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Chiral trifluoromethyl alcohols as vital intermediates are of great interest in fine chemicals and especially in pharmaceutical synthesis. In this work, a novel isolate Kosakonia radicincitans ZJPH202011 was firstly employed as biocatalyst for the synthesis of (R)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol ((R)-BPFL) with good enantioselectivity. By optimizing fermentation conditions and bioreduction parameters in aqueous buffer system, the substrate concentration of 1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (BPFO) was doubled from 10 to 20 mM, and the enantiomeric excess (ee) value for (R)-BPFL increased from 88.8 to 96.4%. To improve biocatalytic efficiency by strengthening the mass-transfer rate, natural deep-eutectic solvents, surfactants and cyclodextrins (CDs) were introduced separately in the reaction system as cosolvent. Among them, L-carnitine: lysine (C: Lys, molar ratio 1:2), Tween 20 and γ-CD manifested higher (R)-BPFL yield compared with other same kind of cosolvents. Furthermore, based on the excellent performance of both Tween 20 and C: Lys (1:2) in enhancing BPFO solubility and ameliorating cell permeability, a Tween 20/C: Lys (1:2)-containing integrated reaction system was then established for efficient bioproduction of (R)-BPFL. After optimizing the critical factors involved in BPFO bioreduction in this synergistic reaction system, BPFO loading increased up to 45 mM and the yield reached 90.0% within 9 h, comparatively only 37.6% yield was acquired in neat aqueous buffer. This is the first report on K. radicincitans cells as new biocatalyst applied in (R)-BPFL preparation, and the developed Tween 20/C: Lys-containing synergistic reaction system has great potential for the synthesis of various chiral alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility οf cοmbining UV and Heat activated perοxydisulfate (PDS) fοr the οxidatiοn οf paracetamοl (PCT) was studied in this study. A series οf cοmparative degradatiοn experiments in different systems, as well as the influence οf οperating parameters οn UV-Heat/PDS prοcess efficiency were investigated. The UV-Heat/PDS synergistic system demοnstrated superiοr PCT degrading perfοrmances in cοmparisοn tο the UV/PDS and Heat/PDS systems. In the UV-Heat/PDS system, the degree οf synergistic effect between UV and heat was calculated tο be 1.5. In additiοn, an increase in reactiοn temperature and perοxydisulfate cοncentratiοn, as well as a decrease in PCT initial cοncentratiοns, was fοund tο imprοve PCT degradatiοn efficiency. Under all studied cοnditiοns, the PCT degradatiοn fοllοwed a pseudο-first οrder kinetics pattern. Apparent activatiοn energy οf 57 kJ/mοl was calculated frοm the cοrrespοnding apparent rate cοnstants in the range 30–60 °C. The effect οf the parameters that directly affect the UV-Heat/PDS prοcess was evaluated by emplοying Bοx–Behnken design (BDD). The secοnd οrder mοdel οbtained by BBD led tο the fοllοwing οptimal cοnditiοns: 5.8 mM ≤ [ PDS ] 0 ≤ 10 mM, 45.75 °C ≤ T ≤ 60 °C and [ PCT ] 0 = 0.033 mM. Under these οptimal cοnditiοns, the maximum degradatiοn yield achieved was 93%. Accοrding tο these results, the UV-Heat/PDS synergistic system is an efficient technique fοr remοving PCT frοm aqueοus media. These pοsitive results have tο be cοnfirmed οn οther recalcitrant pharmaceutical cοmpοunds and in real cοnditiοns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and highly malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Ever more recent papers are focusing on understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in affecting tumorigenesis and the subsequent prognosis. We assessed the impact of macrophages in the TME on the prognosis in patients with recurrent GBM. A PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus review was conducted to identify all studies dealing with macrophages in the GBM microenvironment from January 2016 to December 2022. Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) act critically in enhancing tumor progression and can alter drug resistance, promoting resistance to radiotherapy and establishing an immunosuppressive environment. M1 macrophages are characterized by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-27, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), CCL2, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), IGF1, that can lead to the destruction of the tissue. In contrast, M2 is supposed to participate in immunosuppression and tumor progression, which is formed after being exposed to the macrophage M-CSF, IL-10, IL-35 and the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-β). Because there is currently no standard of care in recurrent GBM, novel identified targeted therapies based on the complex signaling and interactions between the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the TME, especially resident microglia and bone-marrow-derived macrophages, may be helpful in improving the overall survival of these patients in the near future.

