five P. dubium growth rings of a 31-year-old heartwood and in the phelloderm and barks indicated that bergenin was more abundant in the 11–14th growth rings of the heartwood and decreased from the heartwood to the barks.

Several new sensing technologies have emerged to meet the escalating demand for accurate and rapid diagnosis. We present an overview of the development of highly sensitive and selective Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF)-based sensors in a liquid environment, which will be critically important for contemporary diagnostic methods reliant on sensing technologies. The purpose of this study is to modify QTF prongs using molecularly imprinted chitosan, in combination with the operation of a quartz tuning fork as a piezoelectric crystal for biomedical applications. Through real-time data acquisition, we evaluate QTF resonance frequency shifts in dry and liquid environments using a model protein, BSA. As a result, the QTF-based sensor fails to detect BSA in dry conditions. It is however possible to measure frequency shifts ranging from 5 to 25 µg /mL within a liquid matrix. There is a rapid equilibration response time of 2 to 10 minutes depending on the concentration of BSA in the sensor. With the developed QTF-based sensor, a sensitivity of 1.1069 Hz/ µg has been achieved within the liquid matrix. As a result of the excellent properties of molecularly imprinted chitosan, it has been possible to develop a QTF-based biosensor capable of acquiring real-time data even when it is in liquid solutions.

A novel and environmentally friendly molecularly imprinted polymer (PCA-MIP) was successfully synthesized in an aqueous solution for the selective extraction of protocatechuic acid (PCA). In this study, a deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride/methacrylic acid, 1:2, mol/mol) and chitosan were employed as the eco-friendly functional monomers. These two components interacted with PCA through hydrogen bonding, integrating a multitude of recognition sites within the PCA-MIP. Thus, the resulting PCA-MIP exhibited outstanding adsorption performance, rapid adsorption rate, and better selectivity, with a maximum binding capacity of 30.56 mg/g and an equilibrium time of 30 min. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses revealed that the synthesized polymers possessed a uniform morphology and substantial surface areas, which were conducive to their adsorption properties. Moreover, the PCA-MIP integrated with HPLC demonstrated its efficacy as an adsorbent for the selective extraction of PCA from mango juice. The PCA-MIP presented itself as an exemplary adsorbent, offering a highly effective and eco-friendly method for the enrichment of PCA from complex matrices.

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based disposable electrochemical sensor for dipyridamole (DIP) determination was obtained. The sensor was rapidly prepared by potentiodynamic electrochemical polymerization on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) using curcumin (CUR) as a functional monomer and DIP as a template molecule. After the optimization of the conditions (pH, monomer–template ratio, scan rate, number of cyclic voltammetric cycles applied in the electro-polymerization process and extraction time of the template molecule) for MIP formation, DIP voltammetric behavior at the modified electrode (MIP_PGE) was investigated. DIP oxidation took place in a pH-dependent, irreversible mixed diffusion-adsorption controlled process. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV) were used to quantify DIP from pharmaceutical and tap water samples. Under optimized conditions (Britton–Robinson buffer at pH = 3.29), the obtained linear ranges were 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−5 mol/L and 5.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−7 mol/L DIP for DPV and AdSDPV, respectively. The limits of detection of the methods were 1.47 × 10−8 mol/L for DPV and 3.96 × 10−9 mol/L DIP for AdSDPV.

Teicoplanin has been banned in the veterinary field due to the drug resistance of antibiotics. However, teicoplanin residue from the antibiotic abuse of humans and animals poses a threat to people’s health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient way for the highly accurate and reliable detection of teicoplanin from humans, food, and water. In this study, novel imprinted quantum dots of teicoplanin were prepared based on boronate affinity-based precisely controlled surface imprinting. The imprinting factor (IF) for teicoplanin was evaluated and reached a high value of 6.51. The results showed excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards teicoplanin. The relative fluorescence intensity was inversely proportional to the concentration of teicoplanin, in the range of 1.0–17 μM. And its limit of detection (LOD) was obtained as 0.714 μM. The fluorescence quenching process was mainly controlled by a static quenching mechanism via the non-radiative electron-transfer process between QDs and the five-membered cyclic boronate esters. The recoveries for the spiked urine, milk, and water samples ranged from 95.33 to 104.17%, 91.83 to 97.33, and 94.22 to 106.67%, respectively.

