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Introduction: A citizen participation intervention using a toll-free number combined with an interactive voice server to collect citizens’ opinions on their health systems was conducted in Burkina Faso, Benin, and the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2020 and 2021., Purpose of Research: This paper aims to assess the effectiveness, sustainability, and transferability of this m-participation intervention to the health systems strengthening., Results: The analysis shows the relevance of the telephone to include citizens in the governance of sub-Saharan health systems., Conclusion: Information and communication technologies are an important support in the quest for better health democracy in sub-Saharan Africa.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper highlights the relevance of time for the clinic of psychoses. It links time, language and being in order to illuminate possible ways to (re)consider psychosis. The author argues that the dimension of time is equally important for Jacques Lacan as those of repression and the return of the repressed are for Freud (as asserted in the paper, the dimension of time completes the mirror stage). In fact, time represents a third dimension and a solution for a difficult dualist Freudian interpretation, allowing the therapist to observe and interpret the patient's symptom more effectively. The symptom (or its absence) is particularly evident in the case of psychosis where the relation the patient has with time reveals ones attempt of finding a solution to a precarious way of being more astutely. Both hallucination and delirium are such attempts and involve a suspension of time. Given this contextualization, the author concludes that an interpretation is possible for psychotic cases and, even more, that the question of interpretation in psychosis is at the heart of what psychoanalysis itself is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(1), 77-80 | European Forum Highlight of 16 May 2023 | (Abstract) The contribution examines the impact of language in European legal studies on the discursive exchange with research on inter- and transnational law. It explores the interaction between a linguistic limitation of academic discourse and the distinction of European research from the international and transnational research.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Algérie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lengas is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Acceptance of the rape myths (ARM) refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes that tend to make women responsible for rapes or sexual assaults, and to rationalize, minimize or justify the behaviors of sexual offenders. ARM can also promote intimate partner violence (spousal rape). Domestic violence is generally associated with an insecure attachment style (avoidant or ambivalent) in both perpetrators and victims. The attachment insecurity of perpetrators of spousal violence can favor the use of violence against partners. The perpetrators also have a tendency to attribute the responsibility of their acts to their partners. Gerger, Kley, Bohner and Siebler (2007) developed the "Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale" to measure the ARM in a more subtle way, in particular by reducing social desirability bias. The aim of this study is both to explore the psychometric qualities of the French version of the AMMSA and to study the relationships between the ARM, attachment styles and spousal violence in young adults and perpetrators of domestic violence (with the hypothesis that the latter have a greater ARM and a more insecure attachment style with the intimate partner)., Methods: Participants. The participants (n=275) were divided into two samples: sample 1 comprised 243 French psychology students and psychiatry residents, mean age 26.94years (±4.06years, range 19 to 38), with 79 % females (173 women and 50 men). The majority (69%) were in a relationship, and their level of study ranged from 13th grade to 19th grade; sample 2 comprised 32 men treated in a therapy center for perpetrators of spousal violence (in the "Centre-Val-de-Loire" region in France). They had a mean age of 40.84years (±11.06years, range 22 to 61). The majority (59%) was in a relationship and their level of study ranged from 5th grade to 18th grade (mean level=11)., Instruments: To measure the ARM Myths, we used the AMMSA, which is composed of 30 items structured into a single overarching factor. To assess the styles of attachment to the partner, we used the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale, which comprises 36 items structured in two dimensions: (i) attachment-related anxiety, and (ii) attachment-related avoidance in the couple. The tools were self-administered. Students completed the questionnaire via the Internet using the Sphinx software during an online survey. Clinical subjects completed the questionnaire in their therapy center. All participants were volunteers and gave their informed consent before anonymously completing the paper or online self-assessment questionnaire., Results: We carried out a principal components factor analysis using Varimax rotation on the data obtained from the answers to the 30 items of the AMMSA of all respondents. The analysis identified a single factor with an eigenvalue of 9.04 and which explained more than 30% of the total variance. This factor saturated (>0.30) 29 of the 30 items of the AMMSA, and the Cronbach alpha (which assesses internal consistency) was 0.91. The comparison of AMMSA scores between the clinical group (men with a history of spousal abuse) and male and female students showed differences, while there were no significant gender differences in the non-clinical group. The mean level of insecurity of attachment to the partner was also higher for the men in the clinical group than those in the non-clinical group (students). Results found correlations between the ARM and ECR for attachment-related anxiety in the non-clinical group (both men and women), a weak and negative correlation between age and attachment-related anxiety, and a correlation between age and AMMSA only for women., Discussion: The results concerning the qualities of the AMMSA are consistent with previous work. In addition, perpetrators of spousal violence have a stronger ARM. The links between (a) older age and a low level of education and (b) the ARM have already been highlighted. However, psychology students and psychiatry residents are probably more likely than others to develop pro-social, egalitarian, sensitive and tolerant attitudes, and therefore to be less in touch with rape myths. Both men and women have sexist representations and acceptance of the rape myths. The ARM is associated with common negative gender stereotypes, notably ambivalent sexism (with its two dimensions: hostile and benevolent sexism). This study has limitations linked both to the small clinical sample and the recruitment of non-clinical subjects from psychological and medical academic fields (with a specialty in psychiatry). Nonetheless, it is also one of the interests of this study to show that the ARM concerns everyone, including students, regardless of their academic or professional orientation., Conclusion: The AMMSA, which has been validated in different languages and in different contexts, has always shown good psychometric qualities. This French adaptation shows the same characteristics in terms of unifactorial structure, saturation of scale items and internal consistency. Further studies are needed to confirm external validity and test-retest reliability. It would also be desirable to conduct studies with larger and more representative samples. The AMMSA could be an excellent prevention tool by raising awareness of the continuing extent of negative gender stereotypes, violence against women and rape myths., (Copyright © 2021 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

