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The present paper analyses Carnets du voyage en Égypte by a French painter and writer, Eugène Fromentin (1820-1876), using the concept of autobiogeography. The concept allows to examine how the author of a geographical description may be seen throughout this description and how s/he is influenced by the space. The paper argues that the personality of Fromentin emerges from his travel notes even though they are focused mainly on the description of the Egyptian space and the forms “I” or “we” appear there rarely. Three aspects of Fromentin’s personality may be seen through the analyses of his geographical descriptions of Egypt: the Orientalist painter enthusiastic towards the space; the traveler marked by his previous travels to Algeria who in Egyptian spaces sees Algerian ones; and the man who feels old and tired, refuses to discover the Egyptian space and who just wants to come back home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriya Journal of Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we discuss various issues related to the concept of resilience, which is conventionally defined as a dynamic process allowing for a positive adaptation in a context of significant adversity. First, we try to draw the reader's attention to the importance of the concept of resilience in terms of public health. Second, we address the difficulty of measuring resilience in a relevant and operational manner. Third, we then address the question of whether resilience can be conceived only in the context of a confrontation with trauma, or whether its application can be relevant to the everyday nontraumatic adversity. In this regard, we introduce and define another coping strategy which is the Sense of Coherence (SOC). Fourth, we discuss the nature of resilience, that is to say, whether it should be considered as a personality trait or as an aptitude. We try to show that this problem arises from the difficulty to specify the emotional processes involved in resilience. Finally, we propose future research perspectives that should allow us to better understand the concept of resilience.

For years, a large number of studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on the brain and therefore on behavior and cognition. These studies first aimed at identifying the consequences of alcohol abuse consumption, more specifically in pathologies such as alcohol-dependence or Korsakoff syndrome. Researchers then also started to focus on vulnerabilities to alcohol consumption, especially in hyper fast alcohol consumption called binge-drinking (BD). Indeed BD, which is a particularly dangerous form of alcohol consumption, is usually observed in adolescents and young adults. Typically, young people tend to adopt this way of drinking in order to reach a massive and expeditious intoxication. The aim of this paper is to present the bibliographic data available on the main risk factors to BD and to describe the main measurement tools for investigating these factors in clinical researches. The interaction between psychological dysfunctions and BD is not well understood. For a better understanding of the links between binge-drinking and psychological and personality factors in terms of vulnerability or risk, studies have investigated on affective factors (depression and anxiety), personality characteristics (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and drinking motives (coping, improvement, compliance and wellness). Although different factors are often associated with BD in adolescents and young adults, it is still not clear whether these factors are the consequences of alcohol consumption or a reflection of pre-morbid abnormalities predisposing individuals to excessive alcohol consumption. Furthermore, results are not unequivocal and various distinct personality profiles seem to emerge. Thus, these questions are still not fully resolved and further studies are needed to understand the complex relationships between BD and the various psychological or personality factors. The need for investigating these factors in clinical studies is nevertheless important with regard to therapeutic interventions. Indeed, the identification of specific profiles involved in a binge-drinking type of consumption could allow an adaptation of the contents of therapeutic programs by targeting a specific mechanism. For example, recent findings have revealed that when factors such as impulsivity are considered, therapeutic intervention is more effective., (Copyright © 2016 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives This paper reviews and summarizes the literature on personality traits associated with workaholism and burnout, using the Five Factors Model (FFM) of personality.Methods We searched among PsycINFO Database and Google Scholar web search engine to identify relevant articles and studies on workaholism, burnout and personality.Results The first part of this paper defines each concept individually, focussing on personal, environmental and organizational factors associated with workaholism and burnout. We also explore the impact on family, social and professional life. In the second part, results suggest that neuroticism, a personality trait, is associated with workaholism and burnout. Conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion also appear to have a significant but specific effects on burnout and workaholism.Conclusion It appears desirable for personal and organizational health, to explore specific factors of work-related illness, like personality traits. Implications for employee well-being and organizational health are discussed.