Abstract Background Cyanazine (CYZ) is one of the triazine herbicides to prevent broadleaf grass and weeds in crops. Despite its affordability and productivity in increasing crop yield, the extensive usage of CYZ contributes to environmental pollution and poses risks to living organisms. Most research has focused on detecting CYZ in the environment and its toxicity to humans and the ecosystem. For these reasons, molecular imprinting technology (MIT) can be applied to produce an effective adsorbent material of high binding affinity and selectivity towards its target compound which is known as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In this study, MIP was prepared by precipitation polymerization using CYZ as a template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) as functional monomers, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker in the ratio of 1:6:12, respectively. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, pH, and polymer dosages on the adsorption efficiencies of MIPs were also investigated in this study. Results MIPs of CYZ were successfully synthesized by precipitation polymerization method with a non-covalent approach using different functional monomers such as methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 4-vinylpyridine (4VP). For the comparison study, the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was synthesized without the addition of CYZ, the template molecule. The FTIR analysis indicated the interactions among CYZ and functional monomers (MAA, AAm or 4VP) in the presence of EGDMA as a cross-linker. The FESEM analysis showed that only MIP (AAm) and NIP (AAm) had regular and spherical polymer particles while MIP (MAA), NIP (MAA), MIP (4VP) and NIP (4VP) were agglomerated and irregular in shape. The EDX analysis showed that the MIPs were mainly composed of carbon and oxygen. Meanwhile, the BET analysis of MIP (AAm) had higher surface area, total pore volume and average pore radius than that NIP (AAm). Based on the batch binding study, MIP (AAm) (83.30%) had the highest binding efficiency than the MIP (MAA) (76.96%) and MIP (2VP) (76.90%) at a contact time of 240 min. The optimum conditions for the highest binding efficiency of MIP (AAm) were obtained at an initial concentration of 6 ppm, pH 7 and polymer dosage of 0.1 g polymer beads. The adsorption efficiency of MIP (AAm) with CYZ at the optimum parameters resulted in 86.39%. The selectivity test showed that MIP (AAm) was more selective towards CYZ than AME, the competitive compound with relative selectivity coefficient of 2.36. The kinetic isotherm of MIP (AAm) was best explained according to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model while the adsorption isotherm of MIP (AAm) was based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The MIP (AAm) was tested in the distilled water (DIW), tap water and river water spiked with CYZ and a substantial amount of CYZ was removed with a recovery of 86.67%, 84.75% and 84.69%, respectively. Conclusion The MIPs of CYZ were successfully synthesized by the precipitation polymerization method using different functional monomers. Among those MIPs, MIP (AAm) showed the highest rebinding efficiency and therefore this MIP was selected for further studies. The best combination of CYZ, AAm was the main factor that contributed to the morphological and chemical properties, as well as the efficiency and selective binding performance of MIP (AAm). Since MIP (AAm) showed a substantial removal efficiency of CYZ in the environment specifically water sources, it has the capability to act as an adsorbent material for various purposes such as solid-phase extraction techniques and a stationary phase in various chromatographic techniques. Graphical Abstract

Uric acid is a naturally occurring antioxidant that must be maintained in the human body at 1.49–4.46 mM to prevent hyperuricemia, which may lead in the formation of monosodium urate (MSU) and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. The objective of this research is to examine molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors that simulate the biological mechanism of uricase oxidase. As an affordable working electrode, commercial pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polypyrrole. With a 1:10 uric acid to monomer ratio, 20 cycles of polymerization, 100 mV s−1 of polymerization rate, and 30 cycles of template removal, the optimum MIP was obtained. By employing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to detect the presence of uric acid over the range of 0.22–3.5 mM, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.76 mM, with a sensitivity of 97.459 µA µM−1 cm−2. This sensor demonstrated good repeatability and reproducibility, with relative standard deviation percentage (%RSD) of 3.43 % (n = 10) and 5.37 % (n = 3), respectively, which maintains a performance stability of 71 % after 19 days of use. This sensor also detected uric acid with good selectivity, even in the presence of interfering molecules including K+, Na+, sarcosine, citric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose, and dopamine.

Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in India. An early stage detection of this disease will reduce the burden on healthcare industry and prevent many fatalities. Here a MIP sensor is fabricated to detect Salmonella typhi bacteria through its antigenic epitope sequence identified through immunoinformatic tools. Epitope imprinting through multiple monomers was utilized to deposit the sensing matrix on gold coated electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) electrode. Methacrylic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and benzyl methacrylate were used as monomers while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and azobisisobutyronitrile was used as initiator. The analytical performance of MIP-EQCM sensor was studied by electrochemical as well as piezoelectric measurements. Selectivity of sensor was examined thorugh mismatched peptide sequences and certain plasma proteins also. The detection limit was found to be 0.27 ng mL−1 by DPV and 0.87 ng mL−1 by piezoelectric measurements. The sensor exhibited high selectivity towards imprinted epitope. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated the specific and selective detection in real sample of typhoid infected patients. Thus, the proposed MIP-EQCM sensor could be proposed as diagnostic tool for typhoid fever.