This paper deals with the so-called “Brothers poem”, fr. 10 Voigt = Neri, which is up to now the most recent papyrological discovery attributed to Sappho. In its first part, the paper investigates the identities, the actions, and the mutual relationships of the characters featuring in this new poem. In its second one, it will be discussed how the Sapphic lines deal with themes such as power relations, oppression, social hierarchy, and behavioral expectations in relation to genre.

This paper offers an intervention into the notion of narrativity. It aims to refract Ricœur’s hermeneutics of the subject through a more expanded account of the political dimension of narrative, both to situate the narrative self politically, and to flesh out the ethico-political (im)possibilities of self-disclosure. Focusing on the process of claiming asylum as an instance of politically precarious self-disclosure in which narrative is demanded as a marker of truthful identity, it will explore the limits of narrative as the mode through which subjectivity is made intelligible. Through an analysis of the residues of power in the institution of language that qualify the emergence of the speaking subject and the socio-political assumptions we can excavate from the notion of narrative time, this paper will suggest that narrative unintelligibility could have politically transformative potential.

Television is a dominant medium that can influence one’s attitude and social ideologies formation since it reflects sociolinguistic reality and maintains language ideologies and existing social stereotypes. For that reason, we can mention so-called female and male language patterns and their main characteristics, which are to a great extent associated with social power, i.e. the role that an individual has in his social community or community of practice. This paper aims to examine whether the Greek media and more specifically, the Greek TV series promote so-called male and female language patterns, as well as social stereotypes directed towards women. In this paper, we analysed the linguistic behaviour of the protagonists of the Greek series Mην αρχίζεις την μουρμούρα. Qualitative non-experimental research based on the analysis of linguistic behaviour at the level of the characters‘ lexical choice, Vaso and Charis showed that their choice of language patterns is proportional to their social or professional status. In addition, we noticed the presence of certain social stereotypes, while it is evident that the use of stereotypical-female language patterns is associated with a hierarchically lower social position.

This paper examines how the use of and preference for the English language in scholarly communication enacts epistemic oppressions on global, regional, and local stages to delegitimize knowledge and knowers active in other languages and epistemological frameworks. Specifically, this paper argues that internationalized languages of economic and metrics-based value interact and intersect with the over-valuation of English, which has detrimental consequences. Four readings of the interplays between language and value in the scholarly ecosystem are presented. As questions of knowledge production, epistemic oppression, and justice are not confined to one discipline or community, each reading engages with the theory and praxis of scholars from local and Indigenous communities, and scholars and practitioners in a range of other areas. The first reading, Language Has Value, examines the knowledge and value embedded in languages, as well as the implications of monolingualism for global knowledge production and use. Focusing on the publishing industry, Language of Value interrogates the internationalized economic values that shape mainstream approaches to open access and overlook regional situations. Language of Evaluation attends to the symbolic market of research metrics and evaluation criteria that forces researchers to choose between topics that are locally relevant and those deemed important by the mainstream community. These readings are followed, in Language and Value, by lessons learned from established models and tools for knowledge production and dissemination that actively resist intersecting oppressions. The paper closes with a call to the research community to imagine and work for sustainable and equitable approaches to scholarly communication that break open and away from the epistemic enclosures dominating the present system.

