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Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a serious rice pest, has developed significant resistance to a wide range of pesticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides are currently the primary choice for controlling S. furcifera , yet their impact on the species remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the binding sites of a conventional insecticide (dinotefuran) and a novel insecticide (flupyrimin), and evaluated their sublethal effects on S. furcifera. Our results revealed that the LC50 of dinotefuran and flupyrimin were 2.51 mg/L and 2.80 mg/L in third-instar S. furcifera , respectively. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of S. furcifera nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha2 subunit (Sfα2) and S. furcifera nAChR beta1 subunit (Sfβ1) significantly reduced the susceptibility to dinotefuran by 18.7% and 16.8%, respectively, but had no effect on flupyrimin. Reproduction of the F0 and F1 generations was significantly inhibited by the LC25 of both dinotefuran and flupyrimin. In the dinotefuran treatment at LC25, the intrinsic growth rate (r) and finite growth rate (λ) were reduced to 0.15 and 0.16 days, respectively; the mean generation time (T) increased to 27.77 days, and the relative fitness was only 0.76 compared to the control. Additionally, the relative fitness (R f ) of the flupyrimin-treated group was reduced to 0.93 and 0.86 times that of the control group. The population dynamics of S. furcifera are significantly affected by both dinotefuran and flupyrimin, making these insecticides valuable tools for integrated pest management and the rational use of insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lacewing, Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder, as an important insect predator, plays an important role in biological control. In this study, exposure of the lacewing larvae to sublethal concentrations (LC1 and LC10) of lambda-cyhalothrin (λCy) inhibited the expression of the CsVg gene, decreased vitellogenin and vitellin content, affected ovogenesis and ovarian development, as well as significantly reduced oviposition and egg hatching in female adults. Further investigations indicated that the sublethal concentrations of λCy decreased juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titers in female adults during oviposition peak period, led to significant decrease in the activities and gene expression of key enzymes involved in their synthetic pathways. They also inhibited the expressions of the JH receptor gene, methoprenetolerant (Met), downstream transcription factors, krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) in JH signaling and Broad-Complex (Br-C) in 20E signaling, specifically during oviposition peak period in female adults. Offsprings consecutively exposed to sublethal concentration of λCy exhibited hereditary and accumulative effects of hormone-related gene expression in this lacewing. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that sublethal concentrations (LC1 and LC10) of λCy causes hormonal signaling malfunction in C. sinica, resulting in the down-regulation of CsVg, which affect ovarian development and ovogenesis, and ultimately lead to severe decrease in fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a devastating insect-pest of 29 plants including date palm. It feeds inside the tree bark thus it is difficult to manage using insecticides. Only a few insecticides have been found effective against RPW. Among these insecticide, emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used. This insecticide can pose threat human and environmental health as it is used in the form of tree injection. Thus, keeping in view its possible, its sublethal effect on RPW was studied using Age-stage, two sex life table. Life table parameters of the progeny of exposed larvae to LC10, LC25, and LC50 of EMB were computed. Statistically higher fecundity (161.12 per female) was observed in control treatment, while less fecundity was observed in LC50 treatment. Significantly higher values for intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R o ) (0.0376, 1.0383, and 67.13 per day, respectively) were recorded for the control treatment. Contrarily, lower values for r, R o , and λ i.e. 0.0318, 23.82, and 1.0324 per day, respectively were recorded in the LC50 treatment. Decreased population parameters suggest that EMB can be successfully used in for the management of RPW.

BACKGROUND: The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is a serious pest of the citrus industry and has developed resistance to many acaricides. Broflanilide is a novel meta‐diamide insecticide that binds to a new site on the γ ‐aminobutyric acid receptor with high potency against pests. However, little information has been reported about its effect on the citrus red mite. RESULTS: Broflanilide exhibited higher toxicity to female adults and eggs of a laboratory strain of P. citri The median lethal concentration (LC50), 9.769 mg/L and 4.576 mg/L, respectively) than other commonly used acaricides and was also toxic to two P. citri field strains. Broflanilide treatment with LC10, LC20, and LC30 significantly decreased the fecundity and longevity of female adults of F0P. citri compared with the control. The duration of larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult, and total life span in the F1 generation were significantly reduced after treatment of F0 with broflanilide. Population parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ), were significantly increased, and the mean generation time (T) of F1 progeny was significantly reduced in the LC20 treatment. The predicted population size of F1 increased when parental female adults were treated with sublethal concentrations. CONCLUSION: Broflanilide had high acaricidal activity toward P. citri, and exposure to a sublethal concentration significantly inhibited the population growth of F0. The transgenerational hormesis effect is likely to cause population expansion of F1. More attention should be paid when broflanilide is applied to control P. citri in citrus orchards. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a devastating insect-pest of 29 plants including date palm. It feeds inside the tree bark thus it is difficult to manage using insecticides. Only a few insecticides have been found effective against RPW. Among these insecticide, emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used. This insecticide can pose threat human and environmental health as it is used in the form of tree injection. Thus, keeping in view its possible, its sublethal effect on RPW was studied using Age-stage, two sex life table. Life table parameters of the progeny of exposed larvae to LC10, LC25, and LC50 of EMB were computed. Statistically higher fecundity (161.12 per female) was observed in control treatment, while less fecundity was observed in LC50 treatment. Significantly higher values for intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (Ro) (0.0376, 1.0383, and 67.13 per day, respectively) were recorded for the control treatment. Contrarily, lower values for r, Ro, and λ i.e. 0.0318, 23.82, and 1.0324 per day, respectively were recorded in the LC50 treatment. Decreased population parameters suggest that EMB can be successfully used in for the management of RPW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), is a highly invasive pest causing significant crop yield losses. Chlorfenapyr has been widely utilized in China to control FAW. This study investigated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of chlorfenapyr on FAW to enhance its appropriate utilization. LC10 and LC20 values of chlorfenapyr were estimated to 7.47 and 12.08 μg/g after a 72-hour exposure, respectively. Low chlorfenapyr concentrations extended the duration of larval stage and pre-oviposition period, reducing larvae body weight, pupation rate and eclosion rate in both the F0 and F1 generations. Additionally, such exposure decreased the F0 generation's mating rate, fecundity, and egg hatching rate. The feeding indicators in third instar larvae from the F0 generation, including relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), and relative consumption rate (RCR), exhibited significant decrease compared to the control group, while approximate digestibility (AD) was higher. Larvae exposed to LC10 or LC20 exhibited elevated carboxylesterases (CarEs), cytochrome P-450s (P450s), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities from 12 to 24 hours' exposure, Notably, GSTs activity was higher at 6-hours compared to the control group, while CarEs and P450s activities significantly decreased. LC20 adversely affected long-term life table parameters of the F1 generation, including intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0). These findings demonstrate that sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr can impair FAW growth and development, impacting the population dynamics of the F1 generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pyridaben is an efficient, low-toxicity, broad-spectrum insecticide that impairs the predatory capabilities of predatory mites, but the specific mechanisms that affect the predatory functions remain underexplored. This study elucidated that pyridaben significantly diminished the predatory efficiency and searching behavior of the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi. A gene linked to olfactive functions, NwNPC2a, was cloned from N. womersleyi. Post-treatment with pyridaben at LC30 and LC50 concentrations resulted in a substantial downregulation of NwNPC2a expression. Silencing NwNPC2a in N. womersleyi females led to significant reductions in predatory functions. The decrease in predatory performance at LC30 and LC50 concentrations was attributable to the suppression of NwNPC2a gene expression. Thus, the underlying molecular mechanism through which pyridaben compromises the predatory function of N. womersleyi likely involves the downregulation of NwNPC2a expression. Pyridaben is a widely utilized, broad-spectrum contact acaricide, which has notable sublethal effects that impair the predatory capabilities of predatory mites, but the specific mechanisms that affect the predatory functions remain underexplored. When