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of text from the standpoint of functional linguosynergetics. The relevance of the study is due to the need to rethink the basic linguistic concepts in terms of current scientific approaches, in particular those that are aimed at a holistic vision of the object of study in terms of its consistency, variability and functionality while immersed in the external environment. The authors consider the text as a synergistic semantic system that has the inherent properties of openness, non-linearity, non-equilibrium and the ability to self-organize. The process of formation of the semantic system of the text, during which the text is transformed into discourse, is interpreted as a functional and semantic self-organization, which consists in a cyclic change in the phase of the systems exit from the state of dynamic equilibrium, followed by the ordering of the semantic construct (that is, its return to the equilibrium state) due to the well-coordinated, coherent interaction of multi-level elements of the system on the way of its advancement in the communicative goal - the functional attractor. The authors come to the conclusion that understanding the mechanisms for implementing the functional synergy of the text makes it possible to qualitatively influence the effectiveness of the implementation of the pragmatic task of the final text product

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and highly malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Ever more recent papers are focusing on understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in affecting tumorigenesis and the subsequent prognosis. We assessed the impact of macrophages in the TME on the prognosis in patients with recurrent GBM. A PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus review was conducted to identify all studies dealing with macrophages in the GBM microenvironment from January 2016 to December 2022. Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) act critically in enhancing tumor progression and can alter drug resistance, promoting resistance to radiotherapy and establishing an immunosuppressive environment. M1 macrophages are characterized by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-27, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), CCL2, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), IGF1, that can lead to the destruction of the tissue. In contrast, M2 is supposed to participate in immunosuppression and tumor progression, which is formed after being exposed to the macrophage M-CSF, IL-10, IL-35 and the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-β). Because there is currently no standard of care in recurrent GBM, novel identified targeted therapies based on the complex signaling and interactions between the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the TME, especially resident microglia and bone-marrow-derived macrophages, may be helpful in improving the overall survival of these patients in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The BiFeO 3 /X-rGA composite was prepared by doping with heteroatoms. • A synergy system of adsorption and catalytic degradation system was constructed. • Heteroatom doping enhances graphene adsorption and catalytic degradation activity. • The coupled system showed good removal of coking wastewater and organic pollutants. In this paper, a multifield coupled system of synergistic adsorption and photo-Fenton degradation was constructed, and BiFeO 3 -modified nonmetallic element-doped graphene aerogel composites (BiFeO 3 /X-rGA) were prepared to realize the advanced treatment of phenol and coking wastewater by utilizing consistent adsorption and catalytic degradation sites. Nonmetallic element-doped graphene formed more defective active sites and changed the planar carbon layer structure, which enhanced the adsorption performance of pollutants on the basis of graphene face adsorption and π-π adsorption. Moreover, element doping also modulated the localized electronic structure of graphene and promoted carrier separation, which in turn enhanced the photo-Fenton degradation activity. The phenol degradation rate constant of BiFeO 3 /P-rGA was 3.29 times greater than that of BiFeO 3 /rGA, and the removal efficiency in coking wastewater was also greatly improved. In coupled systems, hydroxyl radicals are the predominant active species, and the mechanism by which nonmetallic modifications promote the synergistic performance of graphene aerogel adsorption and catalytic degradation systems was refined based on experimental and DFT results, providing a new idea for the advanced treatment of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contributes to carbon neutrality, and, at the same time, preventing mine heat disasters and extracting highly mineralized (HM) mine water, so as to realize the synergy between CO2 storage (CS) and geothermal extraction and utilization (GEU) in a high temperature (HT) goaf. With this purpose, an innovative CS-GEU