Abstract Blocking the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 has become an effective strategy in inhibition of tumor immune escape. At present, it mainly depends on the employment of macromolecular antibodies, which target PD-1/PD-L1 protein through binding one of PD-1 or PD-L1 domains. In this study, we present a different strategy, an aptamer modified molecularly imprinted polymer layer (APD–PD-L1–MIPL), to break PD-1/PD-L1 binding for the inhibition of tumor immune escape. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL is prepared by a MIP layer on the surface of CaCO3 nanospheres using the peptide segment of the PD-L1 protein as a template. The subsequent removal of CaCO3 nanospheres core formats the MIP layer, to ensure high specifically matching capacity and short equilibrium time. A PD-L1 antagonistic DNA aptamer, is modified into the MIP layer to enhance recognition capacity, resulting in dual-targeting functionality. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL is able to bind PD-L1 and allow suppressing the engagement of PD-L1 with PD-1, inducing to block of the downstream signaling pathways and, therefore, restore T cell function and inhibition of cancer growth. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL can quantitatively detect the bound proteins and the LOD of APD–PD-L1–MIPL is 0.003 mg mL−1. This strategy enables provide a new idea for tumor immunotherapy.

This study focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor tailored for the selective determination of 4,4′-oxydianiline (4,4′-ODA) in plastic products. Notably, by integrating the sensor matrix with pyrolyzed copper/carbon material derived from Cu-BTC MOF, a remarkable enhancement in electrochemical performance is achieved. The Cu-BTC material is grown successfully on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and subjected to calcination at 800 °C, yielding a CNT/Cu/C composite. This composite exhibits an increased surface area and enhanced electron transfer capability, resulting in an improved current response. To augment the selective detection capability of the modified electrodes for 4,4′-ODA, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were incorporated onto the composite surface. The modified electrode (CNT-2/Cu/C/MIP/GCE) was synthesized using acrylamide (AM) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as dual-functional monomers with 4,4′-ODA as a template molecule via precipitation polymerization. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) current response to 4,4′-ODA showed a favorable linear relationship within the concentration range of (0.15–10 μM,10–100 μM), with a detection limit of 0.05 μM. Moreover, the CNT-2/Cu/C/MIP/GCE sensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity, specificity, consistency, and durability. Furthermore, this approach has proven effective in detecting 4,4′-ODA in spiked nylon spatula samples, with recovery rates ranging from 86.3% to 103.5%.

Acne vulgaris, a prevalent skin condition, arises from an imbalance in skin flora, fostering bacterial overgrowth. Addressing this issue, clindamycin molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (Clin-MIP) loaded onto polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds were developed for acne treatment. Clin-MIP was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as functional monomers, crosslinkers, and free-radical initiators, respectively. MIP characterization utilized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before being incorporated into polyurethane nanofibers through electrospinning. Further analysis involved FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release studies, and an ex vivo study. Clin-MIP showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.39 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. It significantly dropped the bacterial count from 1 × 108 to 39 × 101 CFU/mL in vivo and has bactericidal activity within 180 min of incubation in vitro. The pharmacodynamic and histopathology studies revealed a significant decrease in infected animal skin inflammation, epidermal hypertrophy, and congestion upon treatment with Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofiber and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) conducive to acne healing. Consequently, the recently created Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold. This innovative approach offers insight into creating materials with several uses for treating infectious wounds caused by acne.

In this study, a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160) with a metal-organic backbone (Fe3O4@MOF) carrier was prepared using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a template. The material can be used for the efficient, rapid, and selective extraction of trace amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food and can detect them via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The synthesis conditions of the materials were optimized to prepare the Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 with the highest adsorption performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), Vibration Sample Magnetic (VSM), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method were used to characterize the materials. Compared with Fe3O4@MOF and the magnetic non-imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@NIP), Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 possesses the advantages of easy and rapid manipulation of magnetic materials, the advantages of high specific surface area and the stability of metal–organic frameworks, and the advantages of high selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers. Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 has good recognition and adsorption capacity for di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): the adsorption capacity for DBP and DEHP is 260 mg·g−1 and 240.2 mg·g−1, and the adsorption rate is fast (reaching equilibrium in about 20 min). Additionally, Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 could be recycled six times, making it cost-effective, easy to operate, and time-saving as compared to traditional solid-phase extraction materials. The phthalate ester content in drinking water, fruit juice, and white wine was analyzed, with recoveries ranging from 70.3% to 100.7%. This proved that Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 was suitable for detecting and removing PAEs from food matrices.

