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Gold has been used since ancient times as a rejuvenator, and reproduction enhancer in males and can be used for alleviating reproductive toxicity. Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) exposure caused multiorgan toxicity, including reproductive organs. Therefore, a study was planned to assess the potential of lemon peel extract-mediated gold nanoparticles (LPGNP) on As and Pb-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. The LPGNP synthesized with lemon peel extract and HAuCl4 and characterized by UV-VIS spectral analysis, FTIR spectrometry, XRD analysis, Zeta potential measurement, NTA and FESEM. Sodium Arsenate and Lead Acetate were administered to rats @13.8mg/kg and 116.4 mg/kg, respectively for 14 days followed by LPGNP supplementation at @10 and 20 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Alterations in reproductive parameters, antioxidant enzymes and histopathology of testes were recorded from different groups. In the results, GNP formation is indicated by changes from pale yellow to dark purple color formation in a combined solution of lemon peel extract and HAuCl4 . The peak absorbance at 557 nm confirms the synthesis of GNP. The LPGNP measures from 10 nm to 120 nm and the concentration was found to be 2.5 X 109 particles/ml. Our study showed serum testosterone concentration, sperm motility, total sperm count, sperm abnormalities, and sperm viability altered significantly in As and Pb toxic groups whereas LPGNP supplementation caused marked improvement. In histopathology of the testis, As and Pb caused degenerative changes of seminiferous tubules and sloughing of spermatogenic cells. These changes were observed as minimal in LPGNP-treated rats. Thus, LPGNP supplementation caused significant improvement against As and Pb-induced deleterious effects on the reproductive system.

Abstract Infertility is a prevalent problem among 10% of people within their reproductive years. Sometimes, even advanced treatment options like assisted reproduction technology have the potential to result in failed implantation. Because of the expected changes in gene expression during both in vitro and in vivo fertilization processes, these methods of assisting fertility have also been associated with undesirable pregnancy outcomes related to infertility. In this aspect, Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a crucial role as epigenetic modifiers in a wide range of biological and pathological activities, including problems with fertility. CircRNAs are integral pieces in multiple cellular functions, including moving substances within the nucleus, silencing one X chromosome, cell death, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into different cell types, and the process of gene expression inherited from parental genes. Due to the progress made in high-speed gene sequencing, a large amount of circRNA molecules have been detected, revealing their significant functions in diverse biological functions like enhancing testicular development, preserving the differentiation and renewal of spermatogonial cells, and controlling spermatocyte meiosis. Moreover, these non-coding RNAs contribute in different aspects of female reproductive system including pregnancy-related diseases, gynecologic cancers, and endometriosis. In conclusion, there is no denying that circRNAs have immense potential to be used as biomarkers and treatments for reproductive disorders in males and females. In this research, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the multiple circRNAs associated with women’s infertility.

Abstract Objective This study investigates the MRI characteristics of primary and metastatic adult granulosa cell tumor with normal estrogen levels (AGCT-NEL) to enhance clinical understanding and diagnostic accuracy of this disease. Methods We collected clinical data from 10 patients with AGCT-NEL, confirmed by pathology, treated at our hospital from January 2016 to January 2024. We retrospectively analyzed the MRI features of primary and metastatic lesions from aspects such as shape, edge characteristics, MRI signal, and enhancement features. Results A total of 10 AGCT-NEL patients were included in this study, aged 28 to 81 years, with an average age of 54 ± 16 years. The primary tumors primarily presented as unilocular cystic, solid, and cystic-solid types. The solid components showed isointense to slightly hypointense signals on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), slightly hyperintense signals on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and high signals on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), with possible internal hemorrhage or cystic degeneration. The cystic components exhibited low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI, uniform wall thickness, and no wall nodules, typically showing hemorrhagic fluid levels. Honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs are sometimes observed in cystic-solid tumors. All metastatic lesions were cystic (either unilocular or multilocular), presenting low signal on T1WI and high signal on T2WI, with no wall nodules and possible internal hemorrhagic fluid levels. The multilocular metastatic tumors demonstrated unevenly thickened partitions, also displaying honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs. Conclusion The MRI characteristics of primary and metastatic lesions in AGCT-NEL possess specific features, such as signs of hemorrhage, absence of wall nodules in the cystic portions of the tumors, and distinctive honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs, with metastatic lesions being cystic. Understanding these features can aid in improving preoperative diagnostic capabilities and reducing misdiagnosis.

