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Copyright of Caravelle: Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Bresilien is the property of Presses Universitaires du Mirail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A discussion of the relationship between the social sciences, teaching, and culture focuses on misunderstandings about the teaching of languages. Issues examined include the nature and role of applied linguistics, the nature of teaching, the influence of educational "fashions," and implications for the training of language teachers. (MSE)

Copyright of Journal of Linguistics & Language in Education is the property of University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Figures de l'étranger dans la littérature française, Khatibi reports on the relevance of exoticism and the figure of the Exote that he deploys in his novels and essays as well as in his various interventions. In this paper, we identify the intercultural dimension in Khatibi's approach to the relationship between writing and otherness through the notion of exoticism. We study the question of the writing of the Other and its relationship with interculturality by placing the Exote at the center of an intercultural ethics. An inalienable right that every individual possesses and of which he must not tolerate any negotiation, cultural difference implies the recognition of the cultural identity of the writer in his own right. Against any form of folklorism that would fail to perceive the Other in all its complexity, the irreducible, "intractable" and impenetrable character of otherness promises the richness of the exchange and the euphoria of the encounter with the Other. Apart from an ethic of exoticism, inscribed in respect for difference, the writer will fall into the "tyranny" of his subjectivity and his value judgments. The ethics of exoticism rhymes with the freedom of the Other in the expression of their Difference. In fact, the author reactivates, in his own way, the use of interculturality in that he attributes to it other principles that redefine it from a perspective that is both intercultural and humanist. If it is true that he leans on this exoticism from the study of some works of the French writer Victor Segalen such as the Immemorials and the Equippée that he highlights, Khatibi does not miss to take a critical look at this creative process, even going so far as to question some positions of the French writer vis-à-vis the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thélème is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to offer an overview of the specific situation of culture as an investment priority of cross-border cooperation, part of the European territorial integration process, in the Eastern Neighbourhood Policy. The research is focused on the cross-border programmes involving Romania and its neighbours during the last two multiannual financial frameworks. Two financial instruments are of interest: the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, for the period 2007-2013 and the European Neighbourhood Instrument for 2014-2020. The analysis is based on the European Union’s INTERREG database (keep.eu), filtered for seven CBC programmes, highlighting the role of culture for CBC, the intensity of CBC and the leading territories (cities and countries) in cultural projects involving cross-border partners in the Eastern Neighbourhood.

Copyright of Culture & Local Governance / Culture et Gouvernance Locale is the property of Culture & Local Governance, Centre on Governance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Learning & Technology is the property of Canadian Network for Innovation in Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the time of the fragile Weimar Republic, when the crisis of parliamentary democracy was accompanied by a "frightening massification of life" and of public opinion, Scheler posed a challenge: How to achieve a cultural and spiritual transformation that can contribute to a true rebirth of Germany and Europe? If this renaissance is to be achieved, Germany and Europe must be examined as a whole, and the ideas underlying their institutions must be renewed. Cosmopolitanism and the age of integration - for example the integration of rationalism, which has traditionally characterized Europe, and irrationalism, of which the "revolt of pulsions" is, according to Scheler, an eloquent testimony - impose this renewal. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the possible "costs and benefits" of a Freudian-inspired sublimation from a Schelerian perspective, with particular attention to the problem of Bildung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written in French, the essay examines the evolution of the notion of culture as related to French educational history and the concept of humanism. Culture is defined as the individual acquisition and development of intellectual, psychological, and physical faculties. A brief comparison with German humanistic pedagogy is included. (KC)

Reflects on the meaning of cultural education and activity in France as inspired by the need to establish a new form of cultural dialogue between France and the people of other countries. Problems related to financing cultural activities, reaching various types of audience, and methodology are discussed. (AMH)

Seeks to discover in advertising slogans, titles of all kinds, signs, and commercials, allusions to and reflections of French culture. Cultural allusions are treated according to source, technique used, and way of achieving double meaning. The structural aspect is studied according to the diverse forms of play on words. (AMH)

The questions addressed concern: (1) the connection between language and culture; (2) the need for a systematic analysis of general methodology in language teaching; and (3) problems related to instructional materials, including content, teaching materials, authentic documents, and the relation between traditional concepts of culture and daily life. (AMH)

Critiques traditional philosophical approaches to cognition and reality and compares them with contemporary notions derived from them. A position based on work of Crozier, Cazeneuve, and MacLuhan is argued for the key place of culture in explicating the universe of signs and in content and methodology of second language instruction. (AMH)