technology for HT and HM water in deep mine is proposed, based on the mechanism of water-rock-CO2 effect (WRCE) and the principle of GEU in the mine. This technology uses GEU to offset the costs of CO2 storage and refrigeration in HT mine. A general scheme for a synergistic system of CS and GEU in the goaf is designed. The feasibility of CS-GEU technology in the deep goaf is demonstrated from the views of CS and GEU in the goaf and the principles of a synergistic system. It is clarified that the CO2 migration-storage evolution and the multi-field coupling principle in the goaf are the key scientific issues in realizing the synergic operation of CS and GEU. It proposes the key techniques involved in this process: CO2 capture and CO2 transportation, layout and support of drill holes and high-pressure (HP) pipelines, and HP sealing in the goaf. The research results provide new ideas for CS and GEU of HT and HM mine water in deep mine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of recent developments of flame-retardant nylon 6 and nylon 66 is presented in this paper. The research of flame-retardant composites is mainly through adding flame-retardant elements to nylon molecules, which can be divided into physical addition and chemical addition. Each of these two methods has its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, according to the different addition methods and flame-retardant mechanism of various flame-retardants, the flame-retardant properties of phosphorus flame-retardants, nitrogen flame-retardants, bio based flame-retardants and synergistic systems, as well as their effects on the mechanical properties of flame-retardant composites have been critically reviewed and summarized. This review will objectively explore and give new direction for the development of the flame-retardant nylon materials, which would be more accessible to the emerging field of materials science.

• Synergistic system eliminated NO 3 − and degraded 91.2% of OTC in artificial wastewater. • Photoelectron transportation promoted microbial metabolism. • Synergistic system enhanced microbial degradation in aquaculture wastewater. The low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in aquaculture wastewater presents challenges for biological treatments, particularly regarding combined pollution, such as nitrate and oxytetracycline. Herein, this study introduces a synergistic system that integrates photocatalysts (N-doped carbon dots/g-C 3 N 4) with a domesticated microbial community. In artificial wastewater at a C/N ratio of 2, the synergistic system removed completely nitrate and degraded 91.2 % of oxytetracycline simultaneously at 24 h. Moreover, within this system, the accumulation of nitrite was effectively eliminated and the nitrogen production ratio was increased to 82.6 %. Noticeably, oxytetracycline was transformed efficiently into low molecular weight products. In the synergistic treatment process, photocatalysis serves a role in enhancing biodegradation. The generated photoelectrons are efficiently transported through the biofilms, boosting microbial metabolic activity. This increase in microbial activity leads to improved removal of both nitrate and oxytetracycline. The synergistic system was also operated in actual aquaculture wastewater environment to evaluate its practical application potential. The Synergistic system exhibited removal efficiencies for nitrate and oxytetracycline that were 2.1 and 1.8 times higher, respectively, compared to biodegradation treatments. The proposed synergistic system offers a promising strategy to simultaneously tackle nitrate-oxytetracycline pollution, particularly in wastewater characterized by a low C/N ratio, without limiting its applicability to aquaculture wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a modified internal loop airlift reactor has been designed to remove the organic pollutants in synthetic wastewater at an efficient and inexpensive treatment technique by means of a synergistic effect combining of (oxidation, stripping and adsorption). The validation of the current style was experimentally examined in the treatment of synthetic Wastewater contained chloroform. The experimental testing rig was implemented at various air flow rates range (5-20) (L/min), with total variable residence period (5-60 min) with a different molar ratio of CHCl3 to H2O2 i.e. 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20. The results showed that the best molar ratio of chloroform to hydrogen peroxide was 1:20 for the air flow rate 18 L/min and extended retention period (60 min) having the uppermost results (83.3%) to remove chloroform from the contaminated effluent water. This design complements the research objectives with high efficiency through the synergy of stripping, oxidation and adsorption processes to remove contaminated chloroform from wastewater. This work contributes to a part of the solution of the environmental problems of the contaminated water before recycling, reuse or released to our safe environment.