The pomegranate butterfly, Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) is the serious pest of pomegranate causes considerable economic loss. The present light microscopic studies on the male reproductive system of the adult D. isocrates (Fab.) describe the anatomical and histological details which have not been reported earlier. These aspects of the pest studies have greater significance in pest management because reproductive organs are related with the development and life cycle of the pest. Anatomically the male reproductive system of D. isocrates consists of fused testes, a pair of thin walled vasa deferentia in continuation of proximal end of fused testes, a pair of seminal vesicles as a simple dilation of vasa deferentia, distal paired portion of ejaculatory duct which is referred as ductus ejaculatorius duplex, proximal single tubular ductus ejaculatorius simplex and the paired accessory glands. The genital tracts are complexly coiled. Histologically the fused testis is composed with spirally coiled longitudinal seminiferous follicles exhibit spermatogenesis in the numerous cysts. Longitudinally folded tall columnar epithelium of vas difference, cuboidal epithelium of seminal vesicle and low columnar epithelium of ejaculatory duct in D. isocrates are evidential in other lepidopterist species. The wall of male accessory gland is composed of columnar epithelium and muscle coat. These observations are concurred with some reports of the pest species of moths. In the accessory glands the nuclei of the columnar epithelial cells are round and located basally. The apical cytoplasm of columnar cells is vacuolated suggests secretory nature of accessary gland.

Abstract The female reproductive system can face serious disorders and show reproductive abnormalities under the influence of environmental pollutants. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) as emerging pollutants, by affecting different components of this system, may make female fertility a serious challenge. Animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to these substances weakens the function of ovaries and causes a decrease in ovarian reserve capacity. Also, continuous exposure to micro/nano plastics (MNPs) leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and reduction of the number of ovarian follicles. Furthermore, by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, these particles disturb the normal levels of ovarian androgens and endocrine balance and delay the growth of gonads. Exposure to MNPs can accelerate carcinogenesis in the female reproductive system in humans and animal models. Animal studies have determined that these particles can accumulate in the placenta, causing metabolic changes, disrupting the development of the fetus, and endangering the health of future generations. In humans, the presence of micro/nanoplastics in placenta tissue, infant feces, and breast milk has been reported. These particles can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus, increasing the risk of premature birth and other pregnancy complications. This review aims to outline the hazardous effects of micro/nano plastics on female reproductive health and fetal growth and discuss the results of animal experiments and human research focusing on cellular and molecular pathways.

Objective: This study investigates the MRI characteristics of primary and metastatic adult granulosa cell tumor with normal estrogen levels (AGCT-NEL) to enhance clinical understanding and diagnostic accuracy of this disease. Methods: We collected clinical data from 10 patients with AGCT-NEL, confirmed by pathology, treated at our hospital from January 2016 to January 2024. We retrospectively analyzed the MRI features of primary and metastatic lesions from aspects such as shape, edge characteristics, MRI signal, and enhancement features. Results: A total of 10 AGCT-NEL patients were included in this study, aged 28 to 81 years, with an average age of 54 ± 16 years. The primary tumors primarily presented as unilocular cystic, solid, and cystic-solid types. The solid components showed isointense to slightly hypointense signals on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), slightly hyperintense signals on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and high signals on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), with possible internal hemorrhage or cystic degeneration. The cystic components exhibited low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI, uniform wall thickness, and no wall nodules, typically showing hemorrhagic fluid levels. Honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs are sometimes observed in cystic-solid tumors. All metastatic lesions were cystic (either unilocular or multilocular), presenting low signal on T1WI and high signal on T2WI, with no wall nodules and possible internal hemorrhagic fluid levels. The multilocular metastatic tumors demonstrated unevenly thickened partitions, also displaying honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs. Conclusion: The MRI characteristics of primary and metastatic lesions in AGCT-NEL possess specific features, such as signs of hemorrhage, absence of wall nodules in the cystic portions of the tumors, and distinctive honeycomb and Swiss cheese signs, with metastatic lesions being cystic. Understanding these features can aid in improving preoperative diagnostic capabilities and reducing misdiagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is a prevalent problem among 10% of people within their reproductive years. Sometimes, even advanced treatment options like assisted reproduction technology have the potential to result in failed implantation. Because of the expected changes in gene expression during both in vitro and in vivo fertilization processes, these methods of assisting fertility have also been associated with undesirable pregnancy outcomes related to infertility. In this aspect, Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a crucial role as epigenetic modifiers in a wide range of biological and pathological activities, including problems with fertility. CircRNAs are integral pieces in multiple cellular functions, including moving substances within the nucleus, silencing one X chromosome, cell death, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into