The traditional conception of pluralistic culture is contrasted with a new, separate form of culture: mass media culture. Its components are noted: medium, message, "mosaic," and strategy, and methodology for its study is discussed. (MSE)

This paper seeks to establish the cognitive contextual frames of references (CFRs) in the translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Kiswahili. The source text “Animal Farm” and the target text "Shamba la Wanyama" were used to gather the study's data. The paper offers insights on how CFRs can be employed in literary translation to domesticate the target text so that it is relevant to the target language audience. Specific word and phrase meanings were deduced from sentences of both the source text and the target text. The analyzed data revealed that the translator used organizational category shifts, textual category shifts, communicational category shifts, and socio-cultural category shifts. The most common CFRs in the Kiswahili translation of Animal Farm were found to be communicational category shifts. The target text is made relevant to the audience through such manipulations.

While the subject of Yoruba names has been significantly explored by previous studies, this paper discusses extensively the nature of such names from an ethnopragmatic framework, with the aim of explicating how Yoruba names are formed, their various cultural contexts as well as the significant functions they play in the Yoruba ethnolinguistic ecology. It identifies and categorizes personal names based on contexts such as family situation, circumstantces of birth, religious orientation, death situation and profession. This paper reinforces that names are not just arbitrary labels, but most notably, linguistic categories - lexical, phrasal or sentential - that have indexical relationship to sociocultural meanings and functions, places, time, people, and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philological Research & Studies. Romance Languages Series / Studii şi Cercetări Filologice. Seria Limbi Romanice is the property of Philological Research & Studies. Romance Languages Series and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It suffices to browse the websites of only a few of the most noteworthy Romanian cultural organizations – including the website of the Ministry of Culture – to conclude that quality policies are missing. In fact, these are not the only policies that are missing, but this topic should be discussed in another paper. The objective of this paper is to analyze the progresses and the opportunities, as well as the problems and the challenges that the Romanian society and economy are facing as far as culture is concerned at the beginning of the new millennium, in the particular context of the global economic crisis: specifically, we will focus on the role of cultural organization managers in implementing quality management as the main factor in assuring the competitiveness needed to overcome the crisis. Cultural organization managers generally admit that a change is needed in order to cope with competitive pressure, but few understand how this change should be implemented. To avoid the issues associated with “change programs”, the management of cultural organizations must focus on the structure of processes, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of their employees in the processes in which they are involved.

Kyungu[1] and Kifunyi[2] are revered places for any Chagga family. It is located within a Chagga Kihamba and is believed to be the origin or first settlement of the clan, marked by the presence of a significant tree and traditional Chagga sacred plant—isale. Within the Kyungu and Kifunyi landscapes, one finds a scatter of material remains, including potsherds, bones, bottles and pieces of clothes. These material cultures and local narratives signify spiritual practices, rituals and remembrance ceremonies around the Kyungu and Kifunyi area. Elders and spiritual leaders meet under Kyungu to perform such rituals and other related ceremonies to remember clan ancestors and ask for ancestral interventions to resolve hunger, droughts and other natural calamities. Following these community—Kyungu and Kifunyi interactions, the landscape in which isale forms a part has acquired a special status serving as a medium through which the living communicates with the dead. Although there is a slight alteration in the performance and continuation of these practices due to the invention of modern religions such as Christianity, these activities continue to take place under and around these spots. The community still cherish and maintains these places as heritage and a connector between the dead and the living. Against this background, this paper seeks to show how land and culture among the Chagga of Kilimanjaro, NE Tanzania are markers of deep-time spirituality and human-environment interactions. This paper argues that land and culture are both symbols and means of identity creation in which social relations between ancestors, the living and even the environment are constructed and prosper. For consistency, this paper uses Kyungu and Kifunyi. [1] Sometimes known as Kiungu or Kyungu [2] Sometimes known as Mbuoni, Mbuonyi, Kifuunyi or Ukuunyi