White-rot fungus is a common lignin-degrading fungus. However, compared with those of microorganisms that biodegrade lignin alone, synergistic systems of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi are superior because of their high efficiency, mild conditions, and environmental friendliness. To investigate the details of lignin degradation by a synergistic system comprising electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi, lignin degradation was studied at different voltages with three lignin-degrading fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinula edodes, and Trametes versicolor). The lignin degradation efficiency (82∼89%) of the synergistic systems at 4 V was higher than that of a control at 96 h post inoculation. Furthermore, the H2O2 produced and phenolic lignin converted in the system can significantly enhance the efficiency of ligninolytic enzymes, so a considerably increased enzyme activity was obtained by the synergistic action of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi. 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that aromatic structure units (103–162 ppm) were effectively degraded by the three fungi. This study shows that the combination of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi treatment significantly improved the lignin degradation efficiency, which established a promising strategy for lignin degradation and valorization.

• Three amino alcohol-derived chiral ionic liquids were originally synthesized. • The CILs were exploited as additives for enantioseparation in CE. • The CILs could significantly improve the enantioseparation of model drugs. • The potential recognition mechanism was investigated by molecular modeling methods. In this study, three functionalized chiral ionic liquids (CILs) derived from l -valinol, l -prolinol and l -phenylalaninol, namely N,N,N- trimethyl- l -valinol-bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide ([TMLV]+[Tf 2 N]−, CIL1), N,N- dimethyl- l -prolinol-bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide ([DMLP]+[Tf 2 N]−, CIL2) and N,N,N- trimethyl- l -phenylalaninol-bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide ([TMLP]+[Tf 2 N]−, CIL3), were synthesized and subsequently utilized for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as chiral selector for the first time. Compared with traditional single HP-β-CD separation system, the synergistic system exhibited substantially improved separations of six tested drugs. Using the CIL1/HP-β-CD as a model system, the influence of crucial parameters including the type and proportion of organic modifier, CILs concentration, HP-β-CD concentration and buffer pH was investigated in detail. Additionally, molecular modeling with AutoDock was applied to elucidate the enhanced enantioselectivity in the presence of CILs, which has certain guiding value in predicting the migration order of the enantiomers and studying the interactions important for the chiral recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Higher Cr(VI) removal and longer longevity were achieved in synergistic system. • The synergism contained HFB-ZVI/Fe 3 O 4 composite and Na 2 EDTA complexation. • The composite strongly captured Cr(VI) by electrostatic attraction and exchange. • Na 2 EDTA complexation retarded passivation and produced more reactive sites. • Na 2 EDTA recovery and column regeneration were successfully demonstrated. Abstract The application of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for Cr(VI) removal often presents limitations due to its easy passivation. In this study, a column packed with hydroxyl-functionalized ball-milled ZVI/Fe 3 O 4 (HFB-ZVI/Fe 3 O 4) composite, assisted with Na 2 EDTA complexation, was developed to achieve sustainable treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater. The results showed that at influent Cr(VI) concentration of as high as 50 mg/L, effluent Cr(VI) concentration below 0.5 mg/L was sustained for bed volume of as high as 1271 BV along with 2 g/L Na 2 EDTA concentration. Through the hydroxyl-functionalized treatment, FeOOH coating containing surface-adhering Fe(II) on the composite surface can be formed. Hydrolysis and auto-reduction of Fe(II)/Fe(III) species caused proton accumulation, resulting in remarkable attraction of anionic Cr(VI) via electrostatic interaction and exchange. Therefore, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was considerably enhanced. On the other hand, Na 2 EDTA complexation suppressed the growth of passivation layer and generated fresh corrosion products, thereby providing additional reactive sites for Cr(VI) removal. Additionally, Na 2 EDTA recovery and spent column regeneration were successfully proven. The remarkable effectiveness of Cr(VI) removal from actual electroplating wastewater confirmed the potential of the HFB-ZVI/Fe 3 O 4 composite-packed column and Na 2 EDTA assistance-coordinated system in full-scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Only a limited number of literatures have reported the application of chiral ionic liquid as buffer additives for chiral separation. • Significant improvements of separation were achieved for tested drugs with the addition of chiral ionic liquid. • Only one research