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AIM: To understand the prevalence of refractive state of primary school students in Haicheng district, Beihai city.METHODS: Cross-sectional study and cluster sampling were used. A total of 30 716 students aged 6 to 14 from 15 primary schools in Haicheng district, Beihai city, who had taken physical examination from October 2019 to January 2020, were selected for visual acuity and pupil diopter. SPSS17.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.RESULTS: In the eyes of the 15 primary schools monitored in this study, 30 716 cases had mild myopia(29.62%), 0.50D < astigmatism < 2.00D(25.43%), metropia(21.05%)and mild hyperopia(15.85%). With the growth of age, the proportion of emmetropia and farsightedness declined as awhole. The proportion of myopia is on the rise. A total of 1 894 cases of wearing glasses 3 788 eyes. The rate of poor vision was 23.30%, and the rate of qualified correction of frame glasses was 64.57%. Compared with the left eye, the difference was statistically significant, and the P50 of the right eye was more negative than that of the left eye. The equivalent spherical mirror was compared between boys and girls. The difference was statistically significant, and the P50 of equivalent spherical mirror of girls was more negative than that of boys.CONCLUSION: With the growth of age, the proportion of mild hyperopia and squarely eyes decreases year by year; The proportion of myopia increases year by year; Among the students with poor eyesight, the number of those who regularly wear glasses is small; However, after wearing glasses, there are still some students whose glasses are not up to standard. The refractive state of the right eye is more negative than that of the left eye; Female students tend to be more negative than male students in the refractive state.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and demographic characteristics of myopia among patients presenting to the national vitreo-retinal (VR) services in Bhutan. Methods: The records of the VR clinic at the apex national referral centre, providing the only VR services in the country, were reviewed to identify all new myopia patients over three years. Thus, we surveyed all referrals nationally. The patients were categorised into urban and rural females and males. We assessed myopia prevalence in each group by occupational and educational categories. We examined univariate prevalence data and a multivariate logistic regression (MLR) identified independent factors. Results: Of 2913 cases 1544 (53.0%) were males. Females presented earlier (mean ±SD): overall 45.7 ± 21.9 cf. 48.6 ± 21.6 years, p = 0.003, and among myopes 23.9 ± 13.5 cf. 27.6 ± 18.6 years, p = 0.032. Myopia constituted 92.1% of refractive error, an overall prevalence of 12.3%. Myopia was more common among females (p = 0.01) and urbanites (p = 0.02). Myopia prevalence was highest among urban females (20.9%), followed by urban males (11.9%), rural females (6.8%), and rural males (5.2%). Logistic regression revealed that the odds of having myopia were increased by being a student (4.96 ×) or professional (1.96 ×), and decreased by rural living (1.75 ×), all p ≤ 0.038. Conclusions: This is the first study on myopia in Bhutan. As observed throughout East and Southeast Asia, the prevalence of myopia was higher in females and urbanites and positively associated with formal education. Given known risk factors, these prevalences may be driven by educational pressures and reduced time spent outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in refractive, biometric and topographic ocular parameters among university students in Portugal during a 3-year period. Methods: A 3-year longitudinal study comprised 118 Portuguese university students from the School of Science (34 males and 84 females; mean age 20.6 ± 2.3 years). Ocular refraction, corneal curvature (CR) and eccentricity, and A-scan biometry were conducted under cycloplegia. The sphero-cylindrical refractive results were converted into vector representations ( M, J0 and J45) for statistical analysis. Myopia was defined as M ≤ −0.50 D, emmetropia as M > −0.50 D and < +0.50 D and hyperopia as M ≥ +0.50 D. Results: At the beginning of the study sphero-cylindrical refraction ( M) ranged from −6.75 to +3.00 D, with a mean value of 0.23 ± 1.46 D [mean ± standard deviation (S.D.)]. Eighty-three students presented astigmatism with a mean value (±S.D.) of −0.52 ± 0.41 D, and a maximum of −2.25 D. After 3 years the mean refractive change for the M component was −0.29 ± 0.38 D ( p < 0.001) and non-significant changes of 0.02 ± 0.16 D ( p = 0.281) for the J0 component and 0.01 ± 0.09 D ( p = 0.784) for the J45 component. Prevalence of myopia increased by 5.1%, while the prevalence of hyperopia decreased by 9.4%. Myopia progression ≥0.5 D was observed in 22% of the population. Axial length, vitreous chamber depth and lens thickness increased significantly while anterior chamber depth and central CR did not change significantly. Conclusions: This study shows a change in refraction towards myopia accompanied by a vitreous chamber elongation in a Portuguese population comprising science students during the first three years of their university course. Younger students were more likely to show clinically significant myopia progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of Asahikawa Medical University underwent measurements of the cycloplegic refractive error and axial length (AL), from 2011 to 2020. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were correlated significantly with the fiscal year of births (p = 0.004 and p = 0.034, respectively) only during enforcement of the system of high-pressure education. The SE and AL regression rates during the two educational approaches differed significantly (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high myopia was correlated significantly (p < 0.001) only during the system of high-pressure education. The regression of the prevalence rate of high myopia during the two education approaches differed significantly (p = 0.010). The progression rates of myopia and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education, suggesting that not only ophthalmologists but also educators and the government should work on together to control the progression of myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]