predatory mites hunt for prey, they may rely on Niemann–Pick-type C2 (NPC2) proteins to collect herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and other odor molecules to locate and pursue their prey. This study elucidated that pyridaben significantly diminished the predatory efficiency and searching behavior of the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi. Key metrics, including predatory capacity (a/Th) and predation rate (a) on various developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae, were markedly reduced in treated mites compared to controls. The searching efficiency (S) also declined proportionally with the increased sublethal dose of pyridaben. A gene linked to olfactive functions, NwNPC2a, was cloned from N. womersleyi. Post-treatment with pyridaben at LC30 and LC50 concentrations resulted in a substantial downregulation of NwNPC2a expression by 60.15% and 58.63%, respectively. Silencing NwNPC2a in N. womersleyi females led to significant reductions in the attack rate (a), handling time (Th), predation efficiency (a/Th), and maximum predation rate (1/Th). The searching efficiency (S) was also lower than that of the control group, displaying a slight decline with the increasing prey density. The findings revealed that pyridaben exerted inhibitory effects on both the predatory function and searching efficiency of N. womersleyi populations. The decrease in predatory performance at LC30 and LC50 concentrations was attributable to the suppression of NwNPC2a gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) studies corroborated that the NwNPC2a gene plays a critical role in the predation process of N. womersleyi. Thus, the underlying molecular mechanism through which pyridaben compromises the predatory function of N. womersleyi likely involves the downregulation of NwNPC2a expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the safety of insecticides to natural enemy insects of pests is crucial for integrating chemical and biological control strategies. Broflanilide, a novel meta-diamide insecticide, exhibits high insecticidal activity against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). To integrate chemical and biological control against M. persicae , we assessed the toxicity of broflanilide to Aphidius gifuensis , and evaluated its safety and sublethal effects. The LC10, LC25, and LC50 values of broflanilide against A. gifuensis were 0.733 mg/L, 1.613 mg/L, and 3.852 mg/L, respectively. The selectivity toxicity ratio of broflanilide to A. gifuensis was 1.516, indicating higher toxicity to M. persicae compared to A. gifuensis. The risk quotient of broflanilide to A. gifuensis adults was 6.18. The percent reduction in the emergence of the parasitoid pupae was −1.15, with a risk grade of 1. The sublethal concentration of broflanilide had no significant influence on the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R 0), and mean fecundity (F) of A. gifuensis in the F1 generation. The mean generation time (T) increased by 0.51 days and 0.39 days in the LC10 and LC25 treatments, respectively; the difference between LC10 treatment and the control was significant, while the difference between LC25 treatment and the control was not significant. The results showed that the sublethal concentration of broflanilide did not have a significant inhibitory effect on the population growth of A. gifuensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bumble bees are declining across the globe. The causes of this decline have been attributed to a variety of stressors, including pesticides. Fungicides are a type of pesticide that has been understudied in the context of bumble bee health. As a result, fungicides are often applied to flowering plants without consideration of pollinator exposure. Recent work demonstrates that fungicides have sublethal effects in bumble bees, but little is known about how much fungicide it takes to cause these sublethal effects. To address this gap in the literature, we fed microcolonies of the common eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens CressonHymenoptera: ApidaeHymenoptera: ApidaeHymenoptera: ApidaeHymenoptera: Apidae) pollen contaminated with a range of fungicide concentrations. We chose these concentrations based on the range of fungicide concentrations in pollen and nectar that were reported in the literature. Results revealed that later-stage pupae and newly emerged males are potentially sensitive to fungicide exposure, showing smaller size and reduced fat reserves at intermediate levels of contamination. Compared to the control, intermediated levels of fungicide-contaminated pollen led to increased pupal mortality and delayed male emergence. Contrary to expectations, higher fungicide levels did not exhibit a linear relationship with negative impacts, suggesting nuanced effects. Because body size and emergence timing are important aspects of bumble bee reproductive behavior, results have implications for mating success, potentially disrupting colony development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As an important pest on winter wheat, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) causes damage to the wheat yield by sucking plant nutrients, transmitting plant viruses and producing mildew. R. padi has been reported to develop resistance to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. To explore potential alternative approaches for R. padi control, the activity of 10 botanical insecticides was evaluated. Results suggested that the toxicity of rotenone and pyrethrins to R. padi were the highest and near to the commonly used chemical insecticides. When exposed to the low-lethal concentrations (LC10, LC30) of rotenone or pyrethrins for 24 h, the lifespan and fecundity of adults in F0 generation decreased significantly compared to control. The negative effect could also be observed in the F1 generation, including the decreased average offspring, longevity of adult, and prolonged nymph period. The population parameters in F1 generation of R. padi were also inhibited by exposing to the low-lethal concentrations of rotenone or pyrethrins, including the decreased net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of natural increase, finite rate of population increase, and gross reproduction rate. Co-toxocity factor results showed that mixtures of rotenone and thiamethoxam, pyrethrins and thiamethoxam showed synergistic effect. Our work suggested that rotenone and pyrethrins showed negative effect on the population growth under low-lethal concentrations. They are suitable for R. padi control as foliar spraying without causing population resurgence.

Abstract Background The widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) has significantly contributed to the reduction in malaria cases and deaths observed across Africa. Unfortunately, this control strategy is threatened by the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. Dual-active-ingredient insecticidal nets are now available to mitigate the impact of pyrethroid resistance. To facilitate evidence-based decisions regarding product selection in specific use settings, data are needed on the efficacy of these different nets against local mosquito populations. Methods Two experimental hut trials were performed in Za-Kpota, southern Benin in 2021 to evaluate the performance of Interceptor G2 (BASF), Royal Guard (Disease Control Technologies) and PermaNet 3.0 (Vestergaard Frandsen), all dual-active-ingredient bednets, in comparison to untreated or standard pyrethroid-treated bednets, against free-flying wild Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The performance of some of these next-generation nets was compared to the same type of nets that have been in use for up to 2 years. Mosquitoes collected in the huts were followed up after exposure to assess the sublethal effects of treatments on certain life-history traits. Results The predominant species in the study site was Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (An. gambiae s.s.). Both Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were resistant to pyrethroids (deltamethrin susceptibility was restored by piperonyl butoxide pre-exposure). In the experimental hut trials, the highest blood-feeding inhibition (5.56%) was recorded for the Royal Guard net, relative to the standard PermaNet 2.0 net (44.44% inhibition). The highest 72-h mortality rate (90.11%) was recorded for the Interceptor G2 net compared to the PermaNet 2.0 net (56.04%). After exposure, the risk of death of An. gambiae sensu lato (An. gambiae s.l.) was 6.5-fold higher with the Interceptor G2 net and 4.4-fold higher with the PermaNet 3.0 net compared to the respective untreated net. Lower mosquito mortality was recorded with an aged Interceptor G2 net compared to a new Interceptor G2 net. Oviposition rates were lower in mosquitoes collected from huts containing ITNs compared to those of untreated controls. None of the mosquitoes collected from huts equipped with Royal Guard nets laid any eggs. Conclusions The Royal Guard and Interceptor G2 nets showed a potential to significantly improve the control of malaria-transmitting vectors. However, the PermaNet 3.0 net remains effective in pyrethroid-resistant areas. Graphical Abstract