The aim of this paper is to show empirically, albeit in an indirect manner, some aspects related to language development and knowledge construction, in the frame of the relations between thought and language proposed by contemporary philosophy and by systemic functional linguistics (SFL). To do this, we compare two versions of the same two texts, produced by university students as part of an explicit genre-based learning process, and argue for an evolution of their cognition. Different stances of contemporary philosophy, socio-historic psychology and cognitive studies are revised as part of the conceptual framework, along with the language-based pedagogy proposed within systemic-functional linguistics. Based on this theoretical revision, two teaching-learning experiences informed by this genre-based pedagogy and SFL discourse analysis methodology are presented. These experiences offer some achievements in the direction of the goal of the paper. We propose that students evolve in the construction of knowledge and, hence, in the development of thought, through the development of their writing competences, achieved by the application of genre-based teaching for written discourse. Therefore, based on the experience and the theoretical base proposed, evidence is provided for the hypothesis of cognition of the world as a human faculty constituted by the development of language.

This paper examines the teaching of Igbo literature adapted from F.C.Ogbalu’s Uremma-one of the folktales in an Igbo literature titled Nza na Obu. The literature text is a compendium of popular folktales and folksongs of Igbo people in Eastern Nigeria, and was in the Nigerian schools’ Igbo language/literature curriculum for decades. The paper shares a pedagogical experiment involving the teaching of the Igbo language folktale as literature and as a video film in a class of young 18 teenagers. Odum na Akwaeke is the video adaptation of Akwaeke(Uremma) folktale. The folktale was adapted into “Odum na Akwaeke,” (Amayo Uzo Philip dir., 1998)- a popular narrative video film, and became one of Nollywood (Nigerian film industry)’s most popular Igbo films at its release in 1998. The pedagogical experiment reveals that video film viewership affects the students’ appreciation of not just the literature, but also the language; and equally creates a warm learning atmosphere which enables the students to cooperate, share and contribute in the learning exercise. The research experiment buttresses the importance of interactive teaching methodology in teaching and learning indigenous knowledge. The paper concludes that faced with globalization and persistent technological invasion, scholars particularly those interested in African culture and cultural studies need to reflect on newer and innovative approaches to teaching local languages and literature in order to sustain youth interest in African culture/ cultural studies in a technological era.

Over the last decade, a significant vector of Ukrainian literature was the reception of the traumatic stress caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The works of Kateryna Kalytko, representing intensive metamodern explorations in contemporary poetry, occupy a significant place in this trend. The article interprets the poet’s idiostyle based on the collection People with Verbs (2022). This study focuses on the analysis of folklore archetypes in the author’s poetry, motifs, and verbal structures, whose origins are rooted in ancient Ukrainian incantational traditions. It also covers the interpretation of the poet’s meditative experience with the magic of language, its role in strengthening the spiritual axiology of a person suffering from terrorist aggression, and the establishment of a stoical worldview despite the fragility of life. This article aims to establish the concept of ‘incantation’ as a unifying system within the metaphorical world of the poetry collection People with Verbs. The term ‘incantation’ is interpreted as the functioning of verbal constructions aimed at healing from trauma, and the composition of incantatory metaphorical texts, inspired by the belief in the magical power of words. The paper applies such methods as comparative, structural, semiotic, anthropological, and hermeneutical analysis, as well as elements of the psychological school of literary studies. The study proves the actualization of the sacred worldview pre-system in the artistic thinking of contemporary Ukrainian poets, as illustrated by Kateryna Kalytko’s collection People with Verbs. It focuses on the author’s reflections and meditations during the war, appeals to suggestive speech preserved by genetic memory, and the use of its structures as a form of defence and resistance. The binary time-spatial model of the poet is marked by the cult of night, which corresponds to the ritual and spiritual practice in the field of the mystical. Kateryna Kalytko intensively operates with pagan archetypes and signs, and resorts to the use of proper names, emphasizing that even their pronunciation has a protective energy. The figurative system of corporeality, which is in line with the tradition of incantations, is indicative of the poetics of the collection. It concerns the specific markings (eyes, head, lips, muscles, lungs, heart, spine, knees, joints, throat, intestines, entrails, veins, etc.) that are part of the metaphorical structures of the incantatory nature. There are parallels with the healing modus of folk spells, firstly, the poetess tries to stop the bloodshed and protect the defenders with her words. In the spirit of the ethnocultural tradition, Kateryna Kalytko endows certain lexical signs with the function of verbal amulets (earth, roots, river, boat, stones, wood, forest, house, fire, wind, bird, feather, beast, iron, ash, crystal, etc.) At the same time, the poet’s metaphor is an objectification of the extrasensory perception of the act of speaking. The focus of Kateryna Kalytko’s artistic studio is the articulatory apparatus, the miracle of the birth of sound and voice, as evidenced by a number of tropes, whose centre is the word “throat”. The poet also tries to comprehend the changes in phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, and stylistics caused by the war. Kateryna Kalytko’s poetic search is correlated with the philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of language by M. Heidegger, H.-G. Gadamer, and K. Jasperas. For the author, in accordance with the realities of war, the well-known statement “language is home” is transformed into the metaphor “language is a shelter”. Thus, in Kateryna Kalytko’s idiostyle, one can guess the pathos of whisperers, fortune tellers, healers, and molfars who resist evil with words. At the same time, the image of the author-medium is complemented by the hypostases of a witness of the Russian-Ukrainian war and a philologist.