different cell types, and the process of gene expression inherited from parental genes. Due to the progress made in high-speed gene sequencing, a large amount of circRNA molecules have been detected, revealing their significant functions in diverse biological functions like enhancing testicular development, preserving the differentiation and renewal of spermatogonial cells, and controlling spermatocyte meiosis. Moreover, these non-coding RNAs contribute in different aspects of female reproductive system including pregnancy-related diseases, gynecologic cancers, and endometriosis. In conclusion, there is no denying that circRNAs have immense potential to be used as biomarkers and treatments for reproductive disorders in males and females. In this research, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the multiple circRNAs associated with women's infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The female reproductive histology of crabs has been widely observed but not for the sesarmid crab, Episesarma versicolor (Tweedie, 1940), an economically important crab in Thailand. This study determined how oocyte development related to the gonadosomatic index (GSI). The ovaries of the collected specimens were morphologically and histologically examined. The germination of the ovary commenced at the center of the ovarian tissue, consisting of oogonia proliferation as the primary growth phase, referred to as the previtellogenic stage (OcI). The secondary growth phase was divided into the early vitellogenic stage (OcII) and the late vitellogenic stage (OcIII) with the mature stage (OcIV) formed within the germinal zone. Four distinct stages of ovary development were identified. Stage I ovary (immature stage; GSI = 0.32±0.13, n = 69) appeared as the smallest organ with a translucent color and most oogonia proliferation in the primary growth phases. Stage II ovary (developing stage; GSI = 0.70±0.10, n = 52) was characterized by the appearance of a creamy white color and mainly contained OcII oocytes. In Stage III (developed stage; GSI = 1.23±0.37, n = 46), a bright orange ovary developed with the proliferation of OcIII/OcIV oocytes, while Stage IV ovary (mature stage; GSI = 2.63±0.43, n = 49) presented as a deep yellow to red-brown/orange color and dominantly consisted of OcIV. The information obtained is beneficial for successful broodstock development as the initial step toward realizing large-scale production of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of using a virtual anatomy system (VAS) on student learning with regard to reproductive system with respect to the acquisition of misconceptions. This study used an experimental method by comparing the results of the class learning using virtual laboratory media with a control class. The result showed that a significant increase in learning outcomes in the experimental class 77.73 mean compared to the control class mean of 69.5. The magnitude of the increase in learning outcomes (N-gain) of the experimental class was 0.67 within the medium category beside control class. It can be seen that the level of misconceptions in the experimental class was 11.6% smaller than the control class at 37.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of the impact of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52) on the body of the freshwater fish Danio rerio(Hamilton, 1822) in the period preceding spawning are presented. During this experiment, it is established that exposure to PCB 52 for both males and females leads to the increased mortality of offspring in the early stages of development. It is noticeably predominant in groups in which only male parents are exposed to harmful effects. Shifts in the sex ratio in groups among the surviving offspring with a predominance of females compared to the control also turn out to be significant. This effect is more pronounced in offspring groups in which only female parents are exposed. After measuring PCB 52 concentrations in parent animals using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, it is found that the PCB 52 content in females is almost twice as high as in males. It is concluded that a decreased viability and an imbalance in the sex ratio in the offspring has a pronounced sex dependence when exposed to PCB 52 on the body of the animal parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The female reproductive system can face serious disorders and show reproductive abnormalities under the influence of environmental pollutants. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) as emerging pollutants, by affecting different components of this system, may make female fertility a serious challenge. Animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to these substances weakens the function of ovaries and causes a decrease in ovarian reserve capacity. Also, continuous exposure to micro/nano plastics (MNPs) leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and reduction of the number of ovarian follicles. Furthermore, by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, these particles disturb the normal levels of ovarian androgens and endocrine balance and delay the growth of gonads. Exposure to MNPs can accelerate carcinogenesis in the female reproductive system in humans and animal models. Animal studies have determined that these particles can accumulate in the placenta, causing metabolic changes, disrupting the development of the fetus, and endangering the health of future generations. In humans, the presence of micro/nanoplastics in placenta tissue, infant feces, and breast milk has been reported. These particles can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus, increasing the risk of premature birth and other pregnancy complications. This review aims to outline the hazardous effects of micro/nano plastics on female reproductive health and fetal growth and discuss the results of animal experiments and human research focusing on cellular and molecular pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology and the reproductive biology of Calophyllum brasiliense were investigated in Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brazil. The study encompassed pollen analyses using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we collected data on reproductive biology, main