This study addresses the necessity to monitor the presence of glyphosate (Gly) in waters, highlighting the need for on-site detection of Gly by using electrochemical sensors in environmental and agricultural monitoring programs. Two approaches were employed: (1) modification with graphene decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Gr) and dispersed in either dimethylformamide (DMF) or a solution containing Nafion and isopropanol (NAF), and (2) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on polypyrrole (PPy) deposited on gold SPEs (AuSPE). Electrochemical characterization revealed that sensors made of AuNPs-Gr/SPCE exhibited enhanced conductivity, larger active area, and improved charge transfer kinetics compared to unmodified SPEs and SPEs modified with graphene alone. However, the indirect detection mechanism of Gly via complex formation with metallic cations in AuNPs-Gr-based sensors introduces complexities and compromises sensitivity and selectivity. In contrast, MIPPy/AuSPE sensors demonstrated superior performance, offering enhanced reliability and sensitivity for Gly analysis. The MIPPy/AuSPE sensor allowed the detection of Gly concentrations as low as 5 ng/L, with excellent selectivity and reproducibility. Moreover, testing in real surface water samples from the Olt River in Romania showed recovery rates ranging from 90% to 99%, highlighting the effectiveness of the detection method. Future perspectives include expanding the investigation to monitor Gly decomposition in aquatic environments over time, providing insights into the decomposition’s long-term effects on water quality and ecosystem health, and modifying regulatory measures and agricultural practices for mitigating its impact. This research contributes to the development of robust and reliable electrochemical sensors for on-site monitoring of Glyphosate in environmental and agricultural settings.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a class of drugs that have found broad application in cancer therapies. These include imatinib, the first TKI used as an inhibitor of BCR-ABL kinase to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia, as well as second generation (e.g., nilotinib and dasatinib) and third generation (e.g., ponatinib) TKIs with increased potency, specificity, and binding site affinity specificity. Although the evolution of TKIs have brought dramatic increases to life expectancy, adverse events are likely due to the relatively high dosage required for treatment and the high pharmacokinetic variability between individuals. Therapeutic drug monitoring can be employed to fine tune the dosage for better control of the treatment. In this work, we present an extraction system that incorporates a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) capable of the rapid extraction of four TKIs: imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib from human plasma. The system is comprised of 96 thin-film microextraction devices in a standard flat-bottomed 96-well plate, which allows for rapid and reproducible concurrent TKIs extraction with determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Extraction, washing, and desorption protocols are simplified, with minimal manual handling and can be fully automated. Inter-device and batch-to-batch variability is low (∼5%), commending these for single-use applications. The linear ranges for all four TKIs are broad, with limits of detection and quantification far below the lowest clinically significant values and upper limits above the therapeutic ranges. Overall, these devices would be suitable for clinical applications or therapeutic drug monitoring of dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib, either individually or in any combination.

Objective: Construction of a simple and rapid method for the analysis of ganoderic acid A （GAA）. Methods: The molecular imprinted polymer （MIP） that can specifically recognize ganoderic acid A （GAA） were prepared by cyclic voltammetric deposition using GAA as template molecule and o-phenylenediamine as functional monomer. The structure, morphology and electrochemical behavior of MIP were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods. Using [Fe（CN）6]3-/4- as the active indicator, the analytical performance of the sensor for GAA was investigated. Porous MIP for GAA can be prepared on the electrode surface by one-step electropolymerization. Results: The results of quantitative analysis showed that the electrochemical signal of [Fe（CN）6]3-/4- had a good linear relationship with the logarithm of GAA concentration in the range of 1.0 pmol/L～1.0 μmol/L, and the detection limit was 0.21 pmol/L. The measured values of GAA in ethanol and water-soluble solution of Ganoderma lucidum powder were 1.15 nmol/L and 3.00 pmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: The MIP-based GAA electrochemical sensor can be used for the rapid determination of GAA in extract solution of Ganoderma lucidum powder.

The purpose of this study is to synthesize a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for use in an electropolymerization approach to separate bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) from curcuminoid. The template molecule used is 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) serving as a water soluble template with a similar molecular structure to BDMC. Pyrrole is used as the functional monomer (FM). The synthesized ultrathin polymer was reproducible and homogeneous, prepared with a gold electrode. An optimization of conditions to remove the template from the ultrathin film was carried out. The analyte rebinding was investigated with Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Fourier Transform Infra-Red characterized the functional groups before and after washing out the template. An electrodeposition of polymers was achieved at -400 Hz of thickness in 1000 s. The rebinding study showed that adsorption capacity of MIP was higher than that of NIP. Regarding selectivity the BDMC had a higher binding affinity to the MIP than to Curcumin (CUR). MIP sensor demonstrated the ability to discriminate target analyte against a very close analog, curcumin, and exhibited good recovery for use in herbal medicine.

The excess use of artificial sweeteners poses a serious issue to the environment and human health. Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener excessively used as an alternative sugar substitute in various foods and beverages. Here a simple, selective and rapid method to determine Ace-K in dietary products is proposed. In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor is designed for the sensitive and selective determination of Ace-K. MIP was developed by the electropolymerization of ortho-phenylenediamine (o-PD) thin film around template molecules (Ace-K) on a glassy carbon electrode. Various parameters such as deposition cycle, template removal and rebinding parameters were optimized for sensor fabrication. The sensor was characterized after each stage of fabrication using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The MIP sensor exhibited wide linear range for the determination of Ace-K from 0.1 to 17.0 μM. The developed sensor attained the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.35 µM and 1.2 µM, respectively. The applicability of the proposed sensor was examined for Ace-K determination in real samples. The MIP sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, repeatability, stability and commercialization potential for Ace-K detection.