Copyright of Perspectives Psychiatriques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The understanding the place of personality in history, its relationship with power and society as a whole is considered in the paper taking into account geography, social and economic characteristics, historical spiritual origins of the North Caucasian ethnic groups. A retrospective journey into history and philosophy allows comparing the options of the human community developed by peoples and civilizations – the relationship of the individual with power, with the values of freedom, knowledge, experience of capitalism, liberalism, socialism, to search for the most acceptable for Russia and its regions. Much attention is paid to European experience, which managed to accumulate the achievements of upbringing, education and science. In our opinion, the relations of personality and society in European civilization are refracted by a through line of power and knowledge, truth and freedom, perfectly revealed in the philosophical work of Nietzsche and Foucault. Their approach is very critical striking not so much with its objectivity but with pessimism and nihilism. Modern societies are disciplinary, and appropriate procedures as an interrelated sequence of actions of power and society, form such a person, having the ultimate goal of establishing dominance over it. This is not carried out in an obvious way, but by many layers of socio-political and cultural acts of the state. The paper gives preference to a regional civil society with Eurasian basic values that have the character of ideological-forming, resistant to the twists and turns of globalization. They form the spiritual structure of peoples and allow them preserving their identity, which is the goal and task of historical progress. Not the search for some main universal ways of development, but the desire of peoples to sufficiently large, but local civilizations, to communities in which optimal harmony of personality and state, citizen and power, freedom and responsibility is possible.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to propose, starting from the description of a clinical emblematic case, a theoretical synthesis of the work of phenomenological psychopathology dedicated to melancholia and typus melancholicus (TM), a clinical concept that describes the premorbid personality vulnerable to major depression ("melancholia" for the psychopathological tradition)., Method: This is a phenomenological analysis of a case study of melancholia, of its premorbid personality and pathogenic triggering situation. We adopt two main phenomenological keys to understand the development of melancholia: a role-identity theory and desynchronization theory. The former understands melancholia as a disorder of identity triggered by the loss of the social role with which one has previously over-identified. The latter sees melancholia as the effect of the desynchronization from the social environment that further develops into an inhibition of the cognative-affective dynamics of life. We present the case of Jonas (64 years old), whose mother (94 years old) recently died. Before his mother's death, Jonas' life was entirely orchestrated by the caring for his mother and synchronized in time with this (e.g., he used to go to her house every 4 hours, had all his meals with her, etc.). Jonas, in addition to being hyper-synchronized and hyper-syntonic, fulfills all diagnostic criteria for TM, including "orderliness", "conscientiousness", "hyper/heteronomia" and "intolerance of ambiguity". TMs attach a disproportioned importance to their social roles (or external representations of identity) at the expense of their own ego-identity., Results: The passage from premorbid personality to melancholia is triggered by the death of Jonas' mother that entails a profound depersonalization. Desynchronization and role loss cause Jonas' fall into this severe depersonalization, the core feature of which is the feeling of the loss of feeling., Conclusions: This original contribution demonstrates that a clinical case can contribute to the construction and refinement of theoretical and conceptual frameworks (like princeps Tellenbach's studies). Over-synchronized tempo and over-identification with social role are emblematically in this case the two sides of the same coin. A parallelism can be established between synchronization (with the mother) and respect for the role at the expense of own identity. The clinical case of Jonas highlights a conceptual bridge between the model of melancholia as loss of social role and the model of melancholia as desynchronization., (Copyright © 2015 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

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The paper reveals some aspects of the problem of forming a complex of qualities that characterize the phenomenon of creative leadership in school students. The interest in this problem is explained by the increased need of modern Russian society and its relevance in scientific psychological and pedagogical and socio-psychological problems. The prerequisite for the study was the contradiction between the urgent need for creative leaders in various spheres of production, management, in creative and spiritual life and the absence of a systematic purposeful state policy in this field. At the same time, it is stated that if in foreign science from the beginning of the 1960s, studies of the concept of creative leadership are carried out, but in Russian scientific thought, the concept of creative leadership is still poorly understood from the point of view of its formation. Several aspects of the problem of leadership are reviewed, such as the ability of a leader to lead other people to solve various problems, including creative ones; the concept of creativity is analyzed as the ability to think in an original, non-standard, creative way, to generate innovative cultural products. The phenomenon of creative leadership is considered by the authors, first of all, as a person’s expressed ability to lead a group of people to achieve various goals that are important for this group, to implement creative ideas and projects, while the directions, methods, means of their implementation are innovative. The paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted to determine the nature of the relationship between creative leadership and creative thinking. The novelty of the study is determined by the use of an original series of methods that allow for a comprehensive assessment of the formation of creative leadership in school students and the presence of a correlation between the indicators of the creative leadership methodology with various factors characterizing creative thinking.