visitors/pollinators, fruit set, and seed germination. The species exhibits individuals with perfect flowers (hermaphrodites) as well as male individuals with staminate and perfect flowers. Flowering occurs in October and November, and flowers have diurnal anthesis and pollen as a floral resource. Pollen grains are monads of medium size, isopolar, oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal, 3-(4)-zonocolporate, with exine fossulate-perforate with supratectal microechini. Hermaphrodite individuals have the highest proportion of malformed pollen due to their reduced grain size. The pollen grains from the hermaphrodite individuals displayed a low viability (0.06%), while those from male individuals had higher viability (66.38% and 55.78% for perfect and staminate flowers, respectively). The stigma was receptive throughout the anthesis period. Cross-pollination between perfect flowers of male and hermaphrodite individuals resulted in 8.80% success in fruit set, but led to the development of one abnormal seedling. Cross-pollination between staminate flowers and perfect flowers of hermaphrodite individuals showed a 7.70% success rate and the control group showed an 8.00% success rate, both groups leading to the development of normal seedlings. This tree species shows relatively low reproductive success and relies on pollinators (mainly Apis mellifera, Paratrigona subnuda, Tetragonisca angustula, and Halictidae sp. 1) for the setting of fruits and seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising rates of pregnancies associated with advanced maternal age (AMA) have created unique challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. The elevated risk of poor maternal outcomes among AMA pregnancies is only partially understood and hotly debated. Specifically, AMA is associated with reduced fertility and an increased incidence of pregnancy complications. Finding a balance between global fertility policy, socioeconomic development and health care optimization ultimately depends on female fertility. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop technologies and identify effective interventions. Support strategies should include prepregnancy screening, intervention and postpartum maintenance. Although some reviews have considered the relationship between AMA and adverse pregnancy outcomes, no previous work has comprehensively considered the long-term health effects of AMA on mothers. In this review, we will begin by presenting the current knowledge of global health issues associated with AMA and the effects of advanced age on the female reproductive system, endocrine metabolism, and placental function. We will then discuss physiological alterations, pregnancy complications, and long-term health problems caused by AMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banded krait is a species of venomous snakes that ranks among the top 5 in Thailand, with a significance role as a predator for controlling other animals. Despite numerous studies on the ecology, the microanatomy of body systems has still not reported clearly. The present study was to investigate the microanatomy of the testes and male genital ducts of Banded krait that collected from Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The snakes were collected after anesthetized, and their testes and genital ducts were fixed in Bouin's fixative. The reproductive organs were collected during July to October 2022, and were sectioned of 5-µm-thick pieces for staining with Harris's hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff's (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, bromophenol blue (BB) and Masson's trichrome (MT). The testes contained the seminiferous tubules with 7 stages of germ cells: (I) type A spermatogonium, (II) type B spermatogonium, (III) primary spermatocyte, (IV) secondary spermatocyte, (V) round spermatid, (VI) elongated spermatid and (VII) spermatozoa. Besides, Sertoli and Leydig's cells were appeared in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial area, respectively. During the sampling period, the spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules and genital ducts. The extra-testicular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymis were embedded in the epididymal sheath. The epithelial cells of rete testis, ductus epididymis, as well as ductus deferens possessed microvilli, whereas those of the ductuli efferentes composed of cilia. The epithelial cells of all portions showed the positive staining with PAS and BB due to the presence of neutral glycoproteins and proteins, respectively, and the negative staining for AB pH 2.5 and pH 1.0 because of the absence of acidic glycoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and microbial flora in male and female mice. The impact of PVC microplastics on intestinal microflora differed between males and females, showing contrasting trends. Both male and female mice exhibited impaired structural integrity of the intestine and reproductive systems due to polyvinyl chloride microplastics. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between disturbances in intestinal microflora caused by PVC microplastics and reproductive system function. The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted in the circulation of microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems and the environment. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) exposure on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and intestinal microbial flora of both male and female mice. A total of 24 4-week-old Kunming mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: male control group (CM), female control group (CF), male PVC test group (PVCM), and female PVC test group (PVCF) (n = 6). The findings revealed that in terms of the reproductive system, the PVCM group exhibited an impaired testicular structure with an irregular arrangement and a significant reduction in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules (p < 0.01). The PVCF group exhibited a notable decrease in ovarian follicles (p < 0.01), accompanied by a reduction in uterus volume, fallopian tube volume, and muscle layer thickness, all of which also decreased significantly (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control groups, exposure to PVC resulted in a reduction in the width and height of the intestinal villi, accompanied by an increase in crypt depth. This led to a significant alteration in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) (p < 0.01). Moreover, a reduction in microbial species diversity was observed within both the PVCM and PVCF groups; additionally, it was accompanied by contrasting changes in relative abundance and functional gene profiles among the major intestinal flora constituents. In summary, the findings indicate that PVC induces damage to both male and female mice reproductive and digestive systems, further exhibiting notable sex-dependent effects on mouse intestinal microflora composition, which correlates significantly with its impact on reproductive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anabolic steroids, synthetic derivatives of testosterone, are frequently employed in clinical settings to address hormonal deficiencies and, controversially, in athletic contexts to augment physical performance. These compounds exert their physiological effects by activating androgen receptors, thereby stimulating protein synthesis, promoting muscle hypertrophy, and accelerating tissue regeneration. These processes are mediated through the modulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the inhibition of glucocorticoid-induced catabolism. However, the unsupervised and excessive use of anabolic steroids, often motivated by the pursuit of rapid aesthetic or performance enhancement, is associated with a myriad of adverse health outcomes. Such complications encompass damage to the reproductive system, renal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular pathology, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Given their substantial potential for misuse, anabolic steroids are stringently regulated, necessitating that healthcare professionals remain astutely aware of their adverse effects to ensure timely recognition and intervention.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide which affects all organs, including the reproductive system. Today, many researchers use medicinal plants instead of chemical agents to achieve fewer side effects. Ferula assa-foetida L. is one of the medicinal plants used to treat many diseases traditionally for years. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and protective effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. The histomorphologic study of diabetic rats treated with Ferula assa-foetida L. extract showed a significant improvement in testes. Histological studies revealed that treatment with the Ferula assa-foetida L. extract significantly increased sperm count in the seminiferous tubules and reduced fibrosis. Our study confirmed the improving effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on histomorphometric and biochemical parameters in diabetes and related testicular damage, which are partially attributed to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants in Ferula assa-foetida L.

The study focuses on the development of Flashcard learning media for the reproductive system, with the aim of improving high school students' higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) through valid, practical, and effective means. The research adopts the Research and Development (R&D) approach, utilizing the 4D development model, which includes the Define, Design, Development, and Dissemination phases. The research participants consist of experts in the field of reproductive system materials, media experts, subject teachers, and grade eleven students, totaling 35 individuals. The research employs interviews, questionnaires, and written tests in the form of pretest and posttest questions, with a focus on higher-order thinking skills, comprising a total of ten questions. The results of the study indicate that the material expert validation attained a percentage of 85.71%, signifying a highly feasible category. Similarly, the media experts obtained a score of 98.43%, also falling under the highly feasible category. The practicality assessment from the teachers yielded a score of 90.90%, indicating high practicality, while the students' practicality assessment achieved a score of 89.74%, also signifying high practicality. The effectiveness of the N-Gain Score was determined to be 0.65, indicating a fairly effective outcome. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the development of Flashcard learning media is valid, practical, and effective.

This study was undertaken to address the issues identified during preliminary research, which revealed that teachers were still using packaged books and worksheets as their teaching materials. Based on these findings, the researchers became interested in developing teaching materials in the form of encyclopedias. Encyclopedias have the advantage of being both a source of information and a teaching aid. The objective of this study was to develop a valid, practical, and effective encyclopedia on the topic of the reproductive system. The research methodology employed in this study was Research and Development (R&D), utilizing the 4-D development model, which encompasses the stages of define, design, develop, and disseminate. Validity, practicality, and effectiveness instruments were used as research tools, and data analysis was conducted using a Likert scale. The results revealed that the encyclopedia met the criteria for validity (as determined by 92% of teaching material experts and 83% of content experts), practicality (as reported by 95% of teachers and 84% of students), and effectiveness (as demonstrated by an increase in pretest scores from 56.22 to a posttest score of 89, resulting in an N-Gain of 0.75, with a percentage of 75%). Therefore, it can be concluded that the reproductive system encyclopedia is valid, practical, and effective, making it suitable for use in learning activities. The development of this reproductive system encyclopedia has significant implications for the learning process, particularly in terms of adopting a more comprehensive learning approach. The encyclopedia provides extensive and in-depth information, fostering a more holistic learning experience and transforming the role of the teacher into that of a facilitator who assists students in navigating and comprehending information.