Diabetes is a primary factor that is accountable for health problems and results in millions of deaths. 4 million deaths approximately occurred due to diabetes every year and about 170 million people are suffering universally. For diabetes, no treatment is present that promises to cure this condition. Only blood glucose monitoring is recommended for diabetics. Regular and close monitoring of glucose levels can help to avoid further serious problems. Determining the level of glucose in the blood is an important requirement. This is done by monitoring the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is a biomarker for glucose. But HbA1c monitoring is unreliable in the presence of certain medical conditions. In such cases another biomarker glycated albumin (GA) is used for glucose monitoring as it remains unaffected by such conditions. As a result, a bimetallic nanomaterial-based sensitive platform was created. This research focuses on the development of a biosensor that utilizes micro-screen printed electrodes (μSPE). The platform was designed to measure the level of GA and demonstrated the synergistic effects of bi-metallic gold-platinum (Au-Pt) nanomaterial. Additionally, the electrochemical response of mono-metallic and bi-metallic nanoparticles was investigated in order to detect glycated albumin, a diabetes biomarker. The biosensor constructed using bimetallic nanoparticles exhibits a broad range of concentrations, lower limit of detection, heightened sensitivity, and selectivity.

An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was carried out via cyclic voltammetry on low-volume (20 μL) screen-printed carbon electrodes (C-SPE) in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((BMIM) TFSI). An easy and rapid washing treatment allowed us to obtain the resulting MIP film, directly used for tyr electrochemical detection, carried out amperometrically. The sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 15–200 μM, with LOD of 1.04 µM, LOQ of 3.17 μM and good performance in selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Tyrosine amperometric detection was also carried out in human plasma, resulting in a satisfactory recovery estimation. The work represents the first use of BT2-T4 as a functional monomer for the production of a molecularly imprinted polymer, with a green approach afforded by using a few microliters of a room temperature ionic liquid as an alternative to common organic solvents on screen-printed carbon electrodes, resulting in a valuable system that meets the green chemistry guidelines, which is today an essential criterion in both research and application field.

Molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to produce stable polymeric materials due to their highly selective binding sites to determine the analyte (target molecule) in food products. MIPs begin with a complex compound between the template molecule and the functional monomers that can be polymerized when there is a closely crossed link. MIPs left specific cavities after the removal of templates during washing, which complements the size and shape of the templates. The use of MIPs has contributed to novel advances in materials science, polymer science, natural science, and other multi-disciplinary systems. Optical chemical sensor is an exciting field in MIPs today due to comprehend the unique affirmation limit of associated polymers giving stable polymers with high molecular recognition capabilities. MIPs display a wide extent of relevance, incredible flexibility, security, and high selectivity; their internal affirmation districts can be explicitly gotten together with design molecules to achieve specific affirmation. This review covers the various achievements of sensors used in laboratory analyses. The advancement in the development of MIPs is evaluated with an accentuation on the preparation principle, the discovery process, the molecular recognition mechanism and future perspectives and challenges for MIPs in building an optical chemical sensor.

The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is useful for measuring the amount of riboflavin (vitamin B2), in various samples using UV/Vis instruments. The practical optimization of the MIP synthesis conditions has a number of drawbacks, like the need to spend money, the need to spend time, the use of the compounds that cause contamination, needing laboratory equipment and tools. Using machine learning (ML) to predict the amount of riboflavin absorbance is a creative solution to overcome the problems and shortcomings of optimizing polymer synthesis conditions. In fact, by using the model without needing real work in the laboratory, the optimum laboratory conditions are determined, and as a result the maximized absorption of the riboflavin is obtained. In this paper, MIP was synthesized for selective extraction of the riboflavin, and UV/Vis spectrophotometry was used to quantitatively measure riboflavin absorbance. Various factors affect the performance of the polymer. The effect of six important factors, including the molar ratio of the template, the molar ratio of monomer, the molar ratio of cross-linker, loading time, stirring rate, and pH, were investigated. Then, using ensemble ML algorithms, like gradient boosting (GB), extra trees (ET), random forest (RF), and Ada boost (Ada) algorithms, an accurate model was created to predict the riboflavin absorption. Also, the mutual information feature selection method was used to determine the important features. The results of using feature selection method was shown that variables such as the molar ratio of the template, the molar ratio of the monomer, and the molar ratio of the cross-linker had a high effect on riboflavin absorbance. The GB and Ada boost algorithms performed better than ET and RF algorithms. After tuning the n-estimator hyper parameter (n-estimator = 300), the GB algorithm was shown an excellent performance in predicting the absorbance of riboflavin and the maximum R2-scoring of the model was obtained at 0.965995, the minimum of the mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE) of the model respectively were obtained −0.003711 and −0.000078. Therefore, by using the proposed model, it is possible to predict riboflavin absorbance theoretically, and with high accuracy by changing the inputs of model, and using the model instead of working in the lab saves time, money, chemical compounds, and lab ware.