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Résumé Cet article présente les apports de la psychologie développementale et différentielle à la compréhension de l’organisation et de l’évolution de la personnalité chez l’enfant. À partir du modèle intégratif proposé par McAdams et Pals (2006), trois principaux constituants de la personnalité sont envisagés : les traits de personnalité définis dans le cadre de la théorie du Big Five , les systèmes d’interprétation et d’adaptation (la façon dont l’enfant donne sens aux événements et s’y ajuste) et l’identité narrative (la mise en cohérence progressive de ses représentations autobiographiques). Les mécanismes transactionnels qui président à l’évolution de la personnalité sont alors envisagés, ainsi que leur influence sur la dynamique développementale générale de l’enfant. La troisième partie de l’article examine les implications cliniques de ces apports du point de vue des pratiques d’évaluation de la personnalité dans le cadre de l’examen psychologique de l’enfant et des pistes d’accompagnement éducatif et thérapeutique que cette approche suggère. This article outlines advances in developmental and differential psychology that may help understand how the child personality (a) is organized, (b) changes throughout development, and (c) might be assessed in clinical settings. Three major sections structure the paper. First, we present the integrative model proposed by McAdams and Pals (2006) that delineates three critical ingredients of personality: the “dispositional signature” (which mainly corresponds to the Big Five traits), characteristic adaptations (i.e. socio-cognitive mechanisms that influence the way children understand events and cope with difficulties), and narrative identity (i.e. self-defining life narratives). Second, we examine the developmental literature indicating that children's personality is shaped by multiple forces (from temperament to familial experiences) interacting over time within transactional mechanisms. This literature also demonstrates that children's personality, once under construction, becomes itself a driving force that orients developmental pathways. Third, we envisage how this theoretical framework could inspire a comprehensive assessment strategy in order to (a) integrate information from multiple sources and (b) guide educational and therapeutic intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Première femme médecin-psychiatre à avoir eu, bien avant les années 1920, une expérience et un contact direct avec l’institution psychiatrique à Vienne, puis à Berlin, Helene Deutsch a ensuite entrepris une formation psychanalytique suivie de fonctions psychanalytiques institutionnelles à Vienne, puis – à partir des années 1934 – à Boston. Elle a produit une œuvre riche et controversée qui anime encore les débats sur le féminin, la personnalité, la maternité, l’érotisme dans la psychanalyse et la sociologie contemporaines. First woman who as psychiatric practitioner before 1920, Helene Deutsch began her career in psychiatric institution in Vienne and Berlin. She trained further in psychoanalysis first in Vienne, and in Boston. She also developed formal training for therapists and analysts. She also wrote several famous papers on female sexuality and about women's psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Introduction Le terrorisme suicide est la forme la plus meurtrière de terrorisme. C’est la seule forme de combat où l’attaquant envisage des actions extrêmes dans lesquelles il ne prévoit pas de survivre à la mission. Le mode opératoire adopté est difficilement explicable, car l’attaquant décide avec détermination de se suicider en même temps qu’il décide de tuer. Objectif et méthodes Notre travail propose une revue de la littérature théorique existante afin d’examiner le profil psychopathologique du terroriste suicidaire. Résultats Peu d’études formelles ont été publiées sur la psychopathologie des terroristes suicidaires, avec des résultats mitigés. Différentes études sur le sujet ont conclu qu’il n’existe aucun attribut psychologique particulier pouvant décrire une « personnalité terroriste ». D’après certains auteurs, les terroristes suicidaires sont dotés d’une santé mentale solide et n’ont pas de passé criminel. En effet, les recruteurs de futures bombes humaines écarteraient d’emblée les personnes d’allure mentalement instables. Cependant, cela a été contredit par d’autres études montrant qu’un grand nombre de kamikazes que la police avait arrêtés après échecs de leurs attentats suicides étaient mentalement déséquilibrés ou cognitivement déficients. Plusieurs études ont affirmé que les terroristes suicidaires ne sont pas en réalité suicidaires. Mais il n’y a aucune preuve, étant donné l’absence d’utilisation d’outils d’évaluation