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(1), 257-279 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The "promises" of the cultural OMC. - III. The birth of the cultural OMC. - IV. The operation and evolution of the cultural OMC. - V. Cultural policy coordination or cultural cooperation? - VI. The cultural OMC in the context of the EU cultural policy. - VII. Cultural coordination outside the cultural OMC. - VIII. Conclusion. | (Abstract) This Article focuses on the use of the OMC in the field of culture - a particularly sensitive policy field for the Member States. The cultural OMC was conceived as a flexible, non-binding and voluntary framework for structuring Member States' cultural cooperation and fostering the exchange of best practice. The analysis seeks to deepen the understanding of the cultural OMC as a framework for policy coordination. It examines the origins of the process and the arguments that supported it, as well as its formation, operation and development through three distinct cycles (2008-2010; 2011-2014; 2015-2018). It also places the cultural OMC within the broader framework of EU cultural policy and juxtaposes it with other coordination mechanisms pertaining directly or indirectly to culture. In doing so, the Article investigates the specificities of the cultural OMC and testifies to the broader set of processes that currently seek to coordinate Member States' culture policies.

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lengas is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates an attempt to apply a corpus analysis to the development of the intercultural approach to foreign language teaching through the semantic analysis of cultural keywords. Our analysis will specifically include the process of discovering the meaning of the three words: French politesse and its Polish equivalents -- grzeczność and uprzejmość through their collocations collected in French and Polish corpora. As a result, firstly, we came up with a conclusion that the French word politesse is characterized by more p ositive s emantic p rosody t han its Polish e quivalents. Secondly, politesse appears more frequently in coordinate collocations with nouns conveying aesthetical meaning, whereas the Polish word uprzejmość is more frequently used with nouns designating ethical features. The principles of our methodology or some data used in our research can inspire the introduction of an inductive lexical approach in foreign language teaching to facilitate the conceptualization of complex cultural notions, which is the essential of the intercultural teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper examines body parts idioms as politeness strategy in Nzema communication. Figurative devices such as proverbs and euphemisms have received quite an appreciable amount of study in connection with verbal politeness in Nzema. Little or no attention however has been given to idioms, particularly their communicative functions in the language. This paper seeks to discuss the communicative functions of some body parts related idioms in Nzema with special focus on idiomatic expressions involving the limbs, the body/skin, the heart/chest and the stomach that are used in daily discourse. The analysis is based on primary data obtained through participant and non-participant observation. The data comprise audio recordings of traditional arbitration and everyday conversations among the Nzema. The paper demonstrates that, these culturally constructed body parts related idioms are deliberately employed to avoid any straightforward language that seeks to undermine and threaten the face of an addressee and also serve as politeness device for the speaker. The paper draws on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory.

The paper beams its searchlights on the ethnographic mode of narration in the crafting of the narrative fiction — Ordained by the Oracle (1969) by Asare Konadu. The novel is scrutinized as an inventory of Asante’s customs, and moral, social, and religious philosophy. It is an art of thick descriptions, the intricate interweaving of plots and counterplots. Asare Konadu is labeled here as a journalist-novelist and ethnographer-novelist who has adhered strictly to social ethnographic facts as he pertained to the etched culture. Konadu has selected some Asante ethnographic data (funeral ritual performances, mythology, divination, chieftainship, etc. and woven them into a plot around an imaginary Asante hero and heroine through a hybrid writing genre—ethnographic fiction encompassing compelling events and useful ethnographic detail which advance the reader’s ability to understand the constrictions of circumstance on characters. The objective of this research paper is to ferret out the Asante ethnographic data, and their cultural experience and appreciate how they are crafted into this creative writing’s narrative framework.

Recently, due to the lockdown of the whole world after the spread of Covid 19, the significance of spatiality and the dynamic relations among space, place, and culture has now become an important approach to the humanities. In the discourse of postmodernism, place appears as a key concept in literary studies to determine the cultural dimensions of the human experience. This paper is an attempt to bring to focus the importance of place in culture-oriented literary texts. The most suitable ones for the purpose of this study are those that deal with the “international theme” of the cultural conflict between the Old and the New Worlds; one of the major themes which are found in the works of the great 19th century American novelist Henry James. He deals in his novels with a variety of cultural, social, and moral issues through stories of intercultural encounters between American and European characters. Thus, this paper studies one of his least appreciated novels, The Europeans (1878), to show that the greatness of the text lies in the aesthetic and semiotic power of its landscape which acts as an interactive medium for expressing emotions and functions as a process of signification conditioned by the American culture.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2018 3(1), 203-205 | Article | (Abstract) This introduction presents the five Articles of this Special Section that was originally conceived at a workshop entitled "Taking Stock of the Open Method of Coordination" (21stIus Commune Congress, 24-25 November 2016, Maastricht, the Netherlands). With a view to deepening understanding of policy coordination in the EU, the Articles place the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) within the broader system of EU law and competences, explore its application in various EU policy areas, study its different forms and the multiplicity of processes that it involves, draw attention to novel processes of coordination at the EU level, examine the relationship of the OMC with other coordination procedures and mechanisms and verify whether or not the OMC remains a relevant conceptual framework for understanding EU policy coordination.