As an important pest on winter wheat, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) causes damage to the wheat yield by sucking plant nutrients, transmitting plant viruses and producing mildew. R. padi has been reported to develop resistance to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. To explore potential alternative approaches for R. padi control, the activity of 10 botanical insecticides was evaluated. Results suggested that the toxicity of rotenone and pyrethrins to R. padi were the highest and near to the commonly used chemical insecticides. When exposed to the low-lethal concentrations (LC10, LC30) of rotenone or pyrethrins for 24 h, the lifespan and fecundity of adults in F0 generation decreased significantly compared to control. The negative effect could also be observed in the F1 generation, including the decreased average offspring, longevity of adult, and prolonged nymph period. The population parameters in F1 generation of R. padi were also inhibited by exposing to the low-lethal concentrations of rotenone or pyrethrins, including the decreased net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of natural increase, finite rate of population increase, and gross reproduction rate. Co-toxocity factor results showed that mixtures of rotenone and thiamethoxam, pyrethrins and thiamethoxam showed synergistic effect. Our work suggested that rotenone and pyrethrins showed negative effect on the population growth under low-lethal concentrations. They are suitable for R. padi control as foliar spraying without causing population resurgence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) has significantly contributed to the reduction in malaria cases and deaths observed across Africa. Unfortunately, this control strategy is threatened by the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. Dual-active-ingredient insecticidal nets are now available to mitigate the impact of pyrethroid resistance. To facilitate evidence-based decisions regarding product selection in specific use settings, data are needed on the efficacy of these different nets against local mosquito populations. Methods: Two experimental hut trials were performed in Za-Kpota, southern Benin in 2021 to evaluate the performance of Interceptor G2 (BASF), Royal Guard (Disease Control Technologies) and PermaNet 3.0 (Vestergaard Frandsen), all dual-active-ingredient bednets, in comparison to untreated or standard pyrethroid-treated bednets, against free-flying wild Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The performance of some of these next-generation nets was compared to the same type of nets that have been in use for up to 2 years. Mosquitoes collected in the huts were followed up after exposure to assess the sublethal effects of treatments on certain life-history traits. Results: The predominant species in the study site was Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (An. gambiae s.s.). Both Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were resistant to pyrethroids (deltamethrin susceptibility was restored by piperonyl butoxide pre-exposure). In the experimental hut trials, the highest blood-feeding inhibition (5.56%) was recorded for the Royal Guard net, relative to the standard PermaNet 2.0 net (44.44% inhibition). The highest 72-h mortality rate (90.11%) was recorded for the Interceptor G2 net compared to the PermaNet 2.0 net (56.04%). After exposure, the risk of death of An. gambiae sensu lato (An. gambiae s.l.) was 6.5-fold higher with the Interceptor G2 net and 4.4-fold higher with the PermaNet 3.0 net compared to the respective untreated net. Lower mosquito mortality was recorded with an aged Interceptor G2 net compared to a new Interceptor G2 net. Oviposition rates were lower in mosquitoes collected from huts containing ITNs compared to those of untreated controls. None of the mosquitoes collected from huts equipped with Royal Guard nets laid any eggs. Conclusions: The Royal Guard and Interceptor G2 nets showed a potential to significantly improve the control of malaria-transmitting vectors. However, the PermaNet 3.0 net remains effective in pyrethroid-resistant areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) is a globally distributed agricultural pest. Of late, resistance to common acaricides has raised concerns that chemical control of P. citri is an inefficient means of control. Fluralaner, a highly toxic isoxazoline insecticide used to treat various ectoparasites, presents one potential alternative. However, little information has been reported about the effect of fluralaner on the citrus red mite. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity, sublethal and transgenerational effects of fluralaner on P. citri. RESULTS: In both laboratory and field populations of P. citri, we found fluralaner to be more toxic than conventional alternatives, including fenpropathrin, bifenazate, azocyclotin and chlorpyrifos. Interestingly, fluralaner proved more toxic to female adults than to the eggs of P. citri, with median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 2.446 and 122.7 mg L−1, respectively. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of fluralaner (LC10, LC20 and LC30) significantly reduced the fecundity and longevity of female adults P. citri individuals. Although concentrations of fluralaner applied to the parental female adults (F0) led to some changes in the developmental parameters, there were no significant changes in most of the life table parameters or population growth of the F1 generation. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that fluralaner is highly toxic to P. citri, and a significant sublethal effect on F0 could suppress the population growth of P. citri, but not for F1. Fluralaner may be considered as a pesticide for the future management of the citrus red mite. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural intensification has been identified as one of the key causes of global insect biodiversity losses. These losses have been further linked to the widespread use of agrochemicals associated with modern agricultural practices. Many of these chemicals are known to have negative sublethal effects on commercial pollinators, such as managed honeybees and bumblebees, but less is known about the impacts on wild bees. Laboratory‐based studies with commercial pollinators have consistently shown that pesticide exposure can impact bee behavior, with cascading effects on foraging performance, reproductive success, and pollination services. However, these studies typically assess only one chemical, neglecting the complexity of real‐world exposure to multiple agrochemicals and other stressors. In the summer of 2020, we collected wild‐foraging workers of the common eastern bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, from five squash (Cucurbita) agricultural sites (organic and conventional farms), selected to represent a range of agrochemical, including neonicotinoid insecticide, use. For each bee, we measured two behaviors relevant to foraging success and previously shown to be impacted by pesticide exposure: sucrose responsiveness and locomotor activity. Following behavioral testing, we used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) chemical analysis to detect and quantify the presence of 92 agrochemicals in each bumblebee. Bees collected from our sites did not vary in pesticide exposure as expected. While we found a limited occurrence of neonicotinoids, two fungicides (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole) were detected at all sites, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was present in all 123 bees. We found that bumblebees that contained higher levels of PBO were less active, and this effect was stronger for larger bumblebee workers. While PBO is unlikely to be the direct cause of the reduction in bee activity, it could be an indicator of exposure to pyrethroids and/or other insecticides that we were unable to directly quantify, but which PBO is frequently tank‐mixed with during pesticide applications on crops. We did not find a relationship between agrochemical exposure and bumblebee sucrose responsiveness. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a sublethal behavioral impact of agrochemical exposure on wild‐foraging bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) capitalizes on the natural behavior of mosquitoes because Aedes aegypti commonly seeks indoor resting sites after a blood meal. This behavior allows mosquitoes to be exposed to insecticide-treated surfaces and subsequently killed. Combinations of deltamethrin and clothianidin with different modes of action have shown promise in IRS, effectively targeting both susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. However, the effects of this approach on Aedes mosquitoes remain unclear. The present study tested the effects of deltamethrin–clothianidin mixture treatment on behavioral responses and life history traits of Taiwanese and Indonesian populations of Ae. aegypti. Methods We adopted an excito-repellent approach to explore the behavioral responses of pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations from Indonesia and Taiwan to a deltamethrin–clothianidin mixture used in contact irritancy and non-contact repellency treatments. We further evaluated the life history traits of surviving mosquitoes (i.e., delayed mortality after 7-day post-treatment, longevity, fecundity, and egg hatching) and investigated the potential transgenerational hormetic effects of insecticide exposure (i.e., development rate and survival of immatures and adult mosquitos). Results All tested field populations of Ae. aegypti displayed strong contact irritancy responses; the percentage of escape upon insecticide exposure ranged from 38.8% to 84.7%. However, repellent effects were limited, with the escape percentage ranging from 4.3% to 48.9%. We did not observe immediate knockdown or mortality after 24 h, and less than 15% of the mosquitoes exhibited delayed mortality after a 7-day exposure period. However, the carryover effects of insecticide exposure on the survival of immature mosquitoes resulted in approximately 25% higher immature mortality than that in the control. By contrast, we further documented stimulated survivor reproduction and accelerated transgenerational immature development resulting from the sublethal effects of the insecticide mixture. In particular, the number of eggs laid by treated (both treatments) female mosquitoes increased by at least 60% compared with that of eggs laid by control female mosquitoes. Conclusions IRS with deltamethrin–clothianidin effectively deters Aedes mosquitoes from entering residential areas and thereby reduces mosquito bites. However, the application rate (deltamethrin: 25 mg/m2; clothianidin: 200 mg/m2) may be insufficient to effectively kill Aedes mosquitoes. Insecticide response appears to vary across mosquito species; their behavioral and physiological responses to sublethal doses have crucial implications for mosquito control programs. Graphical Abstract