structurés et systématiques. Conclusion La genèse du terroriste suicidaire semble être multifactorielle. L’étude du profil psychopathologique des terroristes suicidaires devrait avoir des implications cliniques et préventives. Background Suicide terrorism is a deadly practice which appears to be rising across the globe. Interest in understanding its motivations and its psychological underpinnings has increased in recent years. In fact, the recent increase in suicide terrorism posed new challenges to mental health professionals who need to better understand this terrifying phenomenon, to implement intervention strategies that are effective. Our purpose was to explain why particular individuals become willing to die as suicide bombers. Materials and methods This paper reviews the worldwide literature on motivations and psychology of suicide terrorism. Results It is difficult to identify an understanding of what motivates a suicide bomber. Researchers have argued that most suicide bombers are psychologically normal and are deeply integrated into social networks. Participation in suicide bombing seems to be motivated by a wide range of factors. Contrary to the common assumption that suicide terrorism is committed by religious fanatics, suicide bombers are politically-motivated individuals. Several authors claim that suicide terrorism has a range of characteristics which are shown to be very different from ordinary suicidal behavior. Suicidal symptoms and suicidal intent are completely absent in suicide terrorists. A number of authors claim that the causes of suicide bombings lie not in individual psychopathology but in broader social conditions. Conclusions Psychiatry has a valuable role in understanding the group and individual processes which contribute to terrorist attacks. Methods developed by suicidologists, such as the psychological autopsy technique, could be an important tool in the study of suicide terrorists, and may ultimately contribute to the prevention of future attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les récents attentats et tentatives d’attentats sur le sol français, liés à la mouvance islamiste, ont amené les auteurs de cet article à se questionner sur ce qui peut pousser une personne à choisir le chemin de la lutte armée dans le cadre de croyances religieuses détournées. Ils se sont appuyés sur une revue internationale de la littérature psychologique et psychiatrique afin de tenter de dégager les processus explicatifs sous-tendant le processus d’adhésion à une idéologie radicale et le basculements d’individus dans le terrorisme. Les auteurs se sont focalisés sur trois axes principaux : une présentation générale du terrorisme et de ses liens éventuels avec la psychiatrie et la psychopathologie ; la figure du « loup solitaire », mais aussi des cellules terroristes organisées responsables d’action mieux coordonnées ; les données pouvant être utilisables sur un plan pratique par les enquêteurs chargés des investigations et des interrogatoires. Ils rappellent pour terminer les grands principes de la prise en charge des terroristes dans les processus de « déradicalisation » par le biais de protocoles visant à réinstituer un sentiment individuel positif d’existence. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, il est apparu que la psychopathologie ne pouvait expliquer les actions les plus préparées et les mieux organisées et que ce n’était que dans la figure du loup solitaire que l’on pouvait souvent trouver des troubles graves de nature psychiatrique. Chez les « recrutés » pour le djihad et chez les auteurs d’actes terroristes, on observe néanmoins une dimension fonctionnelle paranoïaque dans la vision du monde ainsi qu’un état d’insatisfaction existentielle. Ces individus trouvent dans l’idéologie extrémiste proposée une spiritualité qui rassure et donne du sens à leur vie. Objectives This paper intended to offer a broad literature review on global Jihad terrorism. In the wake of recent terrorist attacks that stroke Paris twice in 2015, and the numerous defused plots this year, the authors sought to determine if there is a way to get a better understanding of the radicalization process. How individuals could become radicalized to the point of engaging into violent actions and suicide missions and is there any underlying psychopathology? The authors focused on two types of terrorists: lone wolves and those acting as part of a group. We will explain that psychopathology could not be linked with the “group” type. We will discuss some aspects of the psychological mechanisms involved into the group dynamics that bond individuals towards this (self-) destructive goal, but also how law enforcement officers should be prepared to counter-interrogation techniques spread amongst members of organized cells. Finally, we