Physical, cultural, philosophical and social approaches are developing in the field of interior architecture to search for the ideal framework for placing the aesthetic, civilizational and cultural context in the folds of the elements and vocabulary of the interior architecture space, by taking into account the contemporary goals of design patterns that ensure the resurrection of the principles of identity and value on the product of the interior architecture space. In ethnology, it contains the knowledge treasures that abound in it from a cultural, social and human point of view to complement each other and give its content the creation of a design situation that achieves the desired goals to add value and meaning and achieve the concept of social sustainability on the sensory and material content of the interior architecture space and its reflection on the occupants of the space functionally and spiritually. Ethnology is considered the most important branch of anthropology as a basic methodology for human societies that helped discover valuable concepts and theories, and its potentials are developing to consolidate the concept of social sustainability in interior architecture on a permanent cultural scale through expanding the interpretation of societies and their interests, which supports the shortcomings in the general development of the contemporary design structure of architecture. The interior can be flexibly adapted to a wide range of conditions surrounding the design situation as a whole and combined with a variety of disciplines and related interests. Through the distinct forms of ethnology in adapting to social, cultural and human phenomena in societies and environments, this paper reviews the multiple approach of ethnology in discovering people’s cultures and lifestyles within a socio-cultural framework to create meaning and value and transfer them functionally and aesthetically to the creative folds of interior architecture, and shed light on achieving the pillars of social sustainability to ensure Contemporary continuity with the requirements of the times, not separating from its origins, improving the quality of life for the occupants of interior architecture, unifying them with their cultural and heritage roots, and transferring their cultural historical content from the past to the present and the future to achieve local and global benefit from learning about the culture of societies and integrating them to create a unique socially sustainable design situation.

Copyright of Quetes Litteraires is the property of Katolicki Uniwersityt Lubelski Jana Pawla II, Wydzial Nauk Humanistycznych, Institut Filologii Romaj and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims at investigating the current status of Afghan women’s human rights from the perspective of constitutional and comparative public law in light of the debate on minority women’s condition in multicultural and multiethnic legal systems. Moving beyond the analysis of the Afghan legal system and hinging on selected statistics on Afghanistan’s ethnically diverse composition, the first part of the paper examines Afghan’s women condition following the coming into force of the 2004 Constitution by interlacing the constitutional provisions with the existing rules of Personal and Customary Law. The second part of the paper goes on by comparing the Afghan legal system with selected European and extra-European Countries featured by systems of law, that similarly to Afghanistan rely on a mixture of State Laws, Personal, and Customary Laws to highlight the extent to which these systems affect women’s human rights and, especially, those of minority women

The volume Borders and Contacts. Local, Regional and Global Phenomena, coordinated by Carmen Darabus and Camelia Zabava, brings together 28 papers presented by different scholars (from Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, the Northern Macedonia, Lithuania, and Sweden) in a panel organized at Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, in June 22nd 2019. The volume is structured in three chapters: linguistics, literature and cultural studies. All the papers, having different subjects, are subordinated to the maine topic and try to demonstrate that the borders separate people, but the culture unites them.

Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the impact of the pay gap on accounting conservatism based on the basic data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2020 by using multivariate linear regression model and OLS regression method, finding that the two are significantly negatively correlated. By introducing Confucian culture, this paper further explores the moderating role of Confucianism and finds that enterprises influenced by Confucian culture emphasize collectivism, which also increases the accounting conservatism. This paper expands the research of accounting conservatism and explains the relationship between the pay gap and accounting conservatism from the perspective of corporate governance and Confucian culture, encouraging companies to strengthen cultural construction and absorb the essence of Chinese traditional culture.