reported by our group has demonstrated the application of chiral ionic liquid in combination with polysaccharides selector for enantiomeric separation. Abstract In this paper, two spiral structure CILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium(T-4)-bis[(2S)-2-(hydroxy-κO)-3-methyl-butanoato-κO]borate(BMIm+BLHvB−) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (T-4)-bis[(αS)-α-(hydroxy-κO)-4-methyl-benzeneacetato-κO]borate (BMIm+BSMB-)were applied to evaluate their potential synergistic effect with dextrin for CE enantiomeric separation. The established dextrin-based synergistic system with CILs as additives showed good separation performance towards four tested drugs, including duloxetine, ketoconazole, sulconazole and citalopram. It was also observed that significantly improved separation and selectivity for tested analytes were achieved in CILs/dextrin synergistic system compared to single dextrin system. Primary parameters, such as the concentration of CIL, dextrin concentration, buffer pH and applied voltage, were systematically investigated to optimize the enantiomeric separation with BMIm+BLHvB−/dextrin as model system. Finally, the method of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was exploited to further elucidate the influence of experimental parameters on the synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cyclodextrins family, the native α‐cyclodextrin has almost been abandoned in capillary electrophoresis chiral separation due to its much weaker enantioselectivity compared with β‐cyclodextrin and their derivatives. In this work, several amino acid chiral ionic liquids were selected to establish synergistic enantioseparation systems with native α‐cyclodextrin. Enhanced enantioselectivities were observed in the chiral ionic liquids/α‐cyclodextrin synergistic systems compared with single α‐cyclodextrin system. A series of comparison experiments were performed to demonstrate the superiority of the synergistic systems. Primary parameters affecting the enantioseparation were systematically optimized, including the type and concentration of chiral ionic liquids, α‐cyclodextrin concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage. Best separations of the model enantiomers were obtained in a 20 mM Tris/H3PO4 buffer at pH 2.5 containing 3% (m/v) α‐cyclodextrin and 30 mM tetramethylammonium‐l‐arginine. The results show that the α‐cyclodextrin is also worth our attention when selecting chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis enantioseparation of specific racemic compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several chiral reagents including cyclodextrins (CDs) and derivatives, crown ethers, proteins, chiral surfactants, and polymers have been involved in dual-selector systems for enantioseparation of a series of compounds by capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this paper, chondroitin sulfate D-based dual-selector system (CSD/CM-β-CD) was firstly established and investigated for the enantioseparation of six basic racemic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. Compared to the single-selector systems, synergistic effect and significantly improved separations for all tested analytes were observed in CSD/CM-β-CD system. The effect of several parameters, such as buffer pH, chiral selector concentration, and applied voltage, was systematically optimized. Meanwhile, to investigate the possible chiral recognition mechanisms in CSD/CM-β-CD synergistic system, we tried to apply the molecular docking method to simulate the host-guest binding procedures of the polysaccharide-based dual system for the first time. The difference in binding free energy was found to correspond to the chiral selectivity factor. The existence of CSD-CM-β-CD complex may give rise to a higher discriminatory ability against the enantiomers, indicating the synergistic effect in CSD/CM-β-CD system.ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable attention in the separation science community due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Several excellent review articles on the application of ILs in analytical chemistry have been published. Rather than provide another comprehensive overview, this review focuses on the development and state-of-the-art of ILs in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for enantioseparation. The contents are divided into six sections according to the application modes of ILs, including achiral ILs modified conventional chiral separation system, chiral ILs synergistic separation system, chiral ILs ligand-exchange CE (LE-CE) system, ILs in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), the development of novel ILs chiral selectors, and some other applications. The critical research questions and solutions of each application modes are systematically summarized. Existing problems and future prospects are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) and chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to establish a synergistic system has proven to be an effective approach for enantioseparation. In this article, tetramethylammonium-L-arginine, a kind of amino acid chiral IL, was applied to investigate its potential synergistic effect with maltodextrin