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The Szeletian site of Jezeřany III is situated in the eastern part of lithic exploitation area of Krumlovský les, with rich outcrops of Jurassic chert redeposited in miocene sands and detritic loams. The abundance of locally available raw material determines the petrographical and technological composition of the assemblage. Besides local chert (96%), the northern flint, radiolarite and spongolite are also present, all utilized mainly for the formal tools. In the final part of the paper the question of the independence and different origin of the Szeletian and socalled Bohunician is critically discussed. In short, rich outcrops of cherts at Stránská skála and of orthoquartzites on the Drahany Plateau were occupied by groups of knappers, mastering or preferring a late fusion of the Levallois and Upper Palaeolithic reduction methods, without necessarily being of anatomically modern origin and coming from the Near East. These "cultures" are not some natural entities existing independently of us, but are our constructs, created to facilitate communication. On the other hand, if we adhere to these placeholders more strictly (see the chronic inconsistency in the classification of collections between Szeletian and Bohunician), it is better to abolish them and consider them in broader terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Close to the monumental graves, numerous ancient wells, some of which reach a depth of 18 m, were found in the Nabatean site of Mad in āli . Their fascinating study was begun by the author, a well-known speleologist. It required a geomorphological and hydrological approach of the site which established the groundwater level and piezometric contours. Furthermore, research was conducted on the palaeoclimates and present-day pluviometry, which has concluded that the fall in the groundwater level since antiquity is mainly the result of modern exploitation. Since 1975 the high-yielding submerged pumps have provided intensive irrigation to the important agriculture of el Hijr, close to the Nabatean site. The wells, their construction, their shape and ancient mechanism are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropology of the Middle East is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hellenic Studies / Etudes Helleniques is the property of Centre for Hellenic Studies & Research Canada-KEEK and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article discusses the debt financing policy of large family businesses in Arab countries, which includes the interest increased to this category of business. Statistics show that in general, families control almost 95% of companies in Asia and the Middle East, and despite the presence of certain disparities between countries, their economies are confronted the same evolutions and the same ruptures at the level Economic and Social.

Copyright of Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an empirical analysis of intra-industry trade in the developing regions (Middle East, Europe C / O, NPI, Latin America and Africa) with the rest of the world and with developed countries in the period 1993-2001 similarities and differences of trade relations in these regions are analyzed using the index Grubel-Lloyd (GL). We note that different estimation methods yield different results, and the relationship between trade openness and growth is far from simple and needs to be treated with great caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Peuce Journal is the property of Institutul de Cercetari Eco-Muzeale and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The classical issues on patronage (Can the various forms of patronage be subsumed under a single category? Can we contrast "dyadic clientelism" with "corporate clientelism"? What is the relation between clientelist behavior and the political economy of a given society? are not known to the specialists of an area in which the phenomenon is endemic and can be traces over an exceptionally long period of time. The first part of this article deals with the forms and meanings of patronage as it is expressed by the Arab language and the political culture(s) of the "Arab world" (even though the homogeneity of the area is debatable). The links with kinship, slavery, protection, intermediation, leadership, and honor are scrutinized. Other terms are used to designate patronage when it is related to honor or to family but to clans or malversation. The second part attempts to put patronage as a form of power within the framework of the main modes of domination prevailing in the area: traditional modes (tribal or "Khaldunian" and patrimonial, particularly the Ottoman and Mamluk forms), colonial empires and contemporary nation-states. The main features of the contemporary nation-states are outlined to contrast clientelism with modern citizenship and to emphasize the specific characteristics of the Arab political communities (importance of the international system, economic and religious; weakness of the working classes and of civil society; primacy of politics). The prospects of clientelism at local and national levels lead the authors to conclude that modernization is in no way synonymous with the decay of patronage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]