will see how a deradicalization process might take place. Methods The authors relied on a broad literature review in order to address the issues mentioned above. Mainly for two reasons, the first one being that most of suicide mission leaves no author to interview or to assess; second, access to highly sensitive cases of terrorism is not possible unless being involved within the judicial process such as psychological or psychiatric assessments of survivors or members of a dismantled cell, but data then could not be used for publication, these are the reasons why the authors used open source data and international articles and books dealing with the topic of global Jihad. Results As noticed by Hoffman, the term « terrorism » comes from the French “(Régime de) Terreur” and implies a political goal, the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as “A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized”. From the mid-1990s during which France was already hit by terrorism, through the 9/11 to the recent attacks of November, the aspect of the “global Jihad” evolved and the attacks that took place in Paris and also worldwide in 2015, claimed by Daech bring some points to be taken into consideration when dealing with this type of terrorism. First, the will to die and to gain martyrdom, which is not considered as a suicide, is central for an understanding of this morbid process. Most of the terrorists seem to be looking for a greater-than-themselves cause that they could embrace, and the ideology offered by Daech correspond to an “epic” vision of the world. This view serves as an encompassing model in which the reality is perceived through a “us versus them” prism that possesses a paranoid tone. Second, some strategic considerations, which will not be developed here, why France has been more specifically targeted? The development of “homegrown” terrorists, as Sageman noted it in 2006 and the rise of ISIL (Daech) from 2010 and the instauration of a Caliphat as a base and training ground offered to the new recruits had created a fertile soil for jihad motivated attacks. Through this extensive literature review the authors found that, contrary to the “lone wolf” figure in which psychopathology and psychiatric symptoms could often easily be found, members of organized terrorist cells are not “insane”, they are very much dedicated to a cause but are not suffering from any psychosis or bipolar disorders. Exploring the ideas developed by Sageman, Moghaddam amongst others, the authors underline the slow process for developing and sharing radical beliefs but also that taking part to violent actions could be faster than imagined by a layman and is regularly a matter of networking through friendship and kinship. Thus, group psychology is of peculiar importance to understand the mechanisms at stake. It appears that radicalization is grounded on a vacuum of existential significance and by an ascending process, through the sharing of an ideology prone to violent actions, leads individuals to engage in terrorist goals for a collective one, greater than them. The authors then focused on some interrogatory techniques developed by foreign law enforcement agencies. And finally, what could be done to reverse this radicalization process, basically reintegrating a sense of individualistic needs and addressing the radical beliefs with a religious teaching. It should be noted that this last part is at the very beginning of its experimentation in Europe and that it might not be used for every individual involved in terrorism (e.g., it could be proven efficient with people that has been radicalized, but not efficient with individual on the brink of violent terrorist actions). The central need to counter radicalization is a social one, a project of society shared by everyone, as it seems clear that the sense of alienation and exclusion from the working environment and positive social perspectives is a strong leverage, but not the only one, used by jihadist recruiters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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R. K. Narayan is regarded as one of India’s great short story writers. He portrays his characters in the background of local towns and its surrounding environment. Initially, they seem mundane but as the story progresses they emerge as representative of Narayan’s ideology. This is clearly reflected in the case of both major and minor characters. The minor characters in Narayan’s stand tall along with their peculiar qualities such as enduring personality, witty dialogues, positive approach and amicable behaviour and attitude. This research paper is based on descriptive research and discusses importance and contribution of minor characters in the select short stories of R. K. Narayan.