in CE enantioseparation. The established maltodextrin-based synergistic system showed markedly improved enantioseparations compared with the single maltodextrin system. Parameters such as the chiral IL concentration, maltodextrin concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, and capillary temperature were optimized. Satisfactory enantioseparation of the five studied drugs, including nefopam, duloxetine, ketoconazole, cetirizine, and citalopram was achieved in 50 mM Tris-H3PO4 buffer solution (pH 3.0) containing 7.0% (m/v) maltodextrin and 60 mM tetramethylammonium-L-arginine. In addition, the chiral configuration of tetramethylammonium-L-arginine was also investigated to demonstrate the existence of a synergistic effect between chiral ILs and maltodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) and conventional chiral selectors in CE to establish synergistic system has proven to be a convenient and effective approach for enantioseparation. In this work, three amino acid chiral ILs, tetramethylammonium- l -arginine (TMA- l -Arg), tetramethylammonium- l -hydroxyproline (TMA- l -Hyp) and tetramethylammonium- l -isoleucine (TMA- l -Ile), were first applied in CE enantioseparation to investigate their potential synergistic effect with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Markedly improved separations were obtained in the chiral ILs/HP-β-CD synergistic systems compared with single HP-β-CD system. Parameters, such as the chiral ILs concentration, HP-β-CD concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage and capillary temperature, were optimized. A systematic comparison of chiral ILs with conventional (commonly used) modifiers was also performed, including the use of achiral ILs, conventional salts and molecular organic solvents. In addition, the chiral configuration of ILs was investigated to demonstrate the existence of synergistic effect between chiral ILs and HP-β-CD. All these results indicate that chiral ILs, as additives for CE chiral separation, has significant superiority over conventional modifiers in certain cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chiral ionic liquids (CILs) have attracted more and more attention in the field of enantioseparation. In this study, two novel spirocyclic chiral ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium(T-4)-bis[(2 S)-2-(hydroxy-κO)-3-methylbutanoato-κO]borate (BMImBLHvB) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (T-4)-bis[(α S)-α-(hydroxy-κO)-4-methylbenzeneacetato-κO]borate (BMImBSMB), were applied for the first time in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to establish synergistic systems for enantiomeric separation. Significantly improved separations of five tested analytes were observed in the CILs synergistic systems based on three β-cyclodextrin derivatives (CD), compared with conventional single CD separation systems. Several principal parameters such as CILs concentration, cyclodextrin concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage were systematically investigated with BMImBLHvB/hydroxypropyl-β-CD selected as a model system to optimize the enantioseparation. Molecular modeling was applied to further demonstrate the chiral recognition mechanism of the CILs/hydroxypropyl-β-CD synergistic system, which showed a good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a synergistic system for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a chiral ionic liquid (CIL) based on D-10-camphorsulfonic acid as additive and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the chiral selector. The proposed method showed excellent enantioseparation performance towards sixteen chiral drugs. In contrast to the single CM-β-CD system, the notably improved resolution (Rs) and selectivity factor (α) of model drugs were observed in synergistic system. Several key parameters such as CIL concentration, CM-β-CD concentration, buffer pH and separation voltage were investigated, after which Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was used to prove the potential synergistic effect. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results further demonstrated the function of the CIL and the superiority of synergistic system. Finally, chiral impurity determination of chlorpheniramine maleate sample was successfully carried out using the established method. [Display omitted] • A chiral ionic liquid based on D -camphor sodium sulfonate was synthesized. • Significantly improved enantioseparations were observed in the synergistic system. • SPSS and NMR analysis were used to investigate the potential synergistic effect. • This method was used to determine the optical purity of chlorpheniramine maleate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for end-stage degenerative disease of the knee limited to one compartment is a viable alternative to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). UKA necessitates less bone resection and tissue disruption, reduces blood loss, and preserves cruciate ligaments. UKA can be performed in either of the 3 knee compartments with medial compartment the most common. Lateral compartment UKA is a technically difficult surgery, but robotic systems can mitigate the difficulty for surgeons. Recently, robot-assisted