Modules are teaching materials designed to be studied by students independently or with minimal guidance from educators because they are equipped with their learning instructions. This study aims to determine the feasibility of teaching materials for reproductive system disorders submaterial modules from the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain in Tumiang Village, Samalantan District, Bengkayang Regency. The research method was used research and development (R&D) Borg and Gall model, including potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and product revision. The validation of the teaching materials was done by five validators using validation sheets. The aspects assessed in the validation sheet consist of content, language, presentation, and graphics. The validation data were analyzed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). The results of the validation of the module’s instructional materials yielded a CVR value of 1.00 for each criterion with a valid category and a CVI value of 1.00 with a valid category. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the module on reproductive system disorders from the results of the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain is suitable for use as teaching material.

Background Result Previous studies have shown that the activation of p38MAPK signaling plays a crucial role in regulating gonadal cell fate decisions in both mouse and human. Excessive activation of p38MAPK by radiation significantly causes testicular damage and negatively affects the male reproductive function. Therefore, fine‐tuned regulation of p38MAPK signaling is critical in both physiological and pathological conditions.This review summarizes the impact of p38MAPK signaling on testicular germ cells and microenvironment under normal condition. The relationship between radiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and p38MAPK is summarized. In conclusion, radiation exposure triggers the overactivation of p38MAPK, which is regulated by ROS, resulting in testicular damage. Various p38MAPK‐targeting agents are discussed, providing guidance for developing new strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is a global phenomenon that impacts people of both the male and the female sex; it is related to multiple factors affecting an individual's overall systemic health. Recently, investigators have been using mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for female-fertility-related disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), endometriosis, preeclampsia, and Asherman syndrome (AS). Studies have shown promising results, indicating that MSCs can enhance ovarian function and restore fertility for affected individuals. Due to their regenerative effects and their participation in several paracrine pathways, MSCs can improve the fertility outcome. However, their beneficial effects are dependent on the methodologies and materials used from isolation to reimplantation. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols and methods used in applications of MSCs. Moreover, we summarize the findings of published preclinical studies on infertility treatments and discuss the multiple properties of these studies, depending on the isolation source of the MSCs used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background One major barrier to HIV cure is the persistence of virus, possibly linked to an insufficient antiretroviral drug (ARV) distribution into tissues. Objectives To draw the whole-body distribution of three antiretroviral drugs—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and dolutegravir—in non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Eight uninfected NHPs received a single injection of a solution containing the three ARVs. Forty-five different tissues were sampled 24 h after injection. Results Median tissue penetration factors (TPFs) were 45.4, 5.8 and 0.5 for tenofovir, emtricitabine and dolutegravir, respectively, and were statistically different between the three ARVs. Tissues were grouped by system, because TPFs were consistent according to these groups, and ranked in order of decreasing TPFs. The digestive system was the system with the highest tissue concentrations. Next came the two main sites of elimination, the liver and the kidney, as well as the tissues of the cardiopulmonary and urinary systems. Then, it was the whole lymphatic system. The next group included the reproductive system, the adipose tissue and the skin. The last two systems were the muscle and the CNS. The intra-tissue variability was rather low with a median coefficient of variation of the concentrations around 15% and no value greater than 80%. Conclusions Overall, this study determines the first whole-body distribution in a validated NHP model. These data have important implications for future preclinical and clinical studies for the development of novel HIV therapies towards an HIV cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the well-being of reproductive system is crucial for overall bodily health. Currently, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has emerged as a significant health concern among women in their reproductive age. It is an endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycle, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and anovulation in women. In-depth exploration of the literature was conducted through comprehensive searches across various online databases, texts, websites and theses. This review aims to provide information about the dose/route, structure and mechanism of various agents. We elaborate several rodent models of hormonal, environmental, lifestyle induced PCOS, non-mammalian models as well as genetic models and give recommendations on PCOS model selection. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to propose the drug therapy and mechanistic approaches required for the treatment of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Reproductive systems strongly influence plants' evolution and adaption, and the biogeographic pattern of its variation has intrigued biologists and ecologists. Here, to test the impacts of paleoglaciation on plants' reproductive system variation, we compared the geographical pattern and environmental drivers in the proportions of different reproductive systems in Primula in regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation. Location: Global. Time Period: Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Major Taxa Studied: Primula. Methods: Using data on reproductive systems and distributions of 604 Primula taxa around the world and 221 along the elevational gradient of the Himalayas, we demonstrated the global pattern and the elevational pattern in the proportions of homostylous taxa. We employed general linear models to establish the relationship between the proportion of homostylous taxa and environmental variables and hierarchical partitioning to assess the relative contributions of these variables in both regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation, respectively. Results: We found a higher proportion of homostylous taxa in regions glaciated during the LGM than those unglaciated, with different latitudinal patterns and climate drivers. The proportion of homostylous taxa showed varying trends across different regions: increasing with latitude and temperature anomaly in glaciated regions while concentrating at lower latitudes with higher winter temperatures in unglaciated regions. Additionally, homostylous taxa were more prevalent at lower elevations in the Himalayas. Main Conclusions: Our study provides the first quantitative evidence for the hypothesis that selfers are more prevailing in regions affected by paleoglaciation facilitated by recolonization via comparing the geographic pattern and drivers in regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation. Our findings also reveal the concentrated distribution of homostylous taxa in Primula at low latitudes, which may be the result of population shrinkage caused by heat stress, facing a more severe survival crisis under the circumstances of global warming and increasing human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetically manufactured phenolic substance that is very widely employed in producing polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins which further can be found in numerous items of daily use such as foodstuff and their containers, beverages, milk, audit rolls, dental fillings and so forth. Additionally, it is present in the air we breathe-in. The studies have reported that BPA produces toxic impacts on reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, gastrointestinal, immune, respiratory, nervous and skeletal system. In the current literature review, we have targeted to highlight the protective role of herbs in opposition to BPA toxicity. The gift of nature-'Plants' seem to be very efficient and potential agents to overcome the BPA induced toxicity as they themselves are devoid of adverse effects. Plants contain a mixture of phyto-molecules which together act to provide a synergistic effect. Further, we have explained the signaling mechanisms implicated in BPA toxicity. Even though, multiple mechanisms involved in BPA toxicity have been examined, no particular target therapy for this toxicity is available at present. Thus, naturally occurring substances may be looked at in the future for restorative use to mitigate the deleterious and negative consequences of exposure to BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants and outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Studies were identified through a comprehensive online search. After standardizing all air pollution concentrations to 10 μg/m3, we analyzed the levels of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2) by applying a random effects model. A total of five articles met inclusion criteria upon final reviewing. Exposure to PM10, NO2, and CO was linked to the risk of ectopic pregnancy, while exposure to O3 was found to have a reverse association with biochemical pregnancy. Additionally, our analysis indicated a negative association between exposure to PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 and live birth rates, as well as between NO2 exposure and intrauterine pregnancy. Our study emphasized the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution and negative effects on pregnancy outcomes for women undergoing IVF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A captive marmoset developed metastatic endometrioid carcinoma (EnC), a rare uterine tumor in non‐human primates (NHPs). The neoplasm showed marked microscopical malignant and tubulopapillary aspects, immunopositivity for pan‐cytokeratin, CK7, estrogen receptor, and a high mitotic index (Ki‐67). These features may contribute to the diagnosis and therapeutics of EnC in NHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an experiment on the oral exposure of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 118 into the zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (F0) with food at calculated doses of 5, 20, and 80 μg/individuals are presented. In the first generation F1, there is a decrease in survival rate and a shift in the sex ratio, predominantly towards females. In the second generation F2, the same effects are noted as in F1, but they are not as pronounced. It has been hypothesized that the effects seen in the F2 generation may be caused by epigenetic mechanisms, which are still poorly understood. It is possible that the feminization of animal populations and a decrease in their survival rate are very strong factors in reducing the populations of living organisms, including humans, especially near sites of distribution of PCBs. It is necessary to study epigenetic mechanisms in order to develop measures to eliminate and prevent problems with the biotic degradation and depopulation of fish exposed to PCBs in the sites that arise as a result of the improper disposal of electrical engineering waste containing PCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to its central role in cellular metabolism, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular signalling molecule involved in various physiological processes. In reproduction, extracellular ATP participates in both autocrine and paracrine paths regulating gametogenesis, gamete maturation and fertilisation. This review focusses on how extracellular ATP modulates sperm physiology with emphasis on the mammalian acrosome reaction. The presence of extracellular ATP in the reproductive tract is primarily determined by the ion channels and transporters that influence its movement within the cells comprising the tract. The main targets of extracellular ATP in spermatozoa are its own transporters, particularly species-specific sperm purinergic receptors. We also discuss notable phenotypes from knock-out mouse models and human Mendelian inheritance related to ATP release mechanisms, along with immunological, proteomic, and functional observations regarding sperm purinergic receptors and their involvement in sperm signalling. Reproductive