A sensitive electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor was fabricated for detection of ezetimibe (Eze) as an effective cholesterol absorption inhibitor on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode based on a magnetic nanoparticle decorated with MIP (Fe3O4@MIP). Placing the magnetic nanoparticle inside the MIP increases the biocompatibility, surface-to-volume ratio, and sensitivity of the sensor. Methacrylic acid (MAA) was used as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, and Eze as a template. The fabricated Fe3O4@MIP was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detection of Eze was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry. Using this sensor, Eze can be sensitively detected in the range of 1.0 nM–10 μM and detection limit of 0.7 nM. In addition, we have shown that the proposed sensor successfully detects different concentrations of Eze in human serum samples and thus proves its practical application.

Antibiotics are a category of chemical compounds used to treat bacterial infections and are widely applied in cultivation, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and pharmacy. Currently, residual antibiotics and their metabolites pose a potential risk of allergic reactions, bacterial resistance, and increased cancer incidence. Residual antibiotics and the resulting bacterial antibiotic resistance have been recognized as a global challenge that has attracted increasing attention. Therefore, monitoring antibiotics is a critical way to limit the ecological risks from antibiotic pollution. Accordingly, it is desirable to devise new analytical platforms to achieve efficient antibiotic detection with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Quantum dots (QDs) are regarded as an ideal material for use in the development of antibiotic detection biosensors. In this review, we characterize different types of QDs, such as silicon, chalcogenide, carbon, and other doped QDs, and summarize the trends in QD-based antibiotic detection. QD-based sensing applications are classified according to their recognition strategies, including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), aptamers, and immunosensors. We discuss the advantages of QD-derived antibiotic sensors, including low cost, good sensitivity, excellent stability, and fast response, and illustrate the current challenges in this field.

This paper presents a novel electrochemical sensor based on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with molecularly imprinted graphene oxide/zinc oxide nanocomposites for a sensitive detection of andrographolide. This is the first report of the novel method of electroanalytical determination of andrographolide through a modified PGE. The modified PGE was successfully fabricated and characterized. Then, quantitative analyses were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The optimum conditions for this analysis were the supporting electrolyte containing 0.1 M KCl and 0.001 M K3Fe(CN)6, citrate buffer of pH 4, modulation amplitude of 50 mV, and scan rate of 10 mV/s. Under optimized parameters, a good linear response was obtained for andrographolide detection by DPV with a range of 50–145 µM and a detection limit of 42.6 µM. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the three measurements is 1.47%, which shows the excellent repeatability of the proposed method, while reproducibility analysis produced a R.S.D. value of 4.46%. The proposed technique with optimum conditions exhibited good selectivity towards the detection of andrographolide in the presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cyclodextrin. This method was successfully applied to determine andrographolide in real water samples, and the results are comparable with the established method.

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.

The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of utilising molecularly imprinted polycarbazole layers to detect highly toxic picric acid (PA) and to provide information about their performance. Quantum chemical calculations showed that strong interactions occur between PA and carbazole (bond energy of approximately 31 kJ/mol), consistent with the theoretical requirements for effective molecular imprinting. The performance of the sensors, however, was found to be highly limited, with the observed imprinting factor values for polycarbazole (PCz) layers being 1.77 and 0.95 for layers deposited on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, respectively. Moreover, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers showed worse performance than unmodified Pt or GC electrodes, for which the lowest limit of detection (LOD) values were determined (LOD values of 0.09 mM and 0.26 mM, respectively, for bare Pt and MIP PCz/Pt, as well as values of 0.11 mM and 0.57 mM for bare GC and MIP PCz/GC). The MIP layers also showed limited selectivity and susceptibility to interfering agents. An initial hypothesis on the reasons for such performance was postulated based on the common properties of conjugated polymers.

ABSTRACT: As a food adapted to all kinds of people, milk has a high nutritional value. Because milk is a complex biological matrix, detecting illegal compounds is often difficult. As a common pesticide, organophosphorus (OP) residues caused by nonstandard use may be ignored, which is a threat to milk quality. In this study, using coumaphos as template molecule, the synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) can specifically recognize 7 kinds of OP. Then, the MIP was used as an identification element to prepare a chemiluminescence sensor on a 96-well microplate for the determination of OP residues in milk samples. Due to the 4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenol-enhanced luminol-H2O2 system, the sensitivity of the system is very high; the detection limits of 7 OP including coumaphos, fenthion, chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon, fenchlorphos, and fenitrothion were 1 to 3 pg/mL, and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations were 1 to 20 ng/mL. The intraday recoveries of 7 OP were in the range of 86.1 to 86.5%, and the interday recoveries were in the range of 83.6 to 94.2%. Furthermore, the sensor can be reused up to 5 times. Therefore, the MIP-based chemiluminescence sensor can be used as a routine tool to detect OP residues in milk samples.