The paper is devoted to Jack London’s last two years of life (1915–1916). The author points to one of the possible important factors that led the writer to premature death from kidney disease – self-medication without consulting doctors. The article is a complement to the recently published Russian biography of London (2017). It is based on materials that are not included in the book, but are of interest to researchers, important for creating a balanced and complete biography of the writer.

The paper suggests an interconnection between art and philosophy through approaching the practice of attention upon a section of Tuning Scores, described by the American choreographer and videomaker Lisa Nelson and the individual’s relationship with the environment and with others thought by the French philosopher Gilbert Simondon. Lisa Nelson’s fragment describing the Attentiography of Body is presented in conjunction with Simondon’s characters by covering some interpersonal relationship traits: individuation, individuality, and personality.

Research background: Researching the topic of personality profiles of future managers is one of the international challenges. In a global world, it is ideal to find framework for ideally pursuing this profession. Existing studies indicate rather influences of gender or other socio-demographic factors rather than the study programs of university students. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to describe selected personality characteristics of university students in management in comparison with a group of students from other fields at the same university. The following characteristics were measured: a) personality profile based on the Big Five in the field of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to change, conscientiousness and friendliness, and then b) locus of control and c) coping strategies. Methods: Quantitative research was carried out, where a battery of standardized tools was used as a research technique: the standardized NEO-FFI questionnaire describing the above personality traits, the SVF-78 questionnaire measuring coping strategies and the IPC scale questionnaire measuring internal and external locus of control. The questionnaires were administered to a total of 164 management students in České Budějovice (South Bohemian Region). Findings & Value added: From the point of view of NEO-FFI, economists differ in the item conscientiousness (p = 0.005; F = 4.387), which in the case of this field also came out as the most significantly supported characteristic. On the contrary, the property neuroticism was the least represented in the target group. The locus of control of management students differs compared to other fields in the P dimension (p = 0.009; F = 3.868), so these students believe that their situation is managed by rather influential people. No relationship was recorded within coping strategies across disciplines, positive strategies prevail among students.

The article examines written works of John Amos Comenius and Hryhoriy Skovoroda, the outstanding educators and humanists of the 17th-18th centuries in the context of their interpretation of the concept “freedom”. The analysis of the published works of the philosophers reveals multidimensionality of this category. Specifically, freedom is viewed as a universal culture; an individual and social value; an extent of responsibility, et cetera. The research shows that these scholars established dialectical links between freedom, education, culture and humanistic thinking. Culture and erudition of a person develop under the conditions of freedom of the individual and society. Education of a person is a life-long process, it is a basis of virtuous human behaviour, morality and spirituality. John Amos Comenius Comenius and Hryhoriy Skovoroda considered school and university to perform not only educational role, but above all cultural and developmental ones. In the context of pedagogical grounds and principles of the philosophers, training and education should be appropriate to human nature and culture. A school should serve as a “workshop of humanity”, which requires the activities to be well organised, the attitude to be humane, fair and impartial. Under these conditions, a school becomes a place of true paradise and pleasure as opposed to humiliation, indifference and torture. The paper underlines that the freedom of society largely determines the level of individual freedom. Freedom is an extent of teacher’s responsibility.

The paper suggests an interconnection between art and philosophy through approaching the practice of attention upon a section of Tuning Scores, described by the American choreographer and videomaker Lisa Nelson and the individual’s relationship with the environment and with others thought by the French philosopher Gilbert Simondon. Lisa Nelson’s fragment describing the Attentiography of Body is presented in conjunction with Simondon’s characters by covering some interpersonal relationship traits: individuation, individuality, and personality.