Simple Summary: This study investigated the sublethal effects of three insecticides (spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and pymetrozine) on Aphis gossypii. The effects of sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC30, LC50, and LC70) of the insecticides on the developmental period, survival rate, adult longevity, fecundity, and deformity rate were compared with those of the control. Spirotetramat and cyantraniliprole caused malformation in the F1 but not the F2 generation of A. gossypii. The net reproductive rate (R0) decreased significantly compared to that of the control (43.8) for all insecticides except cyantraniliprole at the LC10 (37.5). Therefore, sublethal concentrations (over the LC30) of the three insecticides could aid in the management of A. gossypii by affecting its population density. The toxicity and sublethal effects of three insecticides (spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and pymetrozine) on Aphis gossypii, a major agricultural pest, were investigated. The nymphal stage showed greater susceptibility than the adult stage to all the insecticides, with a difference of up to 8.9 times at the LC50 of spirotetramat. The effects of sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC30, LC50, and LC70) of the insecticides on the on the developmental period, survival rate, adult longevity, fecundity, and deformity rate were compared with those of the control. Compared with the control, cyantraniliprole and pymetrozine did not significantly affect the developmental period in the parental or F1 generation when applied at the nymphal stage at any concentration. Nonviable nymphs occurred in the F1 generation when both nymphs and adults were treated with spirotetramat and cyantraniliprole but not in the F2 generation. The age-specific maternity (lxmx) of A. gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC30) decreased with increasing concentration. Spirotetramat at the LC30 resulted in significant differences in all life table parameters (R0, rm, λ, T, DT) compared with those of the control. Similarly, compared with that of the control (43.8), the net reproductive rate (R0) significantly decreased for all the insecticides except cyantraniliprole at the LC10 (37.5). Therefore, this study indicated that sublethal concentrations (over the LC30) of spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, or pymetrozine might be useful for the density management of A. gossypii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium mongolicum Regel leaf beetle, Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is rampantly harmful in Inner Mongolia grassland. However, the current management strategies for this pest still heavily rely on chemical control using traditional insecticides or those with novel action. In the study, we conducted an indoor bioassay to evaluate the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on the biological characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the activity of detoxification enzymes, specifically the primary enzymes carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450, and insect's secondary metabolic enzymes, namely glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT), as well as its gene expression profile. The developmental period of the 3rd instar larvae of G. daurica was significantly prolonged after treatment with chlorantraniliprole, which negatively affected the hatching, pupation and diapause rates as well as their body weight. The larvae showed different dynamics of the enzyme activities within 24 h of chlorantraniliprole treatment. Different sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole showed an inducing effect on the activities, while no significant difference in activity was observed for P450. Expression profiling of detoxifying enzyme genes screened by transcriptome data has revealed that 6 CarE, 2 GST, 7 UGT and 31 P450 genes were up‐regulated. In conclusion, chlorantraniliprole's sublethal effect on 3rd instar G. daurica larvae resulted in a deceleration of their growth and developmental processes and significantly increased the activity levels of CarE, GST and UGT. The detoxifying proteins encoded by up‐regulation genes may involve in the detoxification metabolism of chlorantraniliprole. Our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole action and detoxification in this key grassland insect pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected in the environment globally. The presence and persistence of these compounds in the environment may lead to chronic wildlife exposure. We used northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to investigate the chronic toxicity and the bioconcentration of two short-chain PFCAs, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). We exposed Gosner stage 25 tadpoles to PFBA and PFHxA (as individual chemicals) at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for 43–46 days. Tadpoles exposed to 0.1 to 100 µg/L of PFBA and PFHxA had significantly higher mean snout-to-vent lengths, mean masses, and scaled mass indexes than control tadpoles. These results indicate that exposure to short-chain PFCAs influences tadpole growth. Further investigation into the mechanism(s) causing the observed changes in tadpole growth is warranted. We observed a significantly higher proportion of males in the PFBA 1 µg/L treatment group, however further histological analyses are required to confirm visual sex identification before making concrete conclusions on the effects of PFCAs on amphibian sex ratios. PFBA concentrations in tissues were higher than PFHxA concentrations; a pattern that contrasts with previously published studies using fish, suggesting potential differences between taxa in PFBA and PFHxA bioconcentration. Bioconcentration factors were <10 L/kg wet weight, indicating low bioconcentration potential in tadpoles. Our results suggest that PFBA and PFHxA may have effects at environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.1–10 µg/L) and further investigation is required before these compounds can be deemed a "safe" alternative to their long-chain counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lethal heat treatment dose (time and temperature) for the prepupal life stage of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), emerald ash borer (EAB), was determined through an in vitro application using a carefully calibrated heat treatment apparatus.The lethal and sublethal effects of heat on A. planipennis prepupae were assessed through a ramped heat delivery application, simulating industrial kilns and conventional heat chamber operations, for treatments combining target temperatures of 54 °C, 55 °C, and 56 °C, and exposure durations of 0 min (i.e., kiln temperature ramp only), 15 min, or 30 min. Prepupal EAB larvae did not survive exposure to 56 °C for 15 min or longer, or to 55 °C for 30 min. Sublethal effects were observed for all other treatments. Sublethal effects included delayed development and failure to complete the pupal and adult life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyridaben is a widely utilized, broad-spectrum contact acaricide, which has notable sublethal effects that impair the predatory capabilities of predatory mites, but the specific mechanisms that affect the predatory functions remain underexplored. When predatory mites hunt for prey, they may rely on Niemann–Pick-type C2 (NPC2) proteins to collect herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and other odor molecules to locate and pursue their prey. This study elucidated that pyridaben significantly diminished the predatory efficiency and searching behavior of the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi. Key metrics, including predatory capacity (a/Th) and predation rate (a) on various developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae, were markedly reduced in treated mites compared to controls. The searching efficiency (S) also declined proportionally with the increased sublethal dose of pyridaben. A gene linked to olfactive functions, NwNPC2a, was cloned from N. womersleyi. Post-treatment with pyridaben at LC30 and LC50 concentrations resulted in a substantial downregulation of NwNPC2a expression by 60.15% and 58.63%, respectively. Silencing NwNPC2a in N. womersleyi females led to significant reductions in the attack rate (a), handling time (Th), predation efficiency (a/Th), and maximum predation rate (1/Th). The searching efficiency (S) was also lower than that of the control group, displaying a slight decline with the increasing prey density. The findings revealed that pyridaben exerted inhibitory effects on both the predatory function and searching efficiency of N. womersleyi populations. The decrease in predatory performance at LC30 and LC50 concentrations was attributable to the suppression of NwNPC2a gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) studies corroborated that the NwNPC2a gene plays a critical role in the predation process of N. womersleyi. Thus, the underlying molecular mechanism through which pyridaben compromises the predatory function of N. womersleyi likely involves the downregulation of NwNPC2a expression.