systems express different ion channels and transporters that release ATP into their lumens, which may regulate sperm physiology. Epididymal ATP has been suggested to influence basal sperm motility. Oviductal ATP triggers a head sperm volume increase which contributes to acrosome reaction. Image by López-González, I. This article belongs to the Collection Dedication to Jim Cummins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modules are teaching materials designed to be studied by students independently or with minimal guidance from educators because they are equipped with their learning instructions. This study aims to determine the feasibility of teaching materials for reproductive system disorders submaterial modules from the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain in Tumiang Village, Samalantan District, Bengkayang Regency. The research method was used research and development (R&D) Borg and Gall model, including potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and product revision. The validation of the teaching materials was done by five validators using validation sheets. The aspects assessed in the validation sheet consist of content, language, presentation, and graphics. The validation data were analyzed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). The results of the validation of the module’s instructional materials yielded a CVR value of 1.00 for each criterion with a valid category and a CVI value of 1.00 with a valid category. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the module on reproductive system disorders from the results of the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain is suitable for use as teaching material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide which affects all organs, including the reproductive system. Today, many researchers use medicinal plants instead of chemical agents to achieve fewer side effects. Ferula assa-foetida L. is one of the medicinal plants used to treat many diseases traditionally for years. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and protective effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. The histomorphologic study of diabetic rats treated with Ferula assa-foetida L. extract showed a significant improvement in testes. Histological studies revealed that treatment with the Ferula assa-foetida L. extract significantly increased sfam count in the seminiferous tubules and reduced fibrosis. Our study confirmed the improving effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on histomorphometric and biochemical parameters in diabetes and related testicular damage, which are partially attributed to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants in Ferula assa-foetida L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a major global focus since 2019. However, drug development and vaccination have been unable to stop the rise in the number of COVID-19 infections. As a result, almost everyone has been infected with COVID-19. As the COVID-19 pandemic nears its end, it is important to explore whether contracting COVID-19 has any irreversible effects on the female reproductive system. This article aims to review the effects of COVID-19 on the female ovary and reproductive system and examine whether these effects are permanent. In conclusion, we can state that COVID-19 has not caused any long-lasting effects on the reproductive health of most women, with the exception of a few cases where premature ovarian failure has been observed. These temporary effects, such as menstrual disturbances and temporary fertility loss, tend to diminish and eventually disappear over time.

Tetracycline (TC) residues in the environment are harmful to plants and animals; earthworms play an important role in detoxicating tetracycline in the soil. However, the response of different systems of the geophagous earthworm to TC and its degradation products is still not understood well. To understand this problem, Metaphire guillelmi were exposed to the soil contaminated by 100 mg kg−1 tetracycline for 21 days. Liquid chromatography was used to detect the tetracycline concentration and its degradation products in different organs of earthworms on the 1st, 7th, and 21st day. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to determine the cumulative interaction of TC among different systems of earthworm. The results showed that the degradation ability of TC of digestive organs (98.29–99.77 %) was stronger than that of reproductive organs (87.46–98.64 %). The main metabolic pathway of TC in earthworms might be direct dehydration. Anhydrotetracycline was the main degradation product in earthworm organs and could last long in production organs. For lipid soluble pollutants, such as TC, the digestive system of earthworms might be the main pathway for absorbing pollutants from the soil. Furthermore, earthworms can expedite the degradation of organic pollutants. Meanwhile, they also need to absorb more nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, to counteract the impact of pollutants on their antioxidant system and reproductive organs. Our study improves our understanding of the degradation and detoxification mechanism of earthworms to TC, and provides useful information for further assessment of the soil eco-risk.

Abstract Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibition is a well-known target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, renal disease and chronic heart failure. The protein SGLT2 is encoded by SLC5A2 (Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 2), which is highly expressed in renal cortex, but also in the testes where glucose uptake may be essential for spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. We postulated that in healthy males, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy may affect gonadal function. We examined the impact on gonadal and steroid hormones in a post-hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled research including 26 healthy males who were given either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg once daily for four weeks. After one month of empagliflozin, there were no discernible changes in androgen, pituitary gonadotropin hormones, or inhibin B. Regardless of BMI category, the administration of empagliflozin, a highly selective SGLT2 inhibitor, did not alter serum androgen levels in men without diabetes. While SGLT2 is present in the testes, its inhibition does not seem to affect testosterone production in Leydig cells nor inhibin B secretion by the Sertoli cells.