Abstract Background In this research, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and employed as a sorbent for pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction of profenofos insecticide in seawater, rice, and fish samples. The instrument employed for quantitation was spectrophotometry. Results Various factors affecting the microextraction protocol, including type and volume of the elution solvent, weight of MIP, pH and volume of sample solution, and number of cycles of loading and desorption were considered and optimized using one-factor-at-a-time, central composite design and Box-Behnken design. Factors optimized at: pH 4.0, amount of sorbent 2.5 mg, volume of methanol:acetic (9:1) acid as eluent 250 µL, both the number of extraction and elution cycles 5, and volume of sample 8.0 mL. At optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 31 was achieved and the linearity range of the method was between 1.0 and 1000.0 µg/L. A good detection limit of 0.33 µg/L with a reproducibility better than 5.6% (as RSD) was observed. Conclusion The technique showed good analytical features for determination of profenofos in seawater, rice, and fish samples. Simplicity of operation of spectrophotometry and lack of using expensive HPLC grade solvents are other points of strengths of this method. The total analysis time was about 10 min, which is far less than techniques such as HPLC. Comparison between optimization with central composite design and Box–Behnken design showed better performance of the former.

Rapid and effective analysis of foodborne bacteria is crucial for preventing and controlling bacterial infections. Here, we present the synthesis of a self-reporting molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as an inner reference probe (IR), and the in-situ growth of metal-organic frameworks on transition metal carbon nitrides (MOF/Ti 3 C 2 T X -MXene) as a signaling nanoprobe (SP). These advancements are then applied in a ratiometric electrochemical bioassay for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using a hybrid recognition mechanism. When S. aureus is present, the aptamer-integrated MIP (MIP@Apt) efficiently captures it, followed by binding with SP to form a sandwich structure. This leads to decreased current response of IR (I IR ) and increased current intensity of SP (I sp ), enabling quantification through utilization of the I SP to I IR ratio. The biosensor shows a wide detection range (10-10 8  CFU mL -1 ) and low detection limit of 1.2 CFU mL -1 . Its feasibility for testing complex samples indicates the potential application in food analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Trichlorfon (TCF) has the possibility of contaminating agricultural crops and posing some health risks to humans. Herein, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Fe, Cu dual-atom catalysts (Fe/Cu-N-C DACs) and Au@Luminol was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of TCF. Fe/Cu-N-C with diatomic sites has a very high catalytic activity and can be used as a co-reaction accelerator to activate H 2 O 2 to generate a large number of hydroxyl radicals which triggered a strong cathodic ECL signal of luminol. TCF molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was further introduced as a specific recognition element, and the interaction between the template molecule and the functional monomer was verified by molecular docking technique. The developed sensing platform was successfully applied to the ultrasensitive detection of TCF with a linear range from 1.0 pg/mL to 5.0 μg/mL with a low detection limit (0.39 pg/mL). This study broadens the application of DACs in ECL sensing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that might appear to influence the work reported herein., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

For the first time, a Ti 3 C 2 T x -MXene and poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) composite-modified electrode has been developed for electrochemical detection of the bilirubin (BR) by molecularly imprinted ortho-phenylenediamine (o-PD). BR is a biomarker for liver-related diseases. High levels of BR imply liver dysfunction; hence, its exact and rapid measurement is indispensable to its immediate diagnosis and treatment. The synergistic effects of MXene and PEDOT: PSS not only enhanced the electrochemical conductivity and provided a large electroactive surface area for better MIP polymerization but also improved the sensitivity, stability, and electro-catalytic activity of the developed electrode. This is the first study to combine MXene/PEDOT: PSS and molecularly imprinted orthophenylenediamine for BR sensing, which individually have demonstrated potential, but whose combined effects have never been explored in the context of BR detection. The successful synthesis and deposition of composite is confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical properties and surface morphology of the prepared electrode at every modification step were characterized by electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and FESEM respectively. The MXene/PEDOT: PSS composite as an electrode modifier exhibited sensing of BR in the clinical relevant range of BR in human serum 0.1-20 mg/dL with a detection limit of 0.002 mg/dL. Additionally, the prepared electrode has excellent reproducibility, stability, selectivity, and repeatability and also showed acceptable results for the sensing of BR in human serum sample., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

The highly selective and sensitive determination of pesticide residues in food is critical for human health protection. Herein, the specific selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was proposed to construct an electrochemical sensor for the detection of carbendazim (CBD), one of the famous broad-spectrum fungicides, by combining with the synergistic effect of bioelectrocatalysis and nanocomposites. Gold nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide (AuNP-rGO) composites were electrodeposited on a polished glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Then the MIP films were electropolymerized on the surface of the nanolayer using CBD as the template molecule and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as the monomer. The detection sensitivity of CBD on the heterogeneous structure films was greatly amplified by AuNP-rGO composites and the bioelectrochemical oxidation of glucose, which was catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOD) with the help of mediator in the underlying solution. The developed sensor showed high selectivity, good reproducibility, and excellent stability towards CBD with the linear range from 2.0 × 10 -9 to 7.0 × 10 -5 M, and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.68 nM (S/N = 3). The expected system would provide a new idea for the development of simple and sensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIESs).