Considering the influence of sublethal concentration of pesticides on pests and natural enemies, we propose a pest-management model with impulsive effect on chemical control and biological control strategies–periodic spraying pesticide and releasing predatory natural enemies. By using the Floquet theory and the comparison theorem of impulsive differential equations, a sufficient condition for the global asymptotic stability of the pest-eradication periodic solution is obtained. The persistence of the system is further studied, and a sufficient condition for the persistence of the system is obtained. Finally, some numerical simulations are shown to verify our theoretical works. Our works indicate that the sublethal effects of insecticides and the release of predatory natural enemies play significant roles in pest control in agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of cadmium (Cd) pollution in agroecosystems has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the cascading effects heavy metals on the fitness of herbivores and their natural enemies, as well as the potential impact on the efficacy of integrated pest management (IPM). In this study, we assessed the bottom-up effects mediated by Cd on two important egg parasitoids, Trichogramma japonicum and T. dendrolimi via their factitious host, the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica. Results showed that the bottom-up effects mediated by Cd are complex. Cd exposure at 20 mg/kg in artificial diets of rice moth larvae enhanced the weight of eggs laid once they have reached adulthood, increased the proportion of females produced, and stimulated reproduction, thus suggesting a hormesis response. A stimulation effect on T. dendrolimi fitness was also found (when developing from contaminated rice moth eggs), but T. japonicum instead had a reduced fitness. In addition, unexposed adult parasitoids (reared from uncontaminated hosts) were not able to discriminate between uncontaminated or contaminated eggs (produced by rice moths reared on Cd-diet). Our results show that Cd contamination should not interfere with the effectiveness of inundative releases of T. japonicum, but the capacity of the subsequent F1 generation of parasitoids in controlling pest populations could be affected by Cd contamination. This suggests that inundative releases should be favored over inoculative releases in Cd-contaminated sites, and mixed-species releases of Trichogramma could increase the cost effectiveness of pest biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a highly destructive pest of many crops. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a major insecticide for the management of FAW, however potential sublethal effects and regulating mechanisms on the development of FAW remain unknown. In this context, we exposed FAW to two EMB concentrations (LC10 or LC30) and then assess sublethal effect(s) on FAW development and reproduction, as well as evaluated potential regulating mechanisms. We showed that EMB prolonged the larval development time, pupal duration time and adult longevity, and increased pupal weight and fecundity/female, while lowered pupation rate (compared to control group). EMB also impaired FAW larvae molting and reduced levels of ecdysteroids in third-instar larvae and 1st-day pupae. Two new ecdysteroid biosynthesis genes, Neverland (SfNvd) and Shroud (SfSro) were identified from FAW. The spatial and temporal expression patterns and the changes in mRNA levels under EMB exposure of SfNvd and SfSro, along with five Holloween genes, were monitored. Six genes, including SfCYP306A1, SfCYP302A1, SfCYP307A1, SfSro, SfCYP314A1, and SfCYP315A1 were significantly induced, and SfNvd were decreased after exposure to LC10 or LC30 of EMB at specific developmental stages, while SfCYP307A1 was increased by LC10 in pupa and decreased by LC10 and LC30 of EMB in adults. These results suggest that EMB inhibits ecdysteroid biosynthesis by regulating ecdysteroid biosynthetic enzyme genes, thus resulting in ecdysis failure and disruption of larval development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, stands as a major agricultural pest, displaying resistance to a diverse range of insecticides. Diflubenzuron, a member of the benzoylurea class of insecticides, serve by suppressing the synthesis of chitin in insects. This disruption hampers their typical metamorphic processes like molting and pupation, ultimately culminating in death. In this study, the toxicity of diflubenzuron against H. armigera was investigated. The results showed that the LC50 of diflubenzuron on 3rd instar bollworm was 109 mg/kg after 7-day exposure. Most importantly, diflubenzuron treatment led to a change in the chitin synthesis pathway, accompanied by a significant surge in chitinase (HaChi) expression. The feasibility of combining with RNA interference (RNAi) technology to control cotton bollworm was further explored. We demonstrated that three chitin synthesis pathway genes Chitin synthase 1 (HaCHS1), chitin synthase 2 (HaCHS2) and HaChi were significantly inhibited following exposure to dsRNAs, leading to the death of cotton bollworm. Among these, the dsHaCHi treatment group manifested the most significant effect. Subsequent combined treatment of 3rd instar larvae with dsHaChi and diflubenzuron reduced survival rates of cotton bollworm by 24% and 15.33%, respectively. Simultaneously, there were recognized effects on larval weight, pupal weight, and pupation rate to varying degrees. This study underscores the potential of combining RNAi technology with conventional chemical pesticides, this combination can improve pest control efficiency, and offers a novel strategy to compensate for the low RNAi efficiency in lepidopteran insects, consequently reducing the dependency on chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triazoles are among the most widely used fungicides in the world due to their efficacy against fungal crop diseases and their broad spectrum of action. Intensive use of triazoles has resulted in residual contamination in different compartments of agroecosystems and exposes non-target species to potential sublethal effects. Triazoles are known to be immunomodulators in medicine and therapeutic treatments, but very little data is available on their potential effect on immune parameters of non-target vertebrate species living in agroecosystems. In this study, we experimentally examined the impact of tebuconazole on three immune biomarkers (haemagglutination titre (HA), haemolysis titre (HL), and haptoglobin concentration (Hp)), as well as on the body condition of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Our results suggest that tebuconazole had very little, if any, effect on the studied immune parameters. However, further studies are needed to better assess the effect of tebuconazole on bird immunity because (1) experimental individuals were kept under optimal conditions and the impact of tebuconazole on immunity may occur under suboptimal conditions, (2) only one concentration of tebuconazole was tested and its effect could be dose-dependent and (3) other complementary immunological biomarkers should be studied, given the complexity of the vertebrate immune system. Current knowledge on the potential effects of triazoles on the immunity of wild farmland vertebrates is still largely insufficient. Further physiological and immune studies should be conducted to better understand the effect of triazole fungicides on farmland birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important invasive and destructive pests in the world, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reduces crop yield and causes economic loss. It is critical to find an appropriate controlling approach. This study aimed to determine the insecticidal activities of botanical insecticides (30% tea saponin, 0.6% matrine and a mixture thereof) on fall armyworm larvae, as well as the effects of sublethal concentrations of an optimal ratio of the mixture, on the survival rate, developmental duration, pupation rate, emergence rate, and body weight of fall armyworm. In addition, we evaluated the control effect of the insecticides (30% tea saponin, 0.6% matrine, optimal ratio of mixture along with 0.3% azadirachtin and 36% chlorfenapyr) and toxicity to natural enemies in field conditions. The results showed that all botanical insecticides and mixtures were toxic, and the insecticidal bioactivity of 10:1 volume ratio mixture was the highest at 96 hours, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 56.561 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the sublethal concentration of a 10:1 volume ratio of the mixture significantly affected the survival rate, prolonged developmental duration and reduced emergence rates and pupal weights, but it did not affect the pupation rates of fall armyworm. Furthermore, it has harmless or slightly harmful effects on natural enemies. Our study provides a novel environmentally friendly and natural enemy-friendly approach to controlling fall armyworms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is a prominent citrus tree pest that serves as a vector for Asian huanglongbing (HLB). The substantial costs incurred by the citrus industry as a consequence of this disease have spurred considerable interest in the combined control of D. citri using insecticides and natural enemies. However, the successful implementation of such integrated pest management strategies is dependent on ensuring the compatibility of using natural enemies in the presence of insecticides. In this regard, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of flupyradifurone on Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), an important predatory biological control agent, in which we assessed the risk of exposure to flupyradifurone under both in- and off-field scenario. The median lethal rate (LR50) value of flupyradifurone against O. strigicollis (9.089 g a.i. ha−1), was found to be significantly lower than the maximum field recommended rate (MFRR, 170 g a.i. ha−1). Additionally, at 0.254 g a.i. ha−1, flupyradifurone was established to significantly prolong the developmental duration of O. strigicollis from the first to third instar nymphs. Although we detected no significant difference in the survival of immature O. strigicollis subjected to 0.064 g a.i. ha−1 and control treatments, survival was significantly lower in 0.127 and 0.254 g a.i. ha−1 treatments. Moreover, whereas there were no significant differences in adult longevity between the 0.127 g a.i. ha−1 and control treatments, we recorded a significant reduction in fecundity. Furthermore, there were reductions in peak life expectancy, reproductive value, finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase, and net reproduction rate in response to exposure to increasing flupyradifurone rate. Additionally, at 0.127 g a.i. ha−1, the mean generation time was significantly longer than that under control conditions. Following simulated exposure to flupyradifurone for 100 days, population of O. strigicollis in the 0.064 g a.i. ha−1 and control treatments were found to be significantly larger than those exposed to 0.127 g a.i. ha−1. On the basis on LR50 evaluations, whereas the risk of exposure risk was unacceptable for O. strigicollis under in-field scenario, it remained acceptable off-field. Nonetheless, the sublethal effect of prolonged exposure to residual flupyradifurone could pose an unacceptable off-field risk to O. strigicollis (e.g., in adjacent habitats). Consequently, the effects of different flupyradifurone exposure scenarios on O. strigicollis should be thoroughly assessed, and reducing the dosage of flupyradifurone could be advantageous for the control of D. citri when combine with augmentative release of O. strigicollis.