systems have become available for UKA that have been shown to improve accuracy of component placement and allow for intraoperative real-time dynamic ligament balancing. A 3-dimensional model of the patient’s anatomy is created from a preoperative computed tomography scan of the patient’s knee, which is mapped to anatomical landmarks registered intraoperatively. Components are then placed for an operative resection plan. The robot-assisted system provides haptic feedback to the surgeon during bone resection, including an alert, should the high-speed burr leave the preplanned resection area. Postoperative measures have shown superior accuracy of component accuracy with robotic systems compared with conventional UKA surgical techniques. Currently, short-term and midterm clinical outcomes of robot-assisted UKA are available that appear similar to those of conventional UKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Polysaccharides-based chiral ILs synergistic systems were first established. [•] Two novel amino acid ILs were applied for the first time in CE enantioseparation. [•] A central composite design was carried out to optimize the synergistic systems. [•] Excellent enantiosepations were achieved for all selected drug enantiomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer and robot assistance in craniotomy/craniectomy procedures is intended to increase precision and efficiency of the removal of calvarial tumours, enabling the preoperative design and manufacturing of the corresponding implant. In the framework of the CRANIO project, an active robotic system was developed to automate the milling processes based on a predefined resection planning. This approach allows for a very efficient milling process, but lacks feedback of the intra-operative process to the surgeon. To better integrate the surgeon into the process, a new teleoperated synergistic architecture was designed. This enables the surgeon to realize changes during the procedure and use their human cognitive capabilities. The preoperative planning information is used as guidance for the user interacting with the system through a master-slave architecture. In this article, the CRANIO system is presented together with this new synergistic approach. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the system in active and synergistic modes for the bone milling procedure. The laboratory studies showed the general feasibility of the new concept for the selected medical procedure and determined the accuracy of the system. Although the integration of the surgeon partially reduces the efficiency of the milling process compared with a purely active (automatic) milling, it provides more feedback and flexibility to the user during the intra-operative procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Asymmetric reduction of CPE to (R)-CPEO was performed by C. saturnus ZJPH1807. • C/Tre-MCD containing system was firstly applied in biocatalysis. • Integration of C/Tre and MCD significantly improved catalytic efficiency. • The biocatalytic process is feasible on 100 mL preparation scale. Microbial whole-cell catalysis has been a popular method for chiral alcohols preparation. In this study, Cyberlindnera saturnus ZJPH1807 was successfully employed as a biocatalyst to reduce 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanone (CPE) to (R)-2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol ((R)-CPEO), a key chiral intermediate of antifungal drug miconazole. In order to further improve the bioprocess yield, natural deep eutectic solvent and cyclodextrin were introduced into the reaction system as additives. It was found that carnitine/trehalose (C/Tre, 1:1 mol/mol) could increase the permeability of cell membrane appropriately and improve the mass transfer rate. And the addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) could improve the solubility of CPE in buffer solution, simultaneously promoting cofactor recycling. Furthermore, MCD and C/Tre exerted a synergistic effect on the acceleration of CPE bioreduction, producing 91.0% yield in 1.5 h at 35.8 mM CPE in a C/Tre-MCD-containing system, with a 12.4-fold increase in productivity compared to neat buffer solution only. When the substrate loading was increased to 67.1 mM, the yield could also achieve 84.2%. The established bioreduction process was also feasible at 100 mL preparation scale with a 88.5% (R)-CPEO yield. The integration of C/Tre and MCD can significantly improve catalytic efficiency for hydrophobic substrates and be applied in biocatalysis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe a synergistic system for nanoparticle based chiral separation. It is based on the use of a conventional chiral selector hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin and a kind of gold nanoparticle functionalized with D-penicillamine as an additive. This nanomaterial displays a synergistic effect on the efficiency of the enantioseparation of the chiral drugs amlodipine, tropicamide, and ofloxacin. A comparative study on the enantioseparation capability of three separation systems, viz. (a) single hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin system, (b) achiral citrate capped gold nanoparticle/ hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin system, and (c) chiral D-penicillamine functionalized gold nanoparticle/ hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin system was performed. The results show that the D-penicillamine functionalized gold nanoparticle/hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin synergistic system has remarkable superiority. The effects of concentrations of D-penicillamine functionalized gold nanoparticle and hydroxyproyl-β-cyclodextrin, of buffer pH value and concentration, and of applied voltage on the performance of enantioseparation were investigated., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