The paper focusses on Vittore Pisani’s considerations about the nature of language and speech. A renowned scholar in historical linguistics, Pisani made no specific contribution to theoretical topics. Nevertheless, in a series of passages from some of his papers the creative role of speakers and hearers is emphasized, and the observation is made that the products of their linguistic activity can be the models for new speech acts. For Pisani speech acts within a given social aggregate can be investigated to describe what they have in common at the various levels of analysis, and the results of this investigation can be organized into a “system of isoglosses”, which represent what is called a language. So, language is not an ideal entity with an autonomous existence and is organized regardless of the individual speech acts, but it is the result of a reconstruction that can vary according to the data on which it is based. Such a conception is in line with contemporary sociolinguistic and pragmatic research.

Language and Linguistics According to Krystyna Pisarkowa (1932–2010) Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines.

Abstract In this paper we analyse how populist leaders in UK and Italy – namely Nigel Farage, Nicola Sturgeon, Giorgia Meloni, and Matteo Salvini – reacted to the first and second lockdowns on their Twitter accounts, communicating directly to their people. The analysis was carried out following a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to discourse. The qualitative analysis focused on comparing populist leaders’ rhetorical and semiotic choices, while the quantitative analysis observed the response by the community of common Twitter users. This work aims on the one hand at unveiling the strategic use of social media by populist leaders and on the other at investigating conflictual interactional dynamics, especially in times of crisis.

“Object-label juggling” is the back-and-forth movement that a visitor performs several times between observing a work and reading its wall label (Grassin, 2007). This cognitive process recurs during the museum visit, when the visitor confronts the object. This behaviour, a veritable technique of the body and a cognitive strategy aimed at appropriating the work, was the subject of a specific study on the occasion of a larger-scale investigation into the influence of the exhibition medium on the psychological functioning of the adult visitor. This study, using the tools of applied research in museology, took place at the heart of the Chinese archaeology exhibition Xi’an, capitale éternelle, at the Musée de la Civilisation in Quebec City in 2002, based on a collection of data from ninety visitors, in collaboration between the École du Louvre and the Université de Montréal. It showed that the structuring of the information governing the label triggers the juggling. The labels that induce the most back-and-forth with the work to which they refer are all provided with a text whose information has a homogeneous and precise editorial structure. These writings offer a set of information distributed in a homogeneous, constant and hierarchical manner from the particular to the general: the nominative, descriptive, explanatory and contextual information is articulated to serve the work exhibited nearby. This visiting strategy is therefore an interpretative process that can improve the perception of the object by making it more complex and richer. Consequently, at a time of crisis of sensitivity to works of art, a real crisis of attention, characterised in particular by an observation time of less than nine seconds, juggling constitutes a strong museographic principle that can encourage observation and allow enriched access to the work. This is why, twenty years after its updating and definition, object-label juggling has guided the redesign of the written mediation of a national museum in Paris, the Musée de Cluny – Musée National du Moyen Âge, which was closed for twenty months for the renovation of its buildings and museographic itinerary. This paper will describe how the study of object-label juggling act has contributed to the change in attention to writing in the vicinity of works of art and the prospects for applied research that this makes possible.

In this paper, I aim at presenting and commenting on some relevant ideas about leadership belonging to great philosophers such as Adam Smith, John Dewey and R.G. Collingwood, in relation to the problem of communication or language. In this regard, one can state that Adam Smith is a real forerunner, since he proved, almost three centuries ago, the fundamental importance of speech to the art of leadership. At the same time, I will insist on Dewey’s view concerning the role of communication in society and, most of all, on Collingwood’s useful distinction between “dialectical communication” and “eristical communication” in connection to leadership and politics.

This paper attempts to shed light on one of the most current national issues, a basic problem, which is the issue of identity and its relationship to the original culture, ethnic dynasty, and belonging to the Arabic-speaking Islamic nation. It tries to discuss the relationship and role of the Arabic language and the Islamic religion in the unity of national identity and its integration or its conflict and plurality, and the relationship of basic generalities and fundamental constants to cultural alternatives and local and regional sub-specificities, where we want to address this sensitive issue that of the Arabic language in its relationship to the Islamic religion, identity, educational policy, cultural invasion, globalization and the linguistic map of Algeria, as well as the cultural dialogue taking place in the arena, and its impact on the social and political unity of society in general. It is one of the topics on which opinions differed and viewpoints varied.

Our paper conducts a contrastive analysis between Albanian and English lexical units in the language of laws using corpora analysis. It fills a literature gap related to Corpus linguistics in order to better comprehend patterns of legal lexicon. We use KWIC Concordance to extract the top frequently words and concordance lines in order to analyse differences and similarities among lexical units in Albanian (Source Language) and English (Target Language) laws, compared to those identified in respective corpora. Additionally, we identify types of errors in translation, difficulties in translating legal texts, and factors that influence translators’ errors in translating certain laws of the Republic of Kosovo from Albanian into English. According to our analysis, both languages have in common the use of the same grammatical patterns such as: conjunctions, prepositions, and the use of the common noun forms. The rest have significant differences in their usage, especially with regards to particles and determiners. Our contrastive approach demonstrates that some of these laws were not originally written in Albanian and then translated into English language, as many articles within these laws lack the appropriate word structure and word order and in some cases are semantically ill-formed in the Source Language. Key words: analysis, corpus, language, legal, translation, KWIC Concordance.

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calculative Thinking and Nihilism. The Case of Language and Homeland - The paper shows the link between nihilism and calculative thinking in Heidegger’s philosophy. Nihilism is considered in accordance with the definition as the “denial of the dispossession of Being,” which opposes its conception as absence of beings: it is, thus, not the expression of absence, but a manifestation of the excess of beings. Calculative thinking is addressed in the context of the reflection about technology and disposal over “that which is” (Gestell) that coincides with the contemporary nihilistic emphasis regarding beings: nihilism of the technological times as the unifying exigency of everything as reserve. This exigency is extrapolated onto the consideration of language as merely a means of communication and of the own (das Eigene) as experience in decline. The author argues that empty identity as the essence of current nihilism could be overcome with the emphasis on the characteristic difference of mother language and of homeland: the intention, therefore, is to highlight the preeminence of the same (das Selbe) over the identical (das Gleiche) in the process of an overcoming of the contemporary nihilism.

Our paper analyses the integration of human language in Oddworld: Abe’s Oddysee (Oddworld Inhabitants) and Oddworld: Abe’s Exoddus (Oddworld Inhabitants), two video games respectively released in 1997 and 1998 on PlayStation. We show how they develop specific gameplay mechanics, in relation to their anti-capitalist discourse, by questioning the border between noise (of animals or objects) and language, integrated in the games through the “gamespeak” mechanic. We use Collins’ (2007) opposition between dynamic and non-dynamic sounds, and we study the tensions between game mechanics and narration within these two episodes of the Oddworld saga.

Taking the arabesque as referent, the article proposes to investigate its meaning in its various meanings, starting with the musical and then continuing with the artistic and literary, in order to highlight how, especially in the literary sphere, Souriau proposes, through this figure, to examine the conditions of possibility of the interweaving of phonetic, semantic and morphological inventions that sustantiate language, but that nevertheless can never reach the threshold of saying. And which indeed seems to testify to how there is always something that remains hidden in language: an intuitive presence, an image that arrives suddenly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the role of ethnocultural public associations, which are civil society institutions preserving ethnic identity. The authors investigate the role of ethnocultural public associations in preserving ethnic culture and language, and report the collaboration of these associations with population and youth. The authors place special emphasis on the specific practices of interaction between public organizations and the authorities in the field of national policy, the maintenance of ethnic identity and language, and the formation of an integrated civic identity and its strengthening in the polyethnic and polyconfessional space.