Eretmocerus hayati is an effective biocontrol agent against whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Thiamethoxam, abamectin, and sulfoxaflor are the commonly used insecticides for whitefly control. We explored the sublethal and transgenerational effects of these insecticides on E. hayati in laboratory by exposing the parental pupae to the maximum field-recommended concentration of each insecticide. The adult longevity and host control efficiency of F0 generation treated with insecticides decreased significantly compared with control. Demographic characteristics, parasitism and host-feeding rate of E. hayati F1 progeny was analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table, and the CONSUME-MSChart computer program. The results indicated that most life traits of E. hayati F1 generation, including the development duration of immature, longevity of female adults, oviposition days and fecundity were negatively affected by thiamethoxam. However, except for the prolonged development duration of pupae, no significant negative effect on other demographic parameters or population parameters of E. hayati F1 generation were observed in both abamectin and sulfoxaflor groups. The net host-feeding rate and whitefly-killing rate (parasitism + host-feeding) of E. hayati F1 females were adversely affected by thiamethoxam but not affected by abamectin and sulfoxaflor. Thiamethoxam had the most severe sublethal and transgenerational effects on E. hayati of the three insecticides tested. However, abamectin was more compatible with release of E. hayati, especially when applied during the E. hayati pupal stage. These findings provide insights into comprehensively understanding of the effects of insecticides used in whitefly control as well as the integrate management of B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Fruit flies are internationally important quarantine or invasive pests of many fruits and vegetables and can cause serious economic losses. Long‐term reliance on insecticides for controlling these pests has led to increasing resistance to multiple insecticides; hence, a new agent is needed. In this study, the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of the novel insecticide broflanilide on four adult fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera tau, and Bactrocera correcta, were evaluated. RESULTS: Broflanilide was effective against B. dorsalis and B. correcta, with lethal concentration values (amount required to kill 50% of animals; LC50) of 0.390 and 1.716 mg/L. However, for B. cucurbitae (19.673 mg/L) and B. tau (24.373 mg/L), the LC50 was 50–60 times higher than that of B. dorsalis. The survival rates of B. correcta and B. cucurbitae were significantly lower under LC50 treatment than those of the control (corrected for mortality rate). Sublethal concentrations of broflanilide stimulated fecundity in all species except B. tau. The hatching rate at LC50 was significantly lower for B. correcta and B. tau compared with the control and even more so for B. correcta, which was zero. CONCLUSION: Broflanilide is potentially an effective insecticide for controlling B. dorsalis and B. correcta. However, the variation in toxicity of broflanilide to the four fruit flies suggests that species variation needs to be carefully considered. Our results highlight the importance of clarifying the sublethal effects of insecticides on target insects to ensure the comprehensive evaluation and rational use of insecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sublethal exposure to insecticides causes changes in insect behaviors and physiologies including feeding, mobility, communication, hormone homeostasis, development and fecundity, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms were largely unclear. Our previous studies revealed that sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure disturbed the hormone homeostasis, reduced the weight and longevity and prolonged the developmental duration of Chilo suppressalis. In the present study, the potential phosphorylation modification regulation mechanisms in C. suppressalis in response to sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure were explored using comparative and quantitative phosphoproteomics. RESULTS: A total of 2640 phosphopeptides belonging to 1144 phosphoproteins were identified, among which 446 phosphopeptides derived from 303 unique phosphoproteins were differentially phosphorylated between the chlorantraniliprole‐treated and control larvae. The phosphorylation levels of differentially phosphorylated phosphopeptides were further validated using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Functional classification and protein–protein interaction of the differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs) were analyzed. Generalized analysis of the DPPs and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in our previous study showed that sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure significantly changed the transcription and phosphorylation levels of genes/proteins associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton, signal transduction, transcription, translation and post‐translational modification, leading to the dysfunctions of energy metabolism, transcription regulation, protein synthesis and modification, and signal transduction in C. suppressalis. Further analysis of the phosphorylation motifs in DPPs revealed that the MAPKs, CDKs, CaMK II, PKA, PKC and CK II protein kinases might be directly responsible for the phosphoproteomics response of C. suppressalis to chlorantraniliprole treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results provide abundant phosphorylation information for characterizing the protein modification in insects, and also provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect post‐translational modifications in response to sublethal insecticide exposure. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brevipalpus yothersi is an important pest to citrus crop due to its ability to transmit the virus that causes citrus leprosis. The exposure of target and non-target organisms to different pesticides is a reality in field conditions. For successful management, it is essential to determine the effects of citrus commonly used pesticides on leprosis mites to determine how pesticides can interfere with the leprosis mite population. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of insecticides, alone or associated with spirodiclofen, on B. yothersi life history traits and demographic parameters under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results suggest that cypermethrin and imidacloprid, both alone and in a mixture with spirodiclofen, phosmet in a mix with spirodiclofen and spirodiclofen alone did not interfere significantly in the fecundity and fertility of B. yothersi in laboratory conditions. In the same condition, only phosmet at 15.6, 125.0, and 250.0 mg.L-1 reduced the fecundity of the mites. Brevipalpus yothersi population varied with the insecticide and mixture type in the greenhouse condition. Most insecticides and acaricide, alone or in a mixture, decreased pre-adult development, whereas female adult longevity was similar to control. Spirodiclofen combined with phosmet and imidacloprid decreased female adult longevity. Only spirodiclofen in a mixture with cypermethrin and phosmet alone did not interfere significantly with the intrinsic rate of population increase. The other insecticides and mixtures reduced that parameter. The mean time of one mite generation was decreased when the mites were exposed to all insecticides and acaricide combinations, spirodiclofen and phosmet alone. Therefore, cypermethrin, phosmet, imidacloprid, and spirodiclofen, alone or in a mixture, negatively impacted the development time and demographic parameters of B. yothersi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The citrus fruit borer has become one of the main pests in citrus orchards in Brazil, possibly due to biological imbalances caused by multiple insecticide applications. This pest is managed with insecticides, but studies indicate a potential use of Trichogramma atopovirilia to control its eggs. In this way, we evaluated the selectivity of new products that could eventually be used in the Brazilian citrus orchards on T. atopovirilia. Among the products tested, spinetoram was considered harmful. Cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, abamectin, sulfoxaflor, and the entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps fumosorosea were considered selective and non-persistent to the parasitoid. In Brazil, the citrus fruit borer, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927, is a serious pest in orange orchards, causing an annual loss of 80 million US dollars, and is managed with multiple insecticide applications, often 56 in a single season. On the other hand, the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 has the potential for controlling G. aurantianum by attacking its eggs. Considering the intensive insecticide applications in citrus orchards in Brazil to control the large complex of pests, especially Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908, evaluation of the harmful effects of insecticides on T. atopovirilia is important to maximize efficiency in managing G. aurantianum. Here, we tested the effects of new products used in citrus orchards (cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, abamectin, sulfoxaflor, spinetoram, flupyradifure, and Cordyceps fumosorosea (Wize) Kepler, B. Shrestha & Spatafora) on adults and pupae of T. atopovirilia. Of the insecticides tested, spinetoram caused the highest impacts on T. atopovirilia parasitism, longevity, emergence, and mortality. The other products caused more sublethal than lethal effects and were classified as 1 and/or 2 in the IOBC/WPRS classification. Abamectin, cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, and the entomopathogenic fungus C. fumosorosea were classified as short-lived. Except for spinetoram, these products were classified as selective. In this study, spinetoram was considered harmful to T. atopovirilia and, therefore, should be managed carefully in IPM programs combining this parasitoid. In order to safely use this insecticide, one should respect the interval of release of the parasitoid, which is 21 days after its spraying. The novel products tested, cyantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole + abamectin, abamectin, sulfoxaflor, and the entomopathogenic fungi C. fumosorosea were selective and non-persistent to T. atopovirilia. These products are possible replacements for non-selective insecticides to achieve higher control from both chemical and biological tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a sap-sucking pest that seriously damages several crops and reduces their economic value. Exposure to low concentrations of insecticides may have a sublethal effect on surviving insects. In order to provide a reference for the rational application of emamectin benzoate, its sublethal effects on the development and reproduction of T. hawaiiensis were evaluated. Pupal development time was significantly shorter in T. hawaiiensis treated with sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate (LC10 and LC20) than in control. Female adult longevity and female total longevity were significantly longer following LC20 treatment than in the control and LC10 treatment groups. Nevertheless, male adult longevity and male total longevity were significantly shorter in the LC10 treatment group than in the control and LC20 treatment groups. The sublethal concentration of emamectin benzoate (LC20) significantly shortened the preadult stages and the mean generation. Meanwhile, it significantly increased the finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase, and net reproductive rate. The fecundity was significantly higher after LC20 treatment than after LC10 and control treatments. Compared with the control group, the LC10 and LC20 groups of T. hawaiiensis adults showed a significantly higher expression of the vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes, which played a key role in increasing their fecundity. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate may lead to a resurgence and secondary outbreak of T. hawaiiensis infestation. The results have practical applications for the management of this important and noxious pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing loss of pollinators over the last decades has become more and more evident. Intensive use of plant protection products is one key factor contributing to this decline. Especially the mixture of different plant protection products can pose an increased risk for pollinators as synergistic effects may occur. In this study we investigated the effect of the fungicide Cantus® Gold (boscalid/dimoxystrobin), the neonicotinoid insecticide Mospilan® (acetamiprid) and their mixture on honeybees. Since both plant protection products are frequently applied sequentially to the same plants (e.g. oilseed rape), their combination is a realistic scenario for honeybees. We investigated the mortality, the sucrose responsiveness and the differential olfactory learning performance of honeybees under controlled conditions in the laboratory to reduce environmental noise. Intact sucrose responsiveness and learning performance are of pivotal importance for the survival of individual honeybees as well as for the functioning of the entire colony. Treatment with two sublethal and field relevant concentrations of each plant protection product did not lead to any significant effects on these behaviors but affected the mortality rate. However, our study cannot exclude possible negative sublethal effects of these substances in higher concentrations. In addition, the honeybee seems to be quite robust when it comes to effects of plant protection products, while wild bees might be more sensitive.

Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important major pests that damage both agricultural production areas and many other commercially grown plants across the world. Agricultural producers generally prefer pesticides to control pests. However, the pesticides are sometimes used without consideration for their effects on non-target organisms. In addition, in some cases, the dose adjustment for the pesticides prior to application is incorrectly applied. In this case, the associated overdose or low dose may lead to changes in the biological parameters of the target and the non-target organisms. In this study, we investigated the effect of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, deltamethrin and cypermethrin on reproduction parameters and lifespan of T. urticae using their field recommended dose (FRD) and half of the field recommended dose (FRD/2). Insecticides and pure water (control) were applied to the larvae of the T. urticae found on the leaves on the wet cotton of the Petri dish by spray towers. Compared to the control, the developmental times for the larvae on test unit treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin at FRD and FRD/2 were considerably longer. The developmental period of larvae treated with thiacloprid at the FRD, however, was significantly shorter than the control (P < 0.05). The duration of adults preoviposition from thiacloprid administered at the FRD/2 was significantly increased compared to the control (P < 0.05). The lifespan (4.89 days) and the duration of oviposition period (5.05 days) of adults obtained from larvae treated with imidacloprid at FRD was significantly shorter compared to the control (P < 0.05). Thus, thiacloprid at the FRD/2 significantly increased the preoviposition time (1.10 days) compared to the control (0.50 days) (P < 0.05). Deltamethrin at the FRD and FRD/2 significantly increased the preoviposition duration compared to control (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) and petroleum hydrocarbons are contaminants of emerging concern in the Arctic, but little is known about their co-exposure effects. In this study, we present the first assessment of the sublethal impacts resulting from combined exposure to microplastics and oil in three key Arctic copepod species. Specifically, we investigated the effects of a 5-day exposure to oil alone (1 μL L−1) and in combination with MPs (polyethylene microspheres, 20 μm, 20 MP mL−1) and dispersant (Corexit 9500, 0.05 μL L−1) on the biological functions and lipid profiles of the planktonic copepods Metridia longa , Calanus finmarchicus , and Calanus glacialis. Exposure to oil alone caused a significant reduction (34–58%) in fecal pellet production, but neither microplastics nor dispersant increased the negative effect of oil on fecal pellet production. C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus exposed to the studied pollutants for 5 days produced eggs with delayed hatching and lower hatching success. The highest hatching inhibition (50%) was observed in eggs of C. glacialis exposed to oil plus MPs and dispersant for five days. This indicates that maternal transfer of oil components to eggs negatively affects embryonic development and hatching. Lipid content and fatty acids profiles varied among the studied copepod species but were not affected by the tested pollutants after five days of exposure. By microscopical observation of fecal pellets, ingestion of small oil droplets and MPs was confirmed in all species, but the estimated ingestion of MPs was low (<25 MPs cop−1 d−1, <0.2% of total offered MPs) suggesting avoidance of MP consumption in copepods. Our results indicate that virgin MPs did not increase the toxicity of oil to the studied Arctic copepods under co-exposure conditions, and dispersants can slightly increase certain adverse effects of oil (hatching). However, environmentally relevant concentrations of oil alone can negatively impact Arctic keystone copepods and potentially the biological carbon pump. These findings emphasize the need to reduce petrogenic pollution and the risk of oil spills in the sensitive Arctic ecosystem. [Display omitted] • Low ingestion of polyethylene microplastics (20 μm) in Arctic copepods. • Environmentally relevant oil concentrations were toxic to Arctic copepods. • Fecal pellet production was highly sensitive to acute oil droplet exposure. • Microplastics did not increase oil toxicity to the studied copepod species. • Chemical dispersant increased the toxicity of oil on copepod hatching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a pressing need to improve understanding of how insecticide resistance affects the functional performance of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Standard WHO insecticide resistance monitoring assays are designed for resistance surveillance and do not necessarily provide insight into how different frequencies, mechanisms or intensities of resistance affect the ability of ITNs to reduce malaria transmission. Methods The current study presents some novel laboratory-based assays that attempt to better simulate realistic exposure of mosquitoes to ITNs and to quantify impact of exposure not only on instantaneous mortality, but also on blood-feeding and longevity, two traits that are central to transmission. The assays evaluated the performance of a standard ITN (Permanet® 2.0; Vestergaard Frandsen), a ‘next generation’ combination ITN with a resistance-breaking synergist (Permanet® 3.0) and an untreated net (UTN), against field-derived Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes from Côte d’Ivoire exhibiting a 1500-fold increase in pyrethroid resistance relative to a standard susceptible strain. Results The study revealed that the standard ITN induced negligible instantaneous mortality against the resistant mosquitoes, whereas the resistance-breaking net caused high mortality and a reduction in blood-feeding. However, both ITNs still impacted long-term survival relative to the UTN. The impact on longevity depended on feeding status, with blood-fed mosquitoes living longer than unfed mosquitoes following ITN exposure. Exposure to both ITNs also reduced the blood-feeding success, the time spent on the net and blood-feeding duration, relative to the untreated net. Conclusion Although a standard ITN did not have as substantial instantaneous impact as the resistance-breaking net, it still had significant impacts on traits important for transmission. These results highlight the benefit of improved bioefficacy assays that allow for realistic exposure and consider sub- or pre-lethal effects to help assess the functional significance of insecticide resistance. Graphical Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important food crop all over the world, while white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest causing rice yield reduction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sublethal effects of strain BEdy1 Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on S. furcifera using the two-sex life table analytical method, compare the life tables of the F0 and F1 generations of WBPHs which were treated with sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25) of B. bassiana BEdy1 with a control group. The results showed that the duration of the egg, 4th-instar and 5th-instar nymph, pre-adult, total pre-oviposition (TPOP) and mean generation time (T) for the LC25 treatment were significantly longer than those of the control and LC10 treatment. However, the duration of the adult, the longevity of male and female adults and the oviposition days of female adults for the LC25 treatment were significantly shortened. The fecundity of female adults, intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) for the LC25 treatment were significantly decreased compared with those of other treatments. The duration of the egg and pre-adult stage for the LC10 treatment were longer than those of the control group, but the population parameters showed no significant difference. Therefore, the LC25 of B. bassiana BEdy1 can inhibit the population growth of S. furcifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) (BPH) is a devastating migratory rice pest in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Insecticide-induced population resurgence is a concern for BPH control. Exposure to low/sublethal concentrations of insecticides has resulted in increased reproduction and fitness as well as insecticide tolerance in many insects. Nitenpyram, a neonicotinoid insecticide, has been frequently used in BPH control. In the present study, the transgenerational hormesis effects in terms of fitness-related traits and insecticide tolerance induced by low concentrations of nitenpyram were reported in both susceptible (S) and field-collected strains (F) of BPH, after exposure to their respective LC20 nitenpyram concentrations for six generations. Our findings stressed that chronic, multigenerational preconditioning of BPHs to LC20 nitenpyram not only increased the biological fitness (in terms of life table parameters and estimated population size), but also primed BPHs to be more tolerate/resistant to insecticides nitenpyram, imidacloprid and cycloxaprid. The upregulation of detoxification (CYP6ER1) and fecundity-related (vitellogenin) genes in both the LC20-preconditioned S and F strains (S-Sub6 and F-Sub6) might contribute to the increased insecticide tolerance and reproduction hormesis. These results support the hypothesis that BPH population outbreaks following multigenerational exposure to low concentrations of nitenpyram in field crops occur through increased reproduction and resistance development. Moreover, based on our results, sulfoxaflor and triflumezopyrim are proposed to be used in rotation with nitenpyram, imidacloprid or cycloxaprid to delay the development of tolerance/resistance in BPHs in paddy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Insecticides are considered to be one of the major factors of bee decline. In this study, the potential sublethal effects of selected neonicotinoids on honey bee larvae were investigated by protein expression profiling for the first time. The total larval protein expression was investigated by 2D gel electrophoresis after exposure to the insecticides dimethoate, fenoxycarb and flupyradifurone. Protein spots whose concentrations differed significantly from the controls were sequenced and identified against known insect proteins. Although the treated larvae did not show increased mortality or an aberrant development, the proteome comparisons showed differences in the metabolism, immune response and energy supply of the bee larvae. The strongest influence was found for flupyradifurone, which activates various detoxification pathways, the immune response or tissue regeneration. Our results suggest that there may be a delayed larval development or possibly a reduced honey bee brood vitality at sublethal concentrations. The western honey bee Apis mellifera is globally distributed due to its