Herein, a photoinduced method is introduced for the synthesis of highly cross-linked and uniform polymer microspheres by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature and in the absence of stabilizers or surfactants. Uniform particles are obtained at monomer concentrations as high as 10% (by volume), with polymers being exempt from contamination by residual transition metal catalysts, thereby overcoming the two major longstanding problems associated with thermally initiated ATRP-mediated precipitation polymerization. Moreover, the obtained particles have also immobilized ATRP initiators on their surface, which directly enables the controlled growth of densely grafted polymer layers with adjustable thickness and a well-defined chemical composition. The method is then employed successfully for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres., (© 2024 The Author(s). Macromolecular Rapid Communications published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The development of high photoactive cathode materials combined with the formation of a stable interface are considered important factors for the selective and sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection of tetracycline (TC). Along these lines, in this work, a novel type II heterostructure composed of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks confined to zero-dimensional (0D) carbon quantum dots (CDs/COFs) film was successfully synthesized using the rapid in-situ polymerization method at room temperature. The PEC signal of CDs/COFs was significantly amplified by improving the light absorption and electron transfer capabilities. Furthermore, a cathodic molecularly imprinted PEC sensor (MIP-PEC) for the detection of TC was constructed through fast in-situ Ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization on the electrode. Finally, a "turn-off" PEC cathodic signal was achieved based on the selective recognition of the imprinted cavity and the mechanism of steric hindrance increase. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor demonstrated a wide linear relationship with TC in the concentration range of 5.00 × 10 -12 -1.00 × 10 -5  M, with a detection limit as low as 6.00 × 10 -13  M. Meanwhile, excellent stability, selectivity, reproducibility, and applicability in real river samples was recorded. Our work provides an effective and rapid in situ construction method for fabricating highly photoactive cathode heterojunctions and uniform stable selective MIP-PEC sensing interfaces, yielding accurate antibiotics detection in the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work represents the first successful application of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of the first developed proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BOR). BOR is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mantle cell lymphoma. It shows its desired effect through the boronate group and can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. The MIP-based electrochemical sensor design includes the integration of green-synthesized saffron-based copper nanoflowers (CuNFs) from Crocus sativus L. to increase the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) was selected as the functional monomer along with other MIP components. Detailed characterizations of the developed CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor and CuNFs were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The indirect measurement approach using 5.0 mM [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-/4- solution was used to determine BOR in the linear range of 2.5 × 10 -13  M - 2.5 × 10 -12  M (0.25-2.5 pM). The LOD and LOQ values of the sensor obtained at the fM level (29 fM and 96.7 fM), which has a linear response in the commercial human serum sample in the same concentration range, emphasize its sensitivity (1.89 × 10 13 and 2.14 × 10 13  μA/M for standard solution and serum). The repeatability and reproducibility of the sensor were between 0.87 % and 2.17 %, showing its reliability. The successful performance of the sensor in the presence of metabolites belonging to BOR demonstrates its unique selectivity. The selectivity was demonstrated via relative imprinting factor (IF') values (higher than 3.5) against BOR's metabolites. The stability of the CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor was found to be 5 days., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a marine biotoxin whose biosynthesis is associated with the pufferfish. Its distribution is primarily focused in Asian and tropical marine areas. Currently, this group of toxins is classified as emerging in Europe, and its presence could be related to climate change. This incidence has prompted the European Union, with the European Food Safety Authority, to establish control and monitoring mechanisms for TTX in marine products in Europe. In this context, the development of analytical tools capable of ensuring the safety of food products, especially seafood and fish, is a crucial task. This study describes the development of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for the analysis of TTX. The MIP was synthesized through the electropolymerization of a functional monomer, ortho-phenylenediamine in the presence of a dummy template, voglibose. The MIP sensor was constructed on a screen-printed gold electrode and characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Differential pulse voltammetry, using a redox probe ([Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-/4- ), was used in the analysis protocol. The developed sensor exhibited a linear response between 5.0 μg mL -1 and 25.0 μg mL -1 , with a limit of detection of 1.14 μg mL -1 . Its high imprinting efficiency conferred outstanding selectivity towards TTX. The sensor's applicability was confirmed through recovery assays on spiked mussel samples, achieving recoveries of 81.0 %, 110.2 %, and 102.5 % for external standard addition at 30.0, 44.0, and 60.0 μg kg -1 , respectively, with relative standard deviations below 15 %. These results are comparable to those obtained using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry, a validated method carried out by the European Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins. Thus, the MIP sensor represents a portable, simple, and fast tool with essential analytical functionalities for the sampling phase and pre-selection of laboratory samples for analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)