• Chiral ILs were first applied to NACE for enantioseparation. • The direct enantioselectivity of TAA-AAILs in CE was observed for the first time. • Several interesting results were observed in the NACE compared with aqueous CE. • Excellent enantioseparations were achieved for all Dns-AAs. In this work, tetraalkylammonium amino acid ionic liquids (TAA-AAILs) were first applied to non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) to establish synergistic systems with a conventional chiral selector, native β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Excellent enantioseparations of some dansyl-amino acid (Dns-AA) samples were achieved. A series of comparison experiments and a molecular docking study were performed to validate the synergistic effect of TAA-AAILs and β-CD in NACE. Several interesting results were observed compared with previously reported chiral ILs-related aqueous CE studies. In particular, the direct enantioselectivity of TAA-AAILs was observed for the first time by using it as sole chiral selector in NACE. This was an encouraging finding because it was the first direct and convincing evidence that AAILs were able to participate in the enantiorecognition process in the conventional chiral selectors-based synergistic systems. The new TAA-AAILs synergistic NACE system was further optimized in terms of alkyl chain length, TAA-AAILs concentration, β-CD concentration, electrolyte composition and applied voltage, etc. Best enantioseparations of Dns-AAs were obtained when 100 mM β-CD and 10 mM tetramethylammonium- l -arginine (TMA- l -Arg) were added in an NMF buffer containing 50 mM Tris and 35 mM CA (apparent pH 7.85) under UV detection. The applied voltage was set at 30 kV. The method was then successfully employed for the determination of enantiomeric impurities of a real AA sample. This work proved that the use of chiral ILs as additives in NACE is a promising approach for enantioseparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering more superior performance of ionic liquids for the separation science has triggered increasing interest. In this work, two new Hydroxy acid-based chiral ionic liquids (CILs) (tertramethylammonium-d-pantothenate (TMA-d-PAN), tertramethylammonium-d-quinate (TMA-d-QUI)) were designed and first used as additives to establish the maltodextrin-based synergistic systems for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Compared to traditional single maltodextrin chiral separation system, significantly improved separations of all tested drugs in the CIL/Maltodextrin synergistic systems were obtained. Some parameters (CIL concentration, maltodextrin concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage) in the TMA-d-PAN/Maltodextrin synergistic system have been examined and optimized for analytes. The molecular docking software AutoDock was applied to simulate the recognition process and surmise feasible resolution mechanism in the Maltodextrin/CILs synergistic systems, which has certain guiding value., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Developing lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with fast charging/discharging capability and high capacity is a significant issue for future technical requirements. Transition-metal oxide (TMO) materials are widely studied as the next-generation LIB anode to satisfy this requirement due to their specific capacity, nearly three times than that of conventional graphite anode, and low cost. Meanwhile, they also suffer from slow lithium diffusion and limited electrochemical and structural stability, especially at high charging/discharging rate. The structure design of TMO is an effective strategy to obtain desirable LIB performance. Herein, inspired by natural fibrous roots consisting of functional and supporting units that can enhance substances and energy exchange efficiently, fibrous-root-like Zn(x)Co(3-x)O4@Zn(1-y)Co(y)O binary TMO nanoarrays are designed and synthesized on Cu substrates through a facile one-pot, successive-deposition process for use as an integrated LIB anode. In a multilevel array ordered by orientation, ultrafine Zn(x)Co(3-x)O4 nanowire functional units and stable Zn(1-y)Co(y)O nanorod supporting units synergize, resulting in superior rate performance. At a high current density of 500 mAg(-1), they could maintain a discharge capacity as high as 804 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles, working much higher than unary cobalt-based and zinc-based nanoarrays. This binary synergistic nanoarray system identifies an optimized electrode design strategy for advanced battery materials.