beekeeping advantages and plays an important role in the global ecology and economy. In recent decades, several studies have raised concerns about bee decline. Discussed are multiple reasons such as increased pathogen pressure, malnutrition or pesticide use. Insecticides are considered to be one of the major factors. In 2013, the use of three neonicotinoids in the field was prohibited in the EU. Flupyradifurone was introduced as a potential successor; it has a comparable mode of action as the banned neonicotinoids. However, there is a limited number of studies on the effects of sublethal concentrations of flupyradifurone on honey bees. Particularly, the larval physiological response by means of protein expression has not yet been studied. Hence, the larval protein expression was investigated via 2D gel electrophoresis after following a standardised protocol to apply sublethal concentrations of the active substance (flupyradifurone 10 mg/kg diet) to larval food. The treated larvae did not show increased mortality or an aberrant development. Proteome comparisons showed clear differences concerning the larval metabolism, immune response and energy supply. Further field studies are needed to validate the in vitro results at a colony level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation and industralisation has increased heavy metal pollution globally. In this chapter we consider what we currently know of how heavy metal pollutants impact insect pollinators, especially honey bees. Heavy metal pollutants are a complex ecological challenge. Heavy metals often occur as cocktails of pollutants. Both mining and the burning or refining of fossil fuels release mixtures of metal pollutants into the environment. These can cause widespread and long-lasting damage to animals at tissue, cellular and epigenomic levels. Most of what we know of the effects of heavy metal pollutants has been derived from studies of humans or mammalian model systems. What we currently know from the studies of metal pollutants of insects suggests that insects are more exposed to environmental heavy metal pollutants. There is evidence that insects bioaccumulate them quickly, and they may be harmed by levels of pollution that would be considered safe for humans. This is a serious cause for concern, but we are limited by too few studies. Taxonomic coverage of insects is poor, with studies biased toward a few pest or beneficial species, including honey bees, a few wild bee species and mosquitos. Very few studies have considered how cocktails of metal pollutants might impact insects. For these reasons we need more data to accurately determine the "safe" and harmful levels of heavy metal pollutants for insect pollinators, and establish guidelines for their protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most destructive pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide. Chlorfenapyr is an important insecticide for controlling DBM. The impacts of three sublethal doses (LC1, LC10 and LC30) of chlorfenapyr on the chlorfenapyr‐exposed DBM individuals and their unexposed F1 and F2 offspring were investigated in order to reveal the non‐lethal deleterious effects of chlorfenapyr and its potential hormetic effects. RESULTS: LC1 significantly increased female pupa weight of F0 and F1 generations, and F0 fecundity as well as F1 gross reproduction rate (GRR). The LC1‐elicited rise in emergency rate and fecundity was significantly greater in F0 than in F1. By contrast, LC30 significantly decreased age‐specific survival rates, pupation rate, male pupal weight, emergence rate and fecundity of F0 and F1 generations as well as female adult proportion and GRR, net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) of F1 generation. The LC30‐induced reductions in pupation rate, adult emergence rate, male and female pupa weight, and fecundity were greater in F1 than in F0. While LC10 elicited only a mild inhibition (extension of pupal duration) in F0, it yielded both deleterious (drops in female proportion and age‐specific survivals) and hormetic effects (ups in male longevity and female fecundity) in F1. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr on DBM vary from inhibition to stimulatory hormesis, depending on the dose and generation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The side effects of insecticides on non‐target species are important to secure the intended effectiveness of pest management programmes. The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii is a frequent problem in industrial greenhouse cultivation, and insecticide and parasitoids are often used for crop protection. Among insecticides, mixtures are playing increasing roles in pest management in the greenhouse production system, as well as parasitoid use. The insecticide mixture thiacloprid + deltamethrin and the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani are the main agents used against the cotton aphid and are the focus of this study. Here, we report the effects of the thiacloprid + deltamethrin on A. gossypii and Ap. colemani. The low concentrations 2.79 g a.i/L (LC10) and 7.28 g a.i/L (LC30) compromised the life parameters of the aphid progeny and increased the development time at all juvenile stages. In addition, fecundity, longevity and other parameters (r, R0 and T) were significantly impaired by thiacloprid + deltamethrin at both concentrations. The median lethal time estimate (LT50) for Ap. colemani was 18.73 h; the parasitoid mortality was significant up to 24 h after application but decreased afterward. Regardless, the parasitoid life table parameters were also compromised by insecticide exposure, similarly to the parasitoid population growth and parasitism efficacy. These results demonstrate the effect of the insecticide mixture against A. gossypii, and the increased risk of its adverse impacts on the parasitoid Ap. colemani, which signals against their simultaneous application to control this pest species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important agricultural pest of rice, and neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used for controlling L. striatellus. However, the sublethal effects of thiamethoxam on L. striatellus remain relatively unknown. In this study, an age-stage life table procedure was used to evaluate the sublethal effects of thiamethoxam on the biological parameters of L. striatellus. Additionally, activities of carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in the third instar nymphs were analyzed. The results indicated that the survival time of F0 adults and the fecundity of female adults decreased significantly after the third instar nymphs were treated with sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam (LC15 0.428 mg/liter and LC30 0.820 mg/liter). The developmental duration, adult preoviposition period, total preoviposition period, and mean generation time of the F1 generation increased significantly, whereas the fecundity of the female adults, intrinsic rate of increase (ri), and finite rate of increase (λ) decreased significantly. The oviposition period was significantly shorter for the insects treated with LC30 than for the control insects. Neither sublethal concentrations had significant effects on the adult longevity, net reproduction rate (R0), or gross reproduction rate (GRR) of the F1 generation. The activities of carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase increased significantly after the thiamethoxam treatments. These results indicate that sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam can inhibit L. striatellus population growth and enhance detoxification enzyme activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid is a widely used insecticide for controlling piercing-sucking pests. However, its impact on nontarget insects must not be ignored. In this study, we assessed the effects of sublethal dose of imidacloprid on Sclerodermus alternatusi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), which is an important predator of many pests. The data indicate that imidacloprid at LD10 (0.1468 ng active ingredient per insect) and LD30 (0.2376 ng active ingredient per insect) significantly reduced the longevity and fecundity of the F0 generation of S. alternatusi. However, the adult female longevity of the F1 generation of the LD10 dose group showed a significant increase, and the LD30 dose group showed a nonsignificant increase. The study found that as the imidacloprid dose increased, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) decreased, while the mean generation time (T) increased. The imidacloprid groups also showed a decrease in age-stage specific survival rate (Sxj) and age-specific survival rate (lx). However, the female age-specific survival rate (fx4) showed an increasing and then decreasing trend for all treatments. The study found that imidacloprid had an impact on the longevity of S. alternatusi in the F0 generation and extended the mean generation time (T) in the F1 generation. However, it had negative effects on population growth parameters. These findings can be used as a basis for developing integrated pest management strategies., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can feed on the leaves of many crops, resulting in vast areas of damage and severe losses. Therefore, this insect has become a significant agricultural pest in north Asia. In this study, we fed 3rd instar larvae with artificial diets containing different concentrations of chlorogenic acid and found a significant lethal effect and the mortality increased with increasing chlorogenic acid concentration. Next, we measured the sublethal effect of chlorogenic acid at LC20 on the growth and development of M. separata larvae. The durations of the 4th and 5th instar were longer than those of the control group (prolonged by 0.8 and 0.6 days, respectively), and the 6th instar was shorter (by 1.1 days). The total survival rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate, sex ratio, and oviposition amount in the LC20 chlorogenic acid-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of 3rd instar larvae fed various concentrations of chlorogenic acid revealed that several MsCYP450 genes were significantly up-regulated, and this finding was further validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, various concentrations of chlorogenic acid and different treatment times significantly affected the enzyme activity of CYP450 in 3rd instar larvae. Importantly, dietary ingestion of dsMsCYP450 significantly reduced the mRNA level of MsCYP450 genes and increased mortality in the presence of chlorogenic acid. Our results revealed that MsCYP6B6, MsCYP321A7, and MsCYP6B7-like play an essential role in the detoxification of chlorogenic acid by M. separata. This study provides evidence of control effect by botanical insecticide chlorogenic acid on M. separata, and potential detoxification mechanism mediated by P450 of botanical insecticide in arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]