La présente contribution a pour but de démontrer comment Aminata Sow Fall et Remy Medou appliquent les techniques narratives endogènes pour mettre en vedette la compétitivité des cultures africaines en temps de crise. Ce texte s’inscrit dans la défense et l’illustration des civilisations africaines. En partant des méthodes poétique et comparatiste, la réflexion identifie les procédés narratifs propres à l’imaginaire africain. En prenant appui sur l’esthétique de l’enracinement, le premier axe montre la nécessité pour les personnages d’appliquer les savoirs endogènes en temps de crise. La pratique des cultures africaines par les héros romanesques en constitue la deuxième partie. L’appropriation des savoirs endogènes aboutit au développement, rural, preuve de la compétitivité des savoirs locaux et de la performance des héros. Toutefois, le travail répertorie les difficultés auxquelles se heurtent les savoirs locaux. La perception dogmatique de la tradition, l’acculturation de la masse et le refus de financement des projets inspirés des savoirs locaux sont quelques difficultés qui compliquent l’essor desdits savoirs. C’est pourquoi en dernière analyse, le travail s’intéresse aux enjeux et défis. Il importe à l’intelligentsia africaine de valoriser le patrimoine culturel africain en cette ère de mondialisation. - This paper aims at showing how Aminata Sow Fall and Remy Medou Mvomo apply endogenous narrative techniques to highlight the competitiveness of African cultures in times of crisis. It promotes and compaigns for African civilizations. Based on poetic and comparative methods, it identifies narrative process peculiar to African imaginary. Grounded on the aesthetic of root, the first section focuses on the need for characters to make use of endogenous knowledge in times of crisis. The second section dwells on the practice of African cultures by the characters of the novel. The appropriation of endogenous knowledge leads to rural development. That shows the competitiveness of local knowledge and the performance of the heroes. However, this paper sorts out stumbling-blocks hampering local knowledge namely dogmatic perception of tradition, people’s acculturation and refusal to fund projects inspired by local knowledge . That is why the last section analyses stakes and challenges. The African intelligentsia needs to valorize African cultural heritage in this globalization era.

In this paper we have emphasised the importance of intercultural communication, which contributes to harmony between people and the establishment of collaborative relationships. A major role in people's lives is attributed to culture, as a dimension of our lives that defines a people's level of education, history, values and norms of life, the language we speak, the way we dress, how we communicate and relate to others. This paper is a brief foray into the realm of culture and intercultural communication. I wanted to bring to the audience's attention some of the essential aspects of our culture, so that the cultural values of the Romanian people can be fully understood. I also defined the concepts of culture and intercultural communication in the sense of established writers. According to researchers in the field, intercultural education "is a necessary opening towards the other, towards intercultural dialogue between different ethnic groups". [3, p. 34] Through intercultural education and communication students become aware of the value of their own culture, increasing their self-esteem and they will also get to know and perhaps appreciate the culture of those belonging to another ethnic group. We have paid attention to the iceberg of culture model so that the conceptual delineation of culture is logically supported. The examples underlying the description of the 'iceberg of culture' can easily constitute the concrete exploration of the reality we all know. I want to bring to the fore the importance and awareness of the cultural values of our people. Knowing ourselves we can better understand others, who belong to groups, communities, ethnic minorities or other nationalities with whom we come into contact or live together effectively. The world is in a constant state of flux; people come into physical and virtual contact with "others" and therefore in our mission as teachers we have an obligation to inform, research and train pupils in intercultural skills and competences in order to "learn to live together with others" (UNESCO's International Commission on Education for the 21st Century, whose constant concern is with this concept - intercultural communication).

The main goal of this paper is to criticize Wittgenstein's reading of Freudian psychoanalysis. According to Wittgenstein, the very notion of "unconscious" can only make sense considered from a grammatical standpoint. The unconscious is not an empirical feature of our mind but a kind of language game. On the basis of a thorough study of Freud's book on Moses, this paper argues that psychoanalysis relies on a legitimate alternative to Wittgenstein's conception of mind and culture. For psychoanalysis, mind and culture would need to be understood as essentially diachronic, rather than as language games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can clinical sociology be considered from an epistemological point of view, since it deals with social problems not in their overall dimension, but seen as specific situations where concrete people are suffering? This paper is concerned with a two-fold epistemological difficulty: from the one side, studying such problems could involve a therapeutic intervention that exceeds a purely scientific approach; then, has a clinical sociologist to deal with a social therapy? And how far does that (not) involve any political involvement? From the other side, under which conditions could he (she) generalize information coming from his (her) experience as to contribute to social theory (according to Merton's suggestions about theory and research)? An effective contribution to answer such questions can come from the concept of